Chapter 16
The three main styles of grandparenting are fun-seeking, ___, and ___.
distant formal
According to Erikson, ___ occurs in middle adulthood and encompasses adult's desire to leave legacies of themselves.
generativity
Forty year old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of ___.
generativity
When adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation they are working toward ___.
generativity
At what age does Vaillant see an adult reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years?
40s
By 2020, experts project that ___ of children at 30 years of age will still have living grandparents.
80%
Which research project studied more than 500 children and their parents in the 1920s and early 1930s and then again as they entered midlife, resulting in the book Present and Past in Middle Life?
The Berkeley Longitudinal Studies
Historical contexts are also known as ___ effects
cohort
When women face stress, they are more likely to engage in a ___ and ___ patter, seeking out social connection.
tend; befriend
The majority of single-grandmothers raising their grandchildren are ___.
African American
Which of the following are some of the main reasons middle-aged and older women gave for initiating divorce?
Alcohol or drug abuse Cheating Verbal, physical, or emotional abuse
What are young adults who return to their parents homes to live sometimes called?
B2B (Back-to-Bedroom) kids Boomerang kids
Why are middle-aged adults sometimes described as the "sandwich" generation?
Because they must care for their adolescent and young adult children as well as their aging parents
The ___ study found little to support the view that personality universally changes or remains stable from early adolescence through a portion of midlife.
Berkeley
True or False: Passion is a critical component of established intimate relationships in middle adulthood.
False
Which of the following people would MOST likely experience the greatest degree of stress based on what we understand of the social clock?
Carol, a 40-year-old female who has a family and is going to college for the first time.
Who among the following groups of adult children are most likely to provide social support for their older parents?
Children who were given more financial support by parents earlier in their lives Children who pent more time in shared activities with their parents.
The ___ context of adult development includes the ways in which a society defines adulthood.
Cultural
The view that adults experience a midlife crisis was espoused by ___.
Daniel Levinson
According to Levinson, what are the two major tasks to be mastered in early adulthood?
Developing a stable life structure Exploring the possibilities for adult living
Romantic love is stronger in ___ adulthood, whereas ___ love increases in middle adulthood.
Early; affectionate
Parents who live vicariously through their children and who report a decline in marital satisfaction when their children leave the home are experiencing ___.
Empty nest syndrome
Which of the following is NOT a daily uplift reported by middle-aged adults?
Entertainment (Getting along with friends, relating well to a spouse, spending time with family)
Two prominent theories that define stages of adult development in midlife are ___'s stage of generativity versus stagnation and ___'s seasons of a man's life.
Erikson; Levinson
The big five factors of personality can be condensed into the acronym OCEAN. It includes all of the following personality factors EXCEPT ___.
Excitability (conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness)
Which of the following methods did George Vaillant employ in his longitudinal studies?
Extensive interviews Numerous assessments
Seasons of a Man's Life by Daniel Levinson was based upon the results of ___.
Extensive interviews with 40 middle-aged men.
Parenting, teaching, and involvement in the community are examples of how middle-aged adults can develop ___.
Generativity
George Vaillant's study called the "___ Study" involved Harvard University men in their early 30s and their late 40s who had initially been interviewed as undergraduates.
Grant
Which of the following is one of the three longitudinal studies conducted by George Vaillant?
Grant Study
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic reported by women in their fifties as opposed to women in other age periods?
Greater self doubt (greater financial security, a sense of better health, improved self-confidence)
According to Vaillant, which of the following behaviors at age 50 were linked to reaching 80 in a good place?
Healthy weight and exercise Not smoking or abusing drugs Stable marriage Mature adaptations and quality education
What are the three major contexts that influence development in middle adulthood?
Historical Gender Culture
Which of the following statements about grandparenting and longevity are TRUE?
In 1900, only 4% of 10-year-olds had four living grandparents The current trend in delaying childbearing is likely to offset the increasing longevity of grandparents somewhat In 2000, 40% of 10-year-olds had four living grandparents
Which of the following are criticisms about Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life?
Levinson's work included no statistical data Respondents may have distorted memories or forget parts of their past The original Levinson data included no females.
Which of the following statements regarding the stresses experienced by young adults versus those experienced by middle-aged adults is TRUE?
Middle-aged adults were more likely to experience "overload" stressors that involve juggling too many activities at once
The ___ profiled 132 women in the late 1950s to assess adult personality development.
Mills College Study
Which TWO theorists conducted the Baltimore Study using a five-factor personality test?
Paul Costa Robert McCrae
The term "___" generation refers to a situation in which the middle generation alternates between the demands of grown children and aging parents.
Pivot
Which theorist headed the study of 132 women at Mills College in the late 1950s?
Ravenna Helson
In which TWO of the following areas are parent and their adult children most similar?
Religion Politics
In what ways does immigration increase intergenerational stresses on Mexican families?
Relocation to a new community without a social network Discrepancies between acculturation levels within the family Separation of immediate and extended family members
Because many middle-aged adults today are responsible for their children as well as for their aging parents, what names are given to this generation?
Sandwich Overload Squeezed
The Berkeley studies found that the most stable aspects of personality included all of the following, EXCEPT ___.
Self-control (self-confidence, intellectual orientation, openness to new experiences)
George Vaillant performed longitudinal stidues of adult development and aging on which THREE of the following groups?
Socially advantaged Harvard graduates born about 1920 Socially disadvantaged inner-city men born about 1930 Middle-SES, intellectually gifted women born about 1910.
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a limited of stage theories of adult development?
Stage theories focus too much on individual case studies and not on universals. (stage theories place too much emphasis on crises in development, especially midlife crises, there is often individual variation in the way people experience the stages)
Jacob, who is 45, has amassed a lot of wealth but has not done anything to benefit the next generation. According to Erikson, he may be in a state of ___.
Stagnation
The contemporary life-events approach takes into account all of the following EXCEPT ___.
The stability of one's personality over time (one's physical health, support from family and friends, the type of life event experienced)
Which of the following defines the social clock?
The timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks.
What do recent studies suggest about middle-aged parents?
They are more likely to provide support to their grown children than to their parents.
Tony has recently experienced the death of his wife in a hit-and-run car accident. He has a very close network of friends and family who are there to support him. Tony is a yoga instructor and has a well established coping strategy when he is stressed. What would the contemporary life-events approach say about Tony and his experience?
Tony will be affected by his wife's death but not as negatively as someone without the social support and coping strategies.
True or False: In the individual variations view middle-aged adults are seen as taking an active role in understanding, changing, and giving meaning to their lives.
True
True or false: As divorce and remarriage have become more common, most states have passes laws giving grandparents the right to petition a court for visitation privileges with their grandchildren, even if a parent objects.
True
True or false: In their Baltimore Study, Costa and McCrae found relative stability in the big five factors of personality across adulthood; however, recent studies have found greater variability over the course of the life span.
True
Which of the following is NOT a main group of women identified in Helson's Mills College Study?
Women who wanted to be single and raise a child (Women who were career-oriented, Women without children who pursued only low-level work, Women who were family-oriented)
George Vaillant asserted that ___ experience a midlife crisis.
a minority of people
Research indicates that personality ___ throughout adulthood, but there is greater ___ in personality during middle adulthood.
changes; stability
On average, perceptions of personal control ___ after middle adulthood.
decline