Chapter 15

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre (23-24 August 1572 )

In 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion. Marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion.

Edict of Nantes ( 30 April 1598)

Signed probably by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation. Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity. It marked the end of the religious wars

Union of Utrecht (23 January 1579)

The treaty was a reaction of the Protestant provinces to the 1579 Union of Arras, in which the southern provinces declared their support for Roman Catholic Spain. It unified the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until the control of Habsburg Spain.

Protestant Union

This was a union that the german, Lutheran princes formed to try to get rid of Cathlolicism in their area. As a counter, the Catholics created the Catholic League. There struggles and arguments led to the thirty years war. After the thirty years war was complete, and the Peace of Westophila was created, Europe had evolved to a multi-government, multi-religion continent.

Golden Century of Spain

This was during the sixteenth century and descirbed the increase in weath umong Spain. It was very big becasue of all the money coming in from all the mines in the Americas. They had gold and silver imported to their lead city Antwerp. Becuase of all of the money many poeple moved into the area. This turned out to be a bad thing becasue then the area got overcrowded and prices were increaded greatly. This then led to Spain's downfall.

Spanish Armada

Was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England. It was aim to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England and the Tudor establishment of Protestantism in England. The expedition was the largest engagement of the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604)

Peace of Westphalia

Was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, ending the European wars of religion. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.

Baroque

Was a style of architecture and art originating in Italy in the early 17th century. It was commonly used by the late 18th century art critics as an expression to describe what they thought of an unbalanced style. The baroque marked one of the highest points in the history of Western Culture. The baroque drew its sense of drama, motion, and ceaseless striving from the Catholic Reformation. It was more than "Catholic art" in the 17th century.

Witchcraft Persecutions

-100,000 people were prosecuted through Europe for charges on witchcraft -The witches often confessed to multple practices, mostly after intense torture -some said they had sworn allegiance to the devil -others confessed to practices of using evil incantations on neighbors y killing their livestock and children Causes of Witchcraft -religious uncertainties played a role ~a lot of trials occurred in areas where Protestantism had been recently victorious or in places where Protestant-Catholic controversies were still occurring -there was an economic factor also Women and Witchcraft -old women were suseptible to accusation because they sold herbs to get money -Women were seen as inferior

New World Colonies

A word referring to early North America

Fall of Spain 17th Century

In 1609 Spain signed a Twelve Year Truce with the Dutch. This humiliating agreement acknowledged Dutch independence. In 1643, the Spanish infantry suffered their first major defeat in generations when they were decimated by French forces at the battle of Rocroi, (Northern France). This left Spain`s reputation seriously undermined. In 1648 Spain was forced to recognize Dutch sovereignty. In 1659 Spain ceded the territories of Cerdagne and Roussillon to France. In 1674 the Franche-Comte was invaded by France and its loss recognized in 1678. In 1640 the Catalans rebelled for two main reasons: 1) the Catalans were tired of Castilian demands for troops to fight the French, and 2) they feared the loss of their local laws, which Castile's "strong man" the Count-Duke of Olivares had proposed in the 1624. Castilian attempts to crush the rebellion failed and Catalonia remained under French protection until 1652. In fact Catalonia was annexed by France, and a French viceroy was installed in Barcelona. In 1640, the Portuguese also rebelled, taking advantage of Castile's preoccupation with Catalonia. They successfully fought off Castilian attacks, regaining their independence in 1668, and taking with them at the same time their overseas possessions. Eighty-eight years of Castilian dominance over Portuguese affairs were at an end. Things were no better overseas. The treasure fleets were constantly harassed and Spanish territories under constant threat. For example, in 1628, the Dutch captured the entire fleet as it prepared its transatlantic crossing, and in 1656 and 1657 the English laid waste to the fleet. In addition, Dutch forts and trading posts in Brazil, India and Indonesia in the early 1600s threatened Portuguese interests and hence the unity of Spain and Portugal. Spain also lost land overseas: Jamaica was seized by the English in 1654 and in 1697 France took the island of Hispaniola.

Price Revolution

Is a term used to describe a series of economic events from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th century. The price revolution refers most specifically to the high rate of inflation that occurred during this period across Western Europe. Prices rose on average roughly sixfold over 150 years.

Huguenots

It was used frequently to describe members of the French Reformed Church until the beginning of the 19th century. Huguenots were French Protestants who were inspired by the writings of John Calvin and Protestantism. Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s prompted the abolishment of their political and military privileges. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV. Louis XIV increased persecution of them until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), ending any legal recognition of Protestantism in France, and forcing the Huguenots to convert or flee in a wave of violent dragonnades.

Philip II

King of Spain and a devout Catholic. Under his reign, Spain became a world power. Spain reached the peak of its influence as he directed explorations around the globe, prompting Spanish colonization.

France During the 30 Years War ( 1618 to 1648)

Played a minimal part in the Thirty Years War. In April 1635, Sweden and France signed the Treaty of Compiegne. Was fearful of a strong and unchallenged Holy Roman Empire. Had an inadequate supply of men, money and commanders to sustain a long military campaign. France was also out-of-touch with modern methods of fighting. On 1635, France have vacillated over a wholesale military involvement in Europe. In May 1635, France declared war on Spain. in October 1634, the Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain and the Roman Catholic princes of Germany had agreed to a joint attack on France.

Quinto

The Spanish monarchy acted on the mercantilism principle that the colonies existed for financial benefit. The crown claimed the quinto, gold and silver, as being the most important industry in the Spanish colonies.

30 Years War ( 1618 to 1648)

Was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history. It was the deadliest European religious war. Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers. The war began when the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, tried to force Roman Catholicism on its peoples.The Thirty Years' War ended with the Peace of Westphalia. The war altered the previous political order of European powers. The rise of Bourbon France, the Habsburg ambition, and Sweden's great power created a new balance of power on the continent.

Exports From the Colonies to Europe

the Triangular Trade: The 'Triangular Trade' was so-called because it was three-sided, involving voyages from: England to Africa, Africa to the Americas, The Americas back to England. The Triangular Trade is a term used to describe the trade between England, Africa, and the Americas. The trade fell into the three categories: The raw materials and natural resources such as sugar, tobacco, rice and cotton that were found in the 13 colonies Manufactured products from England and Europe such as guns, cloth, beads. Slaves from West Africa, many of whom toiled in the Slave Plantations.

Peace of Augsburg (25 September 1555)

was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 25 September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg. It allowed Holy Roman Empire's states' princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the land they controlled. Reaffirming the sovereignty they had over their states. Subjects, citizens, or residents who did not wish to conform to the prince's choice were given a period in which they were free to emigrate to different regions in which their desired religion had been accepted.