Chapter 15 - The Lymphatic System

Objective 8: Recognize the role of lymph in common clinical conditions including: allergic rxn's, edema, ruptured spleen, tonsillitis, breast cancer and AIDS.

Allergic Reactions = overly reactive response to allergens (antigens that produce an allergic response) Edema = swelling Ruptured Spleen = abdominal trauma/rib fx Tonsillitis = caused by virus (resolves on own) or bacteria (treated w/antibiotics) that causes strep throat) Breast cancer = Development of malignant tumor within the breast AIDS = Attacks T cells

Objective 6: Describe what lymph is and how it flows in our system.

Flow of Lymph: lymphatic capillaries > afferent lymphatic vessels > lymph nodes > lymphatic efferent vessels > trunks > ducts

Objective 1: Differentiate the types of Innate & Adaptive Immunity.

Innate (nonspecific) immunity: defenses available from birth and always able to protect us Adaptive (specific) immunity: defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it breaches 1st line of defense

A lymphatic nodule consisting chiefly of B cells are called:

Primary Lymphatic nodules

Objective 7: Determine the primary & secondary lymphatic organs and tissues.

Red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules.

Objective 3: Define what B & T cells are and how they work.

T & B cells recognize foreign cells (antigens) → immune response B CELLS: (15-30% of lymphocytes) a. Plasma cells - produce antibodies (proteins) b. Memory B cells - mount an even stronger response if same antigen attacks body at a later date 2. T CELLS (70-85% of lymphocytes) a. Helper T cells - cooperate with B cells to amplify antibody production by plasma cells b. Cytotoxic T cells - destroy target cells on contact (ruptures them or releases cytotoxic substances) c. Regulatory T cells (suppressor T cells) - turn off immune response, controls autoimmune disease, protects beneficial intestinal bacteria d. Memory T cells - "remember" an antigen to mount a more vigorous attack if same antigen returns at a later date

What change(s) occur in the lymphatic system with advancing age?

T Cells become less responsive to antigens

The HIV virus attacks the immune system. Specifically, what cells does it attack?

T cells (helper T cells)

The thymus gland, unlike many endocrine glands, does not have a very specific shape to it, but rather is a mass of tissue located

in the thorax (anterior) in the mediastinum

All of the following are lymph node locations in the facial region except ________. nasal inguinal parotid buccal

inguinal

The lymphatic vessels contain a fluid known as lymph. Lymph is derived primarily from ________.

interstitial fluid

All of the following areas drain into the thoracic duct except: right leg left leg right arm left arm

right arm

What is the functional significance of having multiple afferent lymphatic vessels and only a couple of efferent lymphatic vessels?

slows the flow of lymph allowing for additional filtration time

This important organ, found in the abdominal cavity, is part of the lymphatic system.

spleen

Lymph is put into the circulatory system via the right and left lymphatic duct which act as a portal into the ________.

subclavian vein

The immune system declines with age. One of the key factors in this decline relates to a diminished function of _______.

the thymus gland

Lymph is...

tissue fluid which has entered lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodes have structures that "project" toward the center of the node. These are called ______.

trabeculae

Which lymph nodes drain the bronchi?

tracheobronchial nodes

The lymph vessels in the villi of the intestines have an additional role of _________.

transporting fat into the blood stream

T/F: The spleen is the largest mass of lymphoid tissue in the body. In many respects, it functions like a "giant lymph node" for the circulatory system.

true

T/F: The thymus gland is where "immature" T cells develop into functional mature T cells.

true

With a radical mastectomy, the axillary lymph nodes and vessels are removed. This will result in edema (swelling) in which area?

upper limbs

Lymph vessels actually develop from lymph sacs which arise from developing ______.

veins

Objective 4: Describe the sx & fx of a lymphatic capillary.

- Closed at one end - Greater permeability: can absorb larger molecules (proteins and lipids) - Slightly larger in diameter (vs blood capillaries) - Endothelial layer in the walls of capillaries overlap - Lacteals: in small intestine, absorb dietary lipids into lymphatic vessels → blood

Which of the following traces the flow of lymph from the lower extremities back to the circulatory system? - lymph node, lymph vessels, lymph trunks, lymph duct, subclavian vein - lymph vessels, lymph trunks, lymph duct, lymph node, subclavian vein - lymph vessels, lymph capillaries, lymph node, lymph duct, subclavian vein - lymph vessels, lymph node, lymph trunk, lymph duct, subclavian vein

- lymph vessels, lymph node, lymph trunk, lymph duct, subclavian vein

Which of the choices listed below is a/are changes that occur in the lymphatic and immune system with age? 1 B cells become less responsive. 2 Fewer autoantibodies are produced. 3 T cell populations decrease. 4 Existing T cells become more responsive to antigens. 5 The immune response to vaccines decreases. 6 The immune system exhibits increased levels of function.

1 B cells become less responsive. 3 T cell populations decrease. 5 The immune response to vaccines decreases.

Which of the choices listed below is/are function(s) of lymph nodes? 1 filter microbes and foreign substances from lymph 2 site of antibody formation 3 site of B cell proliferation 4 site where proliferation of T cells can occur 5 site of plasma cell development

1 filter microbes and foreign substances from lymph 2 site of antibody formation 3 site of B cell proliferation 4 site where proliferation of T cells can occur 5 site of plasma cell development

Objective 5: Identify the 2 ducts of lymphatic vessels.

1 or 2 Lymphatic Ducts 1. Thoracic (left-lymphatic) duct: largest lymph vessel (38-45 cm) a. Receives lymph from R & L lumbar trunks, intestinal trunk, and left jugular & left subclavian trunk b. Drains into junction of left internal jugular & left subclavian veins 2. Right subclavian, right jugular and bronchomediastinal trunks - independently enter at junction of R jugular & subclavian vein a. Occasionally they join together as the Right lymphatic duct

Describe innate immunity.

1. Acts against all microbes in the same way 2. First line of defense - skin, mucous membranes 3. Second line of defense - natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances

Describe adaptive immunity.

1. Slower to respond than innate immunity, but has memory 2. Lymphocytes: T-lymphocytes (T cells) & B lymphocytes (B cells)

Which of the choices listed below is/are TRUE regarding lymphatic vessels? 1 lymphatic capillaries unite and empty into venules 2 lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end 3 lymphatic vessels have more valves than veins 4 lymphatic vessels have thinner walls than veins

2 lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end 3 lymphatic vessels have more valves than veins 4 lymphatic vessels have thinner walls than veins

Objective 5: Identify the 5 trunks of lymphatic vessels.

5 sets of Lymphatic Trunks: vessels after nodes 1. R & L Lumbar trunks - drain lymph from LE's, wall and viscera of the pelvis, kidneys, adrenal glands and abdominal wall 2. Intestinal trunk - drains lymph from stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen and part of the liver 3. Bronchomediastinal trunks - drains lymph from thoracic walls, lung and heart 4. R & L Subclavian trunks - drain lymph from UE's 5. R & L Jugular trunks - drain lymph from head

Lymph nodes are concentrated in what areas of the body? the groin area the abdominal area the axillary area (arm pit) the neck all of these choices

all of these choices

Lymph nodes contain a variety of cells that are involved in the immune system. Which of the following types of immune cells are found in the lymph nodes? T cells B cells macrophages plasma cells all of these choices

all of these choices

MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue includes egg shaped nodules (without a capsule) of lymphatic tissue. They include which of the following? adenoids tonsils Peyers' patches all of these choices only adenoids and tonsils

all of these choices

The "lymphatic system" __________. can be considered part of the immune system can be considered part of the circulatory system transfers interstitial fluid into the blood stream all of these choices

all of these choices

Which lymph nodes are described as deep nodes which drain the upper limbs, skin and muscles of the thorax, and part of the neck?

axillary nodes

Which lymph nodes drain the mammary glands?

axillary nodes

Which of the following are NOT lymph nodes in the head? occipital nodes parotid nodes facial nodes axillary nodes retroauricular nodes

axillary nodes

Lymph nodes are often described as being ______ shaped.

bean

Lymph flows in from one end and flows out through the other end of a lymph node. What is the anatomical name for the vessel (tube) that carries the lymph out of the node?

efferent

Objective 2: Describe 4 elements of the lymphatic system.

i. Lymph (fluid) - blood plasma that has leaked out of capillaries into ISF then absorbed into lymphatic vessels ii. Lymphatic vessels (transport lymph) iii. Lymphatic tissue (structures & organs containing lymph) - reticular CT containing lymphocytes (B & T cells) iv. Red bone marrow

Which trunk drains lymph from the head and neck?

jugular trunks

The spleen is located in the

left hypochondriac region

Cancer of the lymphatic tissue, e.g., Hodgkin's disease, is referred to as _______.

lymphoma

What is the role of the thymus in immunity?

maturation and storage of T-Cells

Which set of lymph nodes cannot be palpated (felt)?

mesenteric

The lymphatic system as a whole is derived from the ______.

mesoderm

The lymphatic system tissues are derived from which embryonic layer?

mesoderm