Chapter 15 Smart Book

Not all friendships are positive. Which of the following would NOT be a positive friendship trait?

Coercion

Jack and Jill enjoy spending time together after school. What function of friendship does this serve?

Companionship

_____ play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic

Constructive

______ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.

Constructive

What type of thought did Vygotsky believe symbolic and make-believe play helped to advance?

Creative

______ refers to the pleasant times when individuals pursue activities of their own choosing.

Leisure

In which of the following ways do cliques generally form? (Select all that apply)

Through friendships with other individuals Through shared activities Through a club or sports team

Trisha's small group of friends does almost everything together. This is her:

clique

_____ play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.

constructive

Peer interaction is influenced by ______, which can mean the type of peer, the situation or location, and the culture.

context

Gloria is an older woman who lives alone and does not go out often. She rarely has visitors. She is at risk for:

early death.

Due to the effects that imaginary play has on cognitive development, Vygotsky believed that parents should ______ it.

encourage

In terms of peer status, a(n) child is not actively disliked but receives few nominations of any kind and is seldom chosen as a best friend.

increases

All of the following are contexts that influence peer interaction EXCEPT the:

individual's cognitive thought processes about peers.

Sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by:

infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas.

The adult male pattern of friendship often involves ______ while sharing useful information.

keeping one's distance

Hobbies, sports, and reading are all examples of

leisure.

Clara has been diagnosed with cancer. With improvements in ______ technology, Clara can continue to lead an active and constructive life.

medical

With regard to gender differences, ______ to negatively stereotype older adults.

men are more likely than women

Janie is in ______ adulthood and is able to have more leisure time due to increased paid vacation time and more available money.

middle

Adult female friendships tend to be ______ than adult male friendships.

more intimate

Young preschool children are ______ older children to have friends of different genders and ethnicities.

more likely than

One individual difference factor that has been found to impair peer relations is the trait of:

negative emotionality.

In terms of peer status, a(n) _____ child is not actively disliked but receives few nominations of any kind and is seldom chosen as a best friend.

neglected

Which peer status best describes Connie, who is shy and has low interaction with her classmates, but is not disliked?

neglected

Which of the following choices by a parent most influences a child's peer choices?

neighborhood

_____ therapy allows children to work off frustrations and to analyze conflicts and learn how to cope better.

play

In terms of peer status, the _____ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers.

popular

In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.

popular

Running, jumping, sliding, and throwing balls are examples of:

practice play.

Social play increases dramatically during the ______ years.

preschool

In terms of peer status, _____ children are seldom nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

rejected

Adolescents typically prefer ______ than in childhood. (Select all that apply)

relationships that are more intimate and intense a smaller number of friends

Intimacy in friendships is characterized by which two of the following?

sharing of private thoughts self-disclosure

Friendship in childhood is typically characterized by:

similarity.

Around the age of ______, children prefer to spend time with same-sex playmates.

3

Make-believe play often reaches a peak at ______ years of age, then gradually declines.

4 to 5

Social participation by older adults is often ______ because of ageism.

discouraged

What did Harry Stack Sullivan's theory about friendships state? (Select all that apply)

Adolescents without close friendships will experience loneliness and lower self-worth. Friendships are necessary to satisfy our basic social needs. Friends are important in shaping the development of adolescents.

Which of the following factors are important for successful aging? (Select all that apply)

Being socially active Having an active lifestyle Having adequate cognitive stimulation

Which of the following are outcomes of social support for older adults?

Decreased likelihood of being institutionalized Lower incidence of depression

What is the major risk when withdrawn children are rejected and/or victimized?

Depression

Marcus is about to retire. He has stopped following the news and spends less time with friends. This is an example of which social theory of aging?

Disengagement theory

Which of the social theories of aging has a more negative view of aging?

Disengagement theory

True or false: There is one type of play—social play.

False

Play allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a nonthreatening environment. This idea most closely aligns with ______ views of play.

Freud and Erikson's

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding gender and peer groups?

Girls' groups are more likely than boys' groups to seek to attain a group goal.

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to pose an increased risk for depression during childhood?

Impulsiveness

A shy person is more likely than a gregarious individual to be neglected by peers. This best describes of the effect of what on peer relations?

Individual differences

When children are involved with peer interaction they tend to learn which of the following traits? (Select all that apply)

Justice Fairness Reciprocity

According to some child psychologists, children's pretend play narratives emphasize which of the following capacities? (Select all that apply)

Metacognition Balance of social roles Role-taking

People in middle adulthood enjoy more leisure times due to which of the following? (Select all that apply)

More available money Paid vacation time More free time

According to Piaget, what allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way?

Play

Children who repeatedly throw a ball against a wall to work on their aim are engaging in what type of play?

Practice

______ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

Practice

At what stage do children begin to participate in games involving simple rules of reciprocity and turn-taking?

Preschool

A child who uses a hairbrush as a microphone while singing is engaging in what type of play?

Pretense/symbolic

What type of play are children engaging in if they pick up a building block and pretend to be talking on the phone?

Pretense/symbolic

______ play involves children using one object to stand in for another object, such as using a block as if it is a walkie-talkie.

Pretense/symbolic

Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity?

Rejected Neglected Popular Average Controversial

Which type of play includes interchanges in turn-taking and conversations about numerous topics?

Social play

Which type of play involves interactions with peers?

Social play

Which of the following statements most accurately depicts the frequency of aggressive versus friendly interactions as early childhood progresses?

The proportion of aggressive exchanges, compared with friendly exchanges, decreases.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of games?

They are most popular in the preschool years.

In which of the following ways are older adults discriminated against? (Select all that apply)

They are shunned socially. They are eased out of old jobs. They are not hired for new jobs.

The benefits of social support include which of the following?

a reduction in symptoms of diseases improved mental health an improved ability to meet one's own health-care needs

Aiden has not been well accepted by his peers since kindergarten. In fact, he has no friends at all, and some children say they dislike him. In terms of peer status, Aiden is

a rejected child.

Madeleine is about equally liked and disliked by the children in her class, receiving a typical (i.e., not unusual) number of both positive and negative nominations when her peers are asked. In terms of peer status, she is best described as

an average child.

According to Freud and Erikson, play helps the child master:

anxieties and conflicts.

There is nothing particularly unusual about Ramon. He gets along pretty well with most of his classmates; he is liked and disliked by an equal number of peers. In terms of peer status, Ramon can be described as a(n) _____ child.

average

There is nothing particularly unusual about Ramon. He gets along pretty well with most of his classmates; he is liked and disliked by an equal number of peers. In terms of peer status, Ramon can be described as a(n) child.

average

The term ______ refers to verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.

bullying

Which of the following types of children tend to get bullied?

children who are aggressive children who are socially withdrawn children who are anxious

During early childhood, the proportion of aggressive exchanges ______, as compared to friendly exchanges.

decreases

_____ are activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules. Often they involve competition.

games

Developmentalists have distinguished five _____ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

peer

Two friends are about the same age and maturity level. They are:

peers.

A pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake is referred to as _____.

play

According to Piaget, ______ provides the perfect setting to exercise cognitive structures.

play

Sensorimotor _____ is defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.

play

The social convoy model of social relations is best described as a personal network of individuals to whom one gives and from whom one receives:

social support.

People in later adulthood who display an active lifestyle, mental stimulation, positive coping skills, and social support are involved in ______ aging.

successful

Developmentally advantageous friends are socially skilled, oriented toward academic achievement, and:

supportive.

In which three of the following ways do parents most affect their children's peer relations?

through the opportunities that they provide their children by how they manage their children's lives through interactions with their children