Chapter 16 Mastering

Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands? A. A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney B. The body becomes parasympathetically activated C. Blood potassium levels fall D. An increase in blood pressure is sensed in the heart

A. A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney A drop in blood pressure would cause the kidney to release renin, a hormone that will eventually promote the release of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.

What is the primary function of hormones? A. Act as chemical messengers that regulate the metabolic function of cells in the body B. Activate extracellular enzymes C. Function as enzymes that catalyze the breakdown food molecules D. Influence metabolic activity of glands by electrochemical impulses

A. Act as chemical messengers that regulate the metabolic function of cells in the body The primary function of hormones is to affect cellular metabolism by altering plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, stimulating synthesis of enzymes, activating or deactivating enzymes, inducing secretory activity, or stimulating mitosis.

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." A. Cushing's disease B. Addison's disease C. Phechromocytoma

A. Cushing's disease a patient with Cushing's would have hypertension, increased blood glucose, and an unusual fat distribution on the face, known as a "moon face." These symptoms are due to increased levels of cortisol and can also be seen in patients after long periods of steroid treatment.

What hormone released into the blood by the posterior pituitary would reduce the amount of urine that is formed?

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the kidneys and modulates how much water is lost in the urine.

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon? A. Hyperglycemia B. Prolonged fasting C. Release of insulin D. Release of somatostatin

B. Prolonged fasting Glucagon acts to stimulate release of glucose into the blood to counteract falling levels

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? A. decreased sweating B. decreased insulin secretion C. decreased or difficulty breathing D. decreased cardiac output

B. decreased insulin secretion insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels. Therefore, insulin secretion would be decreased, in turn increasing plasma glucose.

Which of these glands is responsible for regulating minerals in the body but is also part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A. Thyroid gland B. Thymus C. Adrenal gland D. Pancreas

C. Adrenal gland

High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the _______. A. The posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus B. Hypothalamus C. The anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus D. Posterior pituitary E. Anterior pituitary

C. The anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? A. aldosterone B. ADH (vasopressin) C. epinephrine D. cortisol

C. epinephrine epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act like modified postganglionic neurons.

What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when the body is under stress? A. Angiotensin II B. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

D. ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary modulates the release of aldosterone. The term tropic refers to a hormone that acts on another endocrine gland.

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? A. Cortisol B. Aldosterone C. Angiotensin II D. ADH (vasopressin)

D. ADH (vasopressin) ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron and its secondary function is to act as a vasoconstrictor.

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release? A. Hormonal B. Paracrine C. Neural D. Humoral

D. Humoral The parathyroid is stimulated by the actual level of calcium in the blood rather than by neural or hormonal stimulus.

What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane? A. Charged B. Protein-based C. Bound to a protein complex D. Lipid-soluble

D. Lipid soluble Hormones that are lipid-soluble can dissolve through the plasma membrane.

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? A. low blood glucose B. slow heart rate C. cool, dry skin D. heart palpitations

D. heart palpitations due to the increase in epinephrine, heart rate would be increased and you would feel like your heart was pounding or racing.

Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones? A. A would release less TRH B. B would release more TSH C. The thyroid would swell and produce a goiter D. More thyroid hormone would be produced

Excess thyroid hormone would have an inhibitory effect on A. This is a negative feedback mechanism.

T/F: The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland.

False. The anterior pituitary has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland" because many of the numerous hormones it produces regulate the activity of other endocrine glands. In recent years, however, it has been dethroned by the hypothalamus, which is now known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary.