Chapter 16 Mastering

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"? A) Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person. B) Antibiotics are used to treat all infections, whether they are bacterial or viral, in order to bring about a full cure. C) Antibiotics are used only until the patient feels better, therefore reducing the exposure to the antibiotics. D) Antibiotics are used every time a patient has disease symptoms, in order to prevent an infection from occurring.

A) Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.

____________ are organisms that live in extreme environments, such as hot springs. A) Archaea B) Protists C) Slime molds D) Bacteria

A) Archaea

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic? A) Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria. B) Eventually, all of the bacterial population will be wiped out. C) Every time the antibiotic is given, it will kill 99% of the bacterial population. D) Over time, the antibiotic will cause mutations in the bacteria.

A) Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

Which of the following is true? -Heart disease causes periodontal disease. -Heart disease is caused by the presence of bacteria in the blood. -There is a correlation between periodontal disease and heart disease. -Periodontal disease causes heart disease.

There is a correlation between periodontal disease

In 2012, scientists discovered that colonies of single-celled organisms can be found in high numbers in the human gut. Scientists are particularly concerned with the colonies that produce methane, as methane in the human gut can be linked to constipation and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The scientists can classify these colonies as belonging to the domain A) Eukarya. B) Bacteria. C) Protista. D) Archaea.

D) Archaea.

Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect? A) Nucleoid B)Cell wall C) Flagella D) Capsule

D) Capsule

Which best describes the protists? A) Protists are early eukaryotes with very simple cells. B) Protists are a monophyletic kingdom of very closely related species of unicellular eukaryotes. C) Protists are a monophyletic kingdom of very closely related species of multicellular eukaryotes. D) Protists are diverse eukaryotes, typically unicellular, that do not fit into the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms.

D) Protists are diverse eukaryotes, typically unicellular, that do not fit into the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms.

People who produce very little saliva often have more cavities. What is the best explanation for this? A) A lack of saliva can make the brushing of teeth uncomfortable, and reduced brushing leads to more cavities. B) People who produce very little saliva have trouble digesting proteins and fats, and tend to eat a diet high in sugar. C) People who produce very little saliva cannot support the growth of beneficial bacteria in their mouths. D) Since saliva normally helps neutralize acid and replace minerals on teeth, a lack of saliva leads to more cavities.

D) Since saliva normally helps neutralize acid and replace minerals on teeth, a lack of saliva leads to more cavities.

Which of the following organisms is a prokaryote? A) an amoeba B)a slime mold C) a seaweed D) a bacterium

D) a bacterium

Two diseases that represent high-priority threats as biological weapons today are A) anthrax and Salmonella. B) syphilis and HIV. C) smallpox and typhus. D) anthrax and botulinum.

D) anthrax and botulinum.

In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics? A) conducting research to see whether our current antiviral medications could be used as antibiotics to combat bacteria B) spending federal tax money to set up government labs specifically for new drug research and development C) searching the rainforest for new chemicals that can be used as antibiotics D) encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

D) encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

The important distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes ________ a nucleus, whereas the cells of eukaryotes ________ a nucleus. A) shed; develop B) have; lack C) develop; shed D) lack; have

D) lack; have

Which of the following can increase your risk of atherosclerosis? -avoiding high blood pressure -avoiding cigarettes -avoiding sugary snacks -avoiding a diet high in saturated fat -avoiding exercise

avoiding exercise

By far the most abundant and widespread organisms on Earth are the _____. A)eukaryote b) algae c) prokaryotes d) protozoans

c) prokaryotes

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps? A) The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria. B) Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to humans than are antibiotics. C) Doctors are concerned that people will stop using antibiotics, and start using more antibacterial and antimicrobial products instead. D) Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to bacteria than are antibiotics.

A) The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

True or false. Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells. A) True B) False

A) True

Traits of bacteria that are different from those of eukaryotes are often good targets for antibiotic action. Many antibiotics target bacterial __________, which are not present in human cells. A) cell walls containing peptidoglycan B) endospores C) internal membranes D) phospholipid plasma membranes

A) cell walls containing peptidoglycan

A scientist cultures the dried soup from a 4,000-year-old cooking pot found in an Egyptian tomb and obtains a distinctive species of prokaryote. She immerses a test tube of these bacteria in boiling water for several hours, but the colony grows back. This species is probably A) endospore-forming. B) a spirochete C) .a cyanobacteria. D) halophilic.

A) endospore-forming.

Which of the following would be an example of bioremediation? A) inoculating wells with bacteria to remove chlorinated solvents from the groundwater in the northeastern United States B) bacteria living on hydrogen sulfide from hydrothermal vents in the ocean C) using bacteria to extract gold from ore D) bacteria decomposing a dead tree on the forest floor

A) inoculating wells with bacteria to remove chlorinated solvents from the groundwater in the northeastern United States

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance? A) taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor B) using high doses of antibiotics in animal feed, so that we are not exposed to the bacteria C) taking antibiotics for all infections, including viral infections D) stopping taking the antibiotics as soon as you feel better, thereby decreasing the exposure of the bacteria to the antibiotics

A) taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor

______________ evolved from _____________. A)Eukaryotes; prokaryotes B) Unicellular algae; bacteria C) Eukaryotes; protists D) Prokaryotes; eukaryotes

A)Eukaryotes; prokaryotes

The bacterial cells pictured below are _____. A)streptococci B) staphylococci C)streptobacilli D) spirochetes

A)streptococci

Peptic ulcers are caused by _____. A) eating spicy foods B) infection by the bacterium H. pylori C) stress D) a viral infection

B) infection by the bacterium H. pylori

Eukaryotes are most closely related to which of the following prokaryotic groups? A) Protozoa B) Archaea C) Protists D) Bacteria

B) Archaea

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection? A) Antibiotics caused bacteria to reproduce more quickly than normal. B) Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced. C) Antibiotics caused mutations in the bacteria that were exposed to the largest doses of antibiotics. D) Some bacteria began to tolerate the antibiotics, and passed this ability to their offspring.

B) Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

Which properly states the role of bacteria and prokaryotes in general in human life? A) Prokaryotes are so small that they have relatively little influence on human affairs. A few diseases would disappear, but otherwise we would not notice if prokaryotes disappeared from Earth. B) Prokaryotes cause numerous infectious diseases. However, they also play vitally important positive roles as decomposers and even as beneficial partners in our bodies. The sudden disappearance of all prokaryotes would almost certainly doom humans to extinction. C) Some prokaryotes are parasites and cause half of all infectious human diseases. Therefore, humans would benefit if all prokaryotes disappeared. D) If all prokaryotes disappeared, humans would benefit. We would have more food because less of it would rot.

B) Prokaryotes cause numerous infectious diseases. However, they also play vitally important positive roles as decomposers and even as beneficial partners in our bodies. The sudden disappearance of all prokaryotes would almost certainly doom humans to extinction.

What is the direct cause of demineralization of the enamel on teeth? A) saliva in the mouth B) acids produced by bacteria C) sugar in food D) plaque formed by bacteria =food debris

B) acids produced by bacteria

Rod-shaped bacteria are called A) spirochetes. B) bacilli. C) vibrios. D) cocci.

B) bacilli

What group of protists is thought to be the main source of Earth's oil deposits? A) brown algae B) diatoms C) amoebas D) dinoflagellates

B) diatoms

Someone diagnosed with meningitis has inflamed membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis is a result of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria that cause extreme infections when their bacterial cell wall dies and lipopolysaccharide (a lipid and polysaccharide) is released. The lipopolysaccharide is an example of a/an A) exotoxin. B) endotoxin. C) parasite. D) stomach microbiota.

B) endotoxin.

Prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake would be _____. A) cyanobacteria B) extreme halophiles C) extreme thermophiles D) methanogens

B) extreme halophiles

A patient visits her doctor complaining of stomach cramps, vomiting, and nausea. When he takes a bacterial sample, he determines that Escherichia coli bacteria have used their ________ to attach to the cells lining her gastrointestinal tract. A)cilia B) fimbriae C) flagella D) peptidoglycan

B) fimbriae

Which of the following might typically be caused by bacteria? A) common cold B) food poisoning C) AIDS D) malaria

B) food poisoning

Disease-causing prokaryotes, called _____, are _____ A) methanogens ... important, but of minor significance compared to the vital roles of pathogens in sustaining life B) pathogens ... important, but of minor significance compared to the vital roles of prokaryotes in sustaining life C) pathogens ... the direct cause of nearly all human diseases; they provide few benefits to other forms of life D) proteobacteria ... of minor significance, causing only about 10% of human diseases

B) pathogens ... important, but of minor significance compared to the vital roles of prokaryotes in sustaining life

Sewage treatment facilities depend mainly on __________ to remove most of the organic matter and pollutants from wastewater. A) screen filters that remove solid materials B) prokaryotic decomposers C) chlamydias D) chlorine

B) prokaryotic decomposers

There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be in the egg salad? A) 8 B)256 C) 2048 D) 32

B)256

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics? A) The antibiotics caused mutations in the DNA of the bacteria, making them resistant to the antibiotics. B) The bacteria mutated as a survival response to the presence of antibiotics, enabling the bacteria to become resistant to the antibiotics. C) A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present. D) Researchers added antibiotic resistant bacteria to the culture, so that the bacteria would continue to grow across the area with antibiotics.

C) A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

Dentists sometimes give a patient antibiotics after a teeth-cleaning procedure, especially if the patient is older or has heart disease. What is the best explanation for this? A) The materials used during a teeth-cleaning procedure are high in low-density lipoproteins and contribute to atherosclerosis. B) Teeth-cleaning procedures add bacteria to a person's mouth, and antibiotics are needed to control the bacteria. C) Antibiotics help kill the bacteria that move from the mouth to the bloodstream and prevent the bacteria from contributing to atherosclerosis. D) Antibiotics help remove the plaque that remains on the teeth after a teeth-cleaning procedure.

C) Antibiotics help kill the bacteria that move from the mouth to the bloodstream, and prevent the bacteria from contributing to atherosclerosis.

Why does the post-Medieval skull in the video have such bad teeth? Why does the post-Medieval skull in the video have such bad teeth? A) The bacteria in people's mouths were becoming resistant to antibiotics. B) People stopped brushing their teeth after the Roman period. C) Diets during this time period were high in sugar. D) The skull is much older than the Roman skull.

C) Diets during this time period were high in sugar.

You have been asked to participate in the cleanup of an old mining site. You build a treatment wetland to clean up a contaminated spring flowing out of the mine area. Before sending the water to the wetland, you pass it through a holding tank where Thiobacillus removes heavy metals. The plants and microbes of the wetland will absorb many of the contaminants that remain in the water. Your method is an example of _____. A) preservationism B)landscape ecology C) bioremediation D) biodiversity maintenance

C) bioremediation

Which of the following is an example of a biofilm? A)H. pylori B) fimbriae C) dental plaque D) peptidoglycan

C) dental plaque

Prokaryotes are classified into A) domain Protista and domain Archaea B) kingdom Protista and kingdom Bacteria. C) domain Bacteria and domain Archaea. D) kingdom Bacteria and kingdom Archaea.

C) domain Bacteria and domain Archaea.

One difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is that A) gram-positive bacteria have fimbriae but gram-negative bacteria do not. B) only gram-negative bacteria can form endospores. C) gram-positive bacteria have more peptidoglycan in their cell walls. D) gram-positive bacteria are spiral-shaped, and gram-negative bacteria are either rod-shaped or spherical.

C) gram-positive bacteria have more peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

Archaea frequently inhabit the guts of animals that consume foods rich in cellulose. These prokaryotes assist in the digestion of cellulose and release "marsh gas" as a waste product. Archaea in the same group live in anaerobic muck in wetlands. These archaea would be considered _____. A) extreme thermophiles B) extreme halophiles C) methanogens D) sulfur bacteria

C) methanogens

What is the direct cause of gum disease? A) acids produced by bacteria saliva in the mouth B) sugar in food C) plaque formed by bacteria D) food debris

C) plaque formed by bacteria

Yaws is a serious skin disease of children in tropical countries, caused by Treponema pertenue, a species closely related to the bacteria that cause syphilis. Individual cells of T. pertenue are helical, relatively long, and flexible like the one pictured below. These cells are known as _____. A)bacilli B) vibrios C) spirochetes D) streptococci

C) spirochetes