Chapter 15: the Lymphatic & Immune System

lymphatic vessels

Several lymph capillary networks empty into

Both innate and adaptive

Which part of immunity uses the complement​ cascade?

lungs, digestive system, and reproductive system

*lymph nodes are concentrated to catch pathogens where they are most likely to enter the body, such as in the ?

Natural Killer cells

This specific cell recognizes a pathogen by the antigens on its cell wall and releases chemicals that penetrate and destroys it. (innate immunity) has granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus

Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity Natural passive immunity Artificial passive immunity

Ways to acquire immunity - is acquired in the course of daily life. hen you catch a virus or a bacterium, your immune system fights it off, and memory cells are created for the next meeting.' -Vaccination. intentional exposure to pathogens so pt makes own antibodies. -Immunity due to the passage of antibodies from mother to child across the placenta -is acquired when antibodies from one person are injected into another to help fight infection.

Digestive system

Where in the body are Peyer's patches located?

Margination

Which process attempts to wall off an infection to prevent further spread?

T lymphocytes

are responsible for a portion of adaptive immunity known as​ cell-mediated immunity?

Complement cascade Lysis

A series of chemical reactions triggered by infection that leads to the destruction of a pathogen. When these proteins are activated, they have a variety of effects, including ?- (to break down or destroy) of bacterial cell membranes, stimulation of phagocytosis, and attraction of white blood cells to the site of infection

Lymph nodes

Small lymphatic vessels empty into larger lymphatic vessels. Larger lymphatic vessels empty into ? which filters and destroys invading microorganisms and cancerous cells present in the lymph

innate (inborn) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity

The immune system defends the body on two fronts, by

interferon

are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. a virus-infected cell will release ?-1 causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses. (binds to neighboring, uninfected cells)

Neutrophils Macrophages Basophils Eosinophils Mast cells

are granulocytes whose function is phagocytosis (ingest or engulf other cells). (are part of innate immunity.) phagocytic cells that are active in both innate and adaptive immunity, making them crossover cells. For the innate response, they engulf the pathogen and destroy it with chemicals. Their role in adaptive immunity is to present the invading pathogen to the adaptive response, thus activating it. (crossover) granulocytes that release histamine and heparin at the site of tissue damage. (Innate immunity) participate in allergic​ reactions, kill​ parasites, and modulate inflammatory responses. Connective tissue cells also known as allergy cells that are responsible for immediate allergic reactions. (also contain heparin and histamine) (Innate)

B lymphocytes Plasma cells Memory b cells

are lymphocytes responsible for the part of adaptive immunity known as antibody-mediated immunity. There are two types: ? - which produce antibodies to non-self-antigens ? - which remembers pathogens

Cytokines

are produced by damaged tissues and white blood cells that stimulate the immune response in a variety of ways, including increasing inflammation, stimulating lymphocytes, and enhancing phagocytosis

Dendritic cells

are professional antigen-presenting cells located in the skin, mucosa and lymphoid tissues. Their main function is to process antigens and present them to T cells to promote immunity to foreign antigens and tolerance to self antigens. These cells are able to ingest foreign antigens and place the foreign antigens into their own cell membrane. (Crossover cells)

tumor necrosis factor

is a cytokine produced by white blood cells. It stimulates macrophages and also causes cell death in cancer cells. (has also been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis)

Spleen

is a spongy organ in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. It is structurally similar to lymph nodes, but instead of having lymphatic sinuses (channels), the ? has blood sinuses. It is responsible for destroying pathogens in the bloodstream.

filters the blood and removes any old or damaged red blood cells. fights invading germs in the blood (the spleen contains infection-fighting white blood cells) it controls the level of blood cells (white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets)

Functions of the spleen:

Bone marrow

What is the primary location for undifferentiated lymphocytes?

Natural killer cells

Which component of innate immunity uses chemicals to destroy infected​ cells?

Histamine

Which cytokine attracts white blood cells to the site of​ injury, increases the permeability of​ capillaries, and causes local​ vasodilation?

CD4 positive helper T cells AIDS

Which type of immune cell is destroyed by HIV? CD4​ T-cell count less than 200 means what?

Antigens

any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it.

Cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells Regulatory t cells Memory T cells

Is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways. This cell releases a cytokine called perforin which causes infected cells to develop holes in their membranes and die A cell that provides help to other cells in the immune response by recognizing foreign antigens and secreting substances called cytokines that activate T and B cells Type of T cell that shuts down or decreases immune response. (Immunity is controlled largely by positive feedback.) These cells can shut off cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and antigen-presenting cells. Cells that remember pathogens after exposure to them

thoracic duct

Lymphatic trunks, named for their location, are the lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular. Lymphatic trunks empty into one of two ducts. The lumbar (right and left), intestinal, left bronchomediastinal, left subclavian, and left jugular trunks all empty into the ? More than two-thirds of the lymphatic system drains into the ?

lymphatic trunks

Lymphatic vessels leaving lymph nodes empty into one of several

Antibody

Proteins secreted by B lymphocytes (plasma cells) that attack infected cells.

Cytokines

Released by macrophages, it stimulates B cell and T lymphocytes and activates NK cells. It also produces the fever associated with inflammation and infection.

major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens

The presencee of these unique fingerprints, or antigens, allows the immune system to distinguish between cells that are naturally yours and cells that are not. This ability, called self-recognition and non-self-recognition, is at the heart of immune system function. Our bodies recognize self by having something called

right lymphatic duct

The right bronchomediastinal, right subclavian, and right jugular trunks empty into the ? a smaller duct within the right thorax that empties into the right subclavian vein