chapter 16

The Social Gospel:

called for an equalization of wealth and power.

Chinese immigrants to the West:

worked in shoe and cigar factories in western cities.

The Supreme Court in Lochner v. New York:

voided a state law establishing that bakers could work a maximum of sixty hours per week.

Why did western territories take longer than eastern territories to achieve statehood?

Many easterners were wary of granting statehood until white and non-Mormon settlers counterbalanced the large Latino and Mormon populations

Why did railroad companies and other businesses form "pools" during the American Gilded Age?

They hoped to escape the chaos of market forces by fixing prices with their competitors.

By 1880, a majority of Americans worked in non-farm activities.

True

William Cody:

created a "Wild West" show that toured the United States and Europe.

Henry George offered a(n) __________ as a solution for the problem of inequality in America.

single tax

"Liberal" reformers of the Gilded Age believed:

wealth inequality was inevitable in modern society.

The new social order of the Gilded Age:

A and B prompted public discussion of class differences and debate among workingmen and farmers over political economy. ensured ongoing labor strife and deepening distrust between employees and employers.

Which of the following statements about nineteenth-century Chinese immigrants to the United States is accurate?

By 1880, three-fourths of Chinese immigrants lived in California, where many worked on farms.

By the turn of the century, most Americans still worked for themselves as small-business owners or as farmers.

False

Male farmers experienced the most hardship on the Great Plains, because farm women did not experience long days in the fields.

False

The Dawes Act was an extension of the treaty system practiced by the American government since the Revolutionary War.

False

The Social Gospel movement focused on attacking individual sins such as drinking and Sabbath-breaking.

False

The coming of the railroad to the Far West had little to do with the rapid expansion of corporate timber production.

False

How did expanding agricultural production in places like Argentina and the American West lead to the migration of rural populations to cities?

Increasing output worldwide pushed down the prices of farm products, making it more difficult for farmers to make ends meet.

According to the authors of the Dawes Severalty Act, what constituted a civilized life for Native Americans in the later nineteenth century?

Individual property ownership and farming on family plots.

Why did President James Buchanan replace Utah's territorial governor Brigham Young with a non-Mormon appointee in 1857?

It became known that the work of federal judges in Utah was being obstructed.

Which of the following most accurately describes the relationship between the government and the economy in the Gilded Age?

Politicians of both major parties favored business and banks and supported a reduction in the money supply and a return to the gold standard.

How did the expansion of railroads accelerate the second industrial revolution in America?

Railroads created a true national market for U.S. goods.

What criticism did Henry Demarest Lloyd leverage against Rockefeller's Standard Oil in Wealth against Commonwealth (1892)?

Standard Oil was undermining fair competition in the marketplace.

How did the American Catholic Church act during the Gilded Age?

The American Catholic Church saw a growing number of clergy advocate social justice and reform.

Which of the following properly assesses the significance of the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890?

The law established a precedent that the national government could regulate the economy in the interest of the public good.

Which statement about the theory of Social Darwinism is FALSE?

The theory argued that the "deserving poor" only included children.

Why did new products like Ivory Soap and Quaker Oats symbolize the continuing integration of the economy in America's Gilded Age?

These products were national brands, sold everywhere across the United States thanks to the expanding railroad network.

What did the books of Henry George, Laurence Gronlond, and Edward Bellamy all have in common?

They all offered decidedly optimistic remedies for the unequal distribution of wealth.

After the Haymarket Affair, employers took the opportunity to paint the labor movement as a dangerous and un-American force prone to violence and controlled by foreign-born radicals.

True

American workers received higher pay than their European counterparts, but their working conditions were more dangerous.

True

Elk v. Wilkins (1884) agreed with lower court rulings that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not apply to Indians.

True

The Knights of Labor raised the question of whether meaningful freedom could exist in a situation of extreme economic inequality.

True

The events of 1886 suggested that labor might be on the verge of establishing itself as a permanent political force.

True

The idea for the Statue of Liberty originated as a response to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

True

Which of the following does NOT describe the impact of corporations on the American West?

Urban populations in California declined as people moved to the centers of agricultural production.

The term "Gilded Age" describes all of the following EXCEPT:

an era where the scramble for wealth benefited all Americans equally.

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller:

built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets.

In the late nineteenth century, social thinkers such as Edward Bellamy, Henry George, and Laurence Gronlund offered numerous plans for change, primarily because they were alarmed by a fear of:

class warfare and the growing power of concentrated capital.

The Interstate Commerce Commission was established in 1887 to:

ensure that railroads charged farmers and merchants reasonable and fair rates.

The Grange was an organization that:

established cooperatives for storing and marketing farm output.

The nineteenth-century labor movement argued that:

extremes of wealth and poverty threatened democracy.

One significant economic impact of the second industrial revolution was:

frequent and prolonged economic depressions.

The Plains Indians:

included the Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa, and Sioux

The Plains Indians:

included the Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa, and Sioux.

Nineteenth-century Americans imagined the "Wild West" as all of the following EXCEPT:

isolated farms, where men and women carved out difficult lives on the Great Plains.

Chief Joseph:

wanted freedom for his people, the Nez Percé.

The Knights of Labor:

was an inclusive organization that advocated for a vast array of reforms.

How did the displacement of native peoples in Australia differ from the experience of Indians in the American West?

Government policy orchestrated the removal of Aboriginal children from their homes for official adoption by whites.

Which of the following properly assesses the significance of wage labor in industrializing America during the Gilded Age?

More and more Americans experienced wage labor as a permanent condition on the edge of poverty.

Why was the Hollywood version of the western "cowboy" based more on fantasy than reality?

Most cowboys were low-paid workers, some of whom even went on strike for higher wages.

Which of the following properly assesses the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

The railroad strike signaled the nation's shift from southern reconstruction to the question of labor and class tensions.

How were skilled workers able to secure new freedoms for themselves in rapidly expanding industries?

Their knowledge allowed them to control the production process and the training of apprentices.

Which of the following properly compares the U.S. Supreme Court's approach to organization in business and labor during the Gilded Age?

While the Court applied the Sherman Antitrust Act to break down unions, it proved unwilling to endorse any regulation of big business.

John Wesley Powell warned that the western region's arid land would require large-scale irrigation projects and cooperative, communal farming to prosper.

True