Chapter 15: Section 2 Western African Civilizations
What cities did Sunni Ali take?
Djenne and Timbuktu
Who was a traveler and historian that was a native of Tangier in North Africa. He traveled for 27 years around the Islamic world. He criticized people for not strictly practicing Islamic code of morals. He visited Timbuktu, and traveled without fear of crime.
Ibn Battuta
What were the two largest Yoruba kingdoms?
Ife and Oyo
after Sundiata, what religion were the future leaders of Mali?
Islam
____ was noted for its woven and dyed cloth and for its leather goods in Hausa.
Kano
What were two major trading states in Hausa because they were located on major Mediterranean trade routes?
Kano and Katsina
Name some Hausan city states
Kano, Katsina, Zazzau
The speakers of _________ founded Mali.
Mande
Who may have been Sundiata's grandson?
Mansa Musa
Who was the strongest of Sundiata's successors and was a devout Muslim. He was stopped in Cairo during his hajj, where five hundred slaves carrying a staff of gold, arrived first followed by 80 camels carrying 300 pounds of gold dust. _____ gave away so much gold that the value of it declined for 12 years!
Mansa Musa
What did Yoruba and Benin kings base their right to rule on?
descent form the first king of Ife
What did Zazzau trade?
enslaved pople
Most people ______ in Yoruba.
farmed
Where did gold come from?
forests south of the savanna between Niger and senegal rivers
According to tradition, how did Benin artists learn their craft?
from an Ife artist brought to benin by the oba to teach them.
What did Soninke people call their leader?
ghana
what was Mali's wealth built on?
gold
What were the two most important trade items?
gold and salt
What did Sunidata restablish?
gold-salt trade
How did Mansa Musa govern Mali?
he divided it into provinces and appointed goverors
What did Ibn Battuta think of Mali's justice system?
he was impressed by it
Where was the kingdom of Benin?
south and west of Ife near the Niger river delta
Who broke away from Mali during its decline?
the Songhai
What group of people farmed the savanah?
the Soninke
What was the group of people named after the language that they spoke
Hausa people
What foreign country sailed their ships to Benin, and at what port?
Portuguese, Gqatto
Who was a person who came from the kingdom of Kangaba and was one of 12 brothers who were heirs to the throne of Kangaba. When Sumanguru overan Kangaba, he wanted to eliminate rivals, but spared _______ who was sickly. He gained strength with age and his army defeated Sumanguru.
Sundiata
Who was Mali's first leader and how did he come to power?
Sundiata by crushing a cruel unpopular leader
Who was the first ruler of Songhai, that was a muslim. He built a vast military and captured the city of Timbuktu and Djenne?
Sunni Ali
What were the benfits of using camels for travel?
-60 mi/day -10 days w/out water
List 2 reasons why Mali fell?
-Mansa Musa's successors couldn't govern well. -The gold trade moved east
How did islam spread through areas south of the sahara as opposed to north Africa?
-south- trade -north- conquest
Miners found new gold deposits farther east. This caused ______.
-trade routes shifted east -Mali was wealthy
Describe the city of Benin
-wall around it -broad streets with neat rows of houses -huge palace with many courtyards and works of art
When were Muslim advisers helping the king run his kingdom?
11th century
How long did Sunni Ali rule for?
30 years
How long did Askia Muhammad rule for?
37 years
What ended Ghana's power?
Almoravid conquest
Who was the third ruler of Songhai and Sunni Ali's son. He ruled for a long time, continued a centralized government, and appointed officials.
Askia Muhammad
Who revolted against Sunni Ali's son and why?
Askia Muhammad because he did not practice Islam faithfully
What oba made Benin into a major west african state?
Ewuare
What was the capital of the Songhai empire?
Gao
What did the Songhai Empire lack?
Modern weapons
What was Mali's capital
Niani
how far did Benin control under Ewuare?
Niger River delta to Lagos Nigeria
What was Mali's most important cities?
Timbuktu
What does Mali literally mean?
Where the king lives
Like the Hausa, the ______ people all spoke a common language.
Yoruba
______ was the southernmost Hausa state?
Zazzau
How did Ewuare make Benin into a major west african state?
a powerful army
What did Sundiata promote?
agriculture
While rulers accepted islam, many Ghanan people kept their ______________ beliefs.
animistic
Who began using camels?
berber nomads
How was Mali governed?
cabinet system- finances, defense, foreign affairs
Did Europeoans know of Mali's wealth
certainly
What was the main reason that the Hausa did not form an empire?
constant fighting between city states
Who were the most important religious and political leaders in Yoruba kingdoms and why?
kings-they were divine
What did Islam encourage?
literacy
In addition to taxing trade, what did royal officials do?
made sure all traders weighed goods fairly and did business according to law -protection from bandits
What did artists working for the oba create?
magnificent brass heads of the royal family
another word for emporer
mansa
Who "checked" the power of rulers in Hausa society?
ministers and other officials
Who defeated the Songhai?
moroccan troops with guns
What did the king of Ghana do to the surrounding chiefs?
nothing- as long as payments were made
What did the Portuguese trade with Benin merchants for?
pepper, leopard skins, ivory, and slaves
In the Saharan village of Taghaza, what did workers build their houses from?
salt blocks
What biome provided gold? Salt?
savannah, sahara
Between the reigns of Sundiata and Mansa Musa, Mali had ______ different rulers in ________ years
seven, fifty
What enabled city dwellers to become both trade and craftspeople?
the surplus of farming
Who did Sunni Ali appoint officials for?
treasury, army, navy, and agriculture
How large was the Mali empire under Mansa Musa compared to Ghana?
twice the size
until 135o, at least ___-______ of the worlds gold supply came from Africa
two thirds
What did Hausa rulers build in city states?
walled cities for their capitals
How did local custom alter muslim practice?
women were allowed to freely leave their houses and not veil their faces
The Ife were gifted artists who carved in ____ and _____. and produced ___________ sculptures and cast in _____
wood and ivory, terra cotta, metal
Did Mansa Musa rule?
yes