Chapter 16 APE
public sphere
and idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics
Who wrote the theory of moral sentiments, and and inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of the nation's?
Adam Smith
which Enlightenment scientist developed taxonomies and began the idea of classifying humans?
Carl von Linne
Who wrote on crimes and punishments?
Cesare Beccaria
what, like the scientific revolution, fueled the Enlightenment?
Europe's increased contacts with the wider world
how did medieval universities help advance Europe toward the scientific revolution?
by drawing on the traditions of Islamic scholars
the baron de Montesquieu is best known for what theory?
the separation of government powers
Who completed the rudolphine tables in 1627?
Johannes Kepler
Who used brahe's data to mathematically prove the Copernican hypothesis?
Johannes Kepler
Who advocated experimental method, formalizing theory of inductive reasoning known as empiricism?
Francis Bacon
who's laws of planetary motion United for the first time natural philosophy and mathematics?
Johannes Kepler
Who wrote essay concerning human understanding?
John Locke
who wrote "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" and what is it about?
John Locke- all ideas are derived form experience
which Enlightenment absolutist abolished serfdom in 1781?
Joseph II of Austria
which European state invaded Silesia and took it form Austria in 1742?
Prussia
I am a French Protestant, I took refuge from government persecution in the tolerant dutch republic, I wrote Historical and Critical Dictionary, I am a skeptic, who am I?
Pierre Bayle
Who wrote historical and critical dictionary?
Pierre Bayle
empiricism
a theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation
what was the goal of the Haskalah movement during the 18th century Enlightenment?
freedom and civil rights for European Jews
what did Catherine the Great do after the Pugachev rebellion in 1773?
gave nobles absolute control over their serfs
what was Jean-Jacques Rousseau's attitude toward women?
he called for a rigid division of gender roles
sensationalism
idea that all human idea and thoughts are produces as a result of sensory impressions
how did interest in navigation during the age of exploration help encourage the Scientific Revolution?
it brought development of new instruments and enabled the rise of experimentation
how did the partition of Poland benefit Prussia?
it united East and West Prussia
what was the chief value of the scientific method by the end of the 17th century?
its combination of Bacon's empiricism and Cartesian dualism
Newton is most famous for...
law of universal gravitation
Copernican hypothesis
the idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe
Enlightenment
the influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the us of reason, the scientific method, and progress
what role did practitioners of magic and alchemy play in fostering the Scientific Revolution?
they strove to understand and control the hidden connections they perceived among different elements
what are the three central concepts to Enlightenment thinking?
1. methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life (reason/ rationalism) 2. scientific method was capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature 3. with the proper method of discovering the laws of human existence it was at least possible for human beings to create better societies and better people (progress)
the philosopher Baruch Spinoza argued that...
God and nature were two names for the same thing
I developed calculus independently of Isaac Newton, I refuted both Cartesian dualism and Spinoza's monism, I adopted the idea of an infinite number of substances or "monads" from which all matter is composed, I wrote Theodicy, who am I?
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
Who was the German philosopher and mathematician known for his optimistic view of the universe?
Gottfried Willhelm von Leibniz
who developed the idea that the world was made of an infinite number of "monads"?
Gottfried von Leibniz
Who wrote the principia Mathematica?
Isaac Newton
which scientist pioneered the use of chemicals and drugs to treat illness?
Paracelsus
whose idea was it that all occurrences in nature could be analyzed as matter in motion
Rene Descartes
Who used inductive reasoning to formulate the Theory of Cartesian dualism?
René Descartes
Who was the author of Boyles law governing the pressure of gases?
Robert Boyle
Haskalah
The Jewish enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn
Who built an observatory and compiled data from the Rudolphine tables, a new table of planetary data?
Tycho Brahe
Who discovered the circulation of blood?
William Harvey
rococo
a popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids
what desire motivated early leaders of the Scientific Revolution?
explain and glorify God's handiwork
what was the relationship between governments and the scientific community?
supported and directed research
Why did France become the center of Enlightenment thought?
the French language was the international language of the educated class
in her pursuit of more land in the 1760's Catherine the Great won more land against which power?
the Ottoman Empire
which Enlightenment figure challenged racist ideas and slavery?
the abbE Raynal
experimental method
the approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation
reading revolution
the transition in Europe from society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse
what did Enlightenment thinkers believe?
their era had gone far beyond antiquity and that intellectual progress was very possible
Who wrote "on the structure of the human body"?
Andreas Vesalius
what European state had the most progressive civil rights for Jews in the 18th century?
Austria
I am a Dutch Jewish Philosopher, I borrowed Descartes's emphasis on rationalism and his methods of deductive reasoning, I rejected the French thinkers mind body dualism, I believe that mind and body are united in one substance and God a nature were literally two names for the same thing, who am I?
Baruch Spinoza
Who was the early enlightenment thinker that was excommunicated from the Jewish religion for his concept of a detriministic universe?
Baruch Spinoza
Who was the central figure of the Scottish enlightenment?
David Hume
Who wrote of natural characters?
David Hume
Who were the editors of the encyclopedia?
Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Cartesian dualism
Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter
who was considered an "enlightened absolutist" in Europe during the 18th century?
Frederick II of Prussia
Who experimented to formulate laws of physics, such as inertia?
Galileo Galilei
Who use telescopic observation to provide evidence for Copernican hypothesis?
Galileo Galilei
Who wrote what is enlightenment? And on the different races of man?
Immanuel Kant
which Enlightenment thinker helped popularize the idea that humankind could be divided into distinct groups based on race?
Immanuel Kant
Who set for the law of universal gravitation, synthesizing previous findings of motion and matter?
Isaac Newton
Who wrote the social contract?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Who wrote the person letters, and the spirit of laws?
Montesquieu
Who was a major philosopher of the Jewish enlightenment?
Moses Mendelssohn
law of universal gravitation
Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
who theorized the sun, rather than the earth, was the center of the galaxy?
Nicolaus Copernicus
who wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"?
Nicolaus Copernicus
who was a swiss physician and alchemist that pioneered the use of chemicals and drugs to address illness
Paracelsus
In her pursuit of more territory in the 1760s and 1770s, Catherine the Great of Russia won unexpected victories against which power?
The Ottoman Empire
cameralism
View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good
Who was a renowned French philosophe and author of more than 70 works?
Voltaire
philosophes
a group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment
law of inertia
a law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force
rationalism
a secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason
natural philosophy
an early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and ho wit functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today
outside France, what was a common strain of Enlightenment thought?
attempts to reconcile reason with faith
Francis Bacon is best know for...
formulating the general theory of inductive reasoning in the 16th and 17th centuries?
what social changes within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah movement?
reduced rabbinical control and greater interaction with Christians
salon
regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philisophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
what argument was used by James Beattie to challenge racist ideas of the Enlightenment?
some non-European peoples had achieved high levels of civilization
enlightened absolutism
term coined by historians to describe the rule of 18th-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance
what was the major contribution of encyclopedias of natural history to the Scientific Revolution?
the emphasized the usefulness of animal and plant species