Chapter 16 Oceanography

Over the past 30 years, Earth's average surface temperature has risen by: 0.1°C. 0.6°C. 2.0°C. 2.6°C. 4.0°C.

0.6°C.

Since 1750, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has increased by almost: 10%. 20%. 30%. 40%. 50%.

30%.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. anthropogenic CO2 inputs B. changes in solar input C. tectonic plate movement D. variation in the Earth's orbit E. volcanic activity

A. anthropogenic CO2 inputs

Hazards associated with sea level rise include all of the following except: increasing damage from storms. accelerated coastal erosion. permanent inland flooding. drowning of beaches. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

Variations in Earth's orbit that influence long-term climate changes include: the wobbling of Earth's axis of rotation (precession). the shape of Earth's orbit (eccentricity). the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation (obliquity). All of the above are correct. None of the above is correct.

All of the above are correct.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet melting B. deep ocean water thermal expansion C. melting of terrestrial glaciers and ice caps D. surface ocean water thermal expansion E. tectonic uplifting

E. tectonic uplifting

A decrease in cloud cover due to a higher moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a positive-feedback loop. True False

False

Greenhouse gases are compounds in the Earth's atmosphere that dissipate heat. True False

False

Sea surface temperatures have remained unchanged during the past 50 years. True False

False

There is a significant positive correlation between sunspot activity and recent changes in mean global temperature. True False

False

Volcanic eruptions have no impact on global climate patterns, they only affect local climate. True False

False

Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - study of ancient climates - voluntary international accord to limit greenhouse gas emissions - oil and natural gas - model of heat exchange for Earth and atmosphere - process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Of the following statements about the greenhouse effect and global warming, which is/are true? (4) - The greenhouse effect began about 200 years ago as a result of human-related activities. - Global warming will likely cause the oceans to boil away on Earth. - Global warming will likely result in more prolonged droughts. - Global warming will likely result in more rainfall. - Global warming will likely result in a rise in sea level due to melting glaciers and thermal expansion of warm ocean waters. - Global warming will likely result in more intense tropical storms.

Not the greenhouse effect NOT boil away to earth

The zone ocean where sound can travel extremely long distances is called the: SOFAR channel. surface mix layer. thermocline. pycnocline. SONAR channel.

SONAR channel.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect compared to other anthropogenically produced greenhouse gases. True False

True

If all greenhouse gas emissions by humans were reduced to zero, the Earth is still projected to keep warming for the foreseeable future. True False

True

Melting ice on land and thermal expansion of water are two of the most important factors causing sea level rise. True False

True

The Earth's climate system involves the exchange of heat and water among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere. True False

True

The concentration of methane (natural gas) exhibits the greatest current rate of increase compared to other greenhouse gases. True False

True

The fourth IPCC report on international climate change (2007) confirmed that human activity has produced climate change beginning in the mid-20th century. True False

True

The oceans have absorbed the majority of the increased heat in the atmosphere. True False

True

The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by: - removing CO2 and sequestering CO2 above the thermocline. - trapping CO2 in sea ice. - moving carbon dioxide and nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface ocean. - increasing oceanic primary productivity. - absorbing surplus heat energy.

absorbing surplus heat energy.

Of the following, which are examples of climate feedback loops?(5) the shading effect from air pollution the addition of water vapor into the atmosphere the role of clouds at different altitudes heat uptake by the oceans the presence of fine atmospheric particles called aerosols

all

Of the following natural factors, which have caused past climate changes on Earth? (4) volcanic eruptions the amount of marine life in the oceans variations in Earth's orbit changes in solar energy the movement of Earth's tectonic plates

all exept marine life in oceans

Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. sunspots refrigerants variations in Earth's orbit volcanic eruptions changes in solar energy

changes in solar energy

Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis? ozone (O3) methane (CH4) water vapor (H2O) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) carbon dioxide

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

The fourth IPCC Report of 2007 concluded that _________. sea ice is thickening in both Arctic and Antarctic waters there is no strong evidence that human activity is responsible for climate change sea level will rise by three meters by the end of this century the atmospheric carbon dioxide level has not changed significantly in the past 20 years climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account

climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account

All of the following are parts of Earth's climate system except the: atmosphere. exosphere. geosphere. hydrosphere. biosphere.

exosphere.

Recent worldwide sea level rise can be attributed to all of the following except the: melting of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. geological uplifting of ocean basins. melting of land-based glaciers and mountain ice caps. thermal expansion of surface ocean waters. thermal expansion of deep-ocean waters.

geological uplifting of ocean basins.

Climate models and observations to date indicate that the oceans will warm the most in _________. equatorial waters mid-latitude areas the deep ocean all areas equally high-latitude areas

high-latitude areas

Domestic cattle production and rice agriculture release relatively large amounts of which gas into the atmosphere? methane (CH4) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) carbon dioxide (CO2) water vapor (H2O) ozone (O3)

methane (CH4)

An increase in cloud cover and a corresponding decrease in absorption of solar radiation is an example of a: negative-feedback loop. neutral feedback loop. positive-feedback loop. All of the above are correct. None of the above is correct.

negative-feedback loop.

Using proxy data, scientists have compiled a detailed record of Earth's climate over the recent geologic past. This science is called _________. palynology paleometeorology paleoceanography paleoclimatology paleontology

paleoclimatology

Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. greenhouse effect - oil and natural gas - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - voluntary international accord to limit greenhouse gas emissions - process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere - study of ancient climates - model of heat exchange for Earth and atmosphere

process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere

Global engineering (geoengineering) proposals to reduce Earth's greenhouse effect include(2) moving to another planet and starting over. removing human-caused greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and disposing of them somewhere else. releasing gas-eating bacteria into the atmosphere to reduce heat-trapping gases. reducing the amount of sunlight reaching Earth. taking all the plastic pieces floating in the ocean and blasting them off into outer space.

reducing the amount of sunlight removing human-caused

Concerned individuals can reduce their personal contribution to greenhouse gas emissions by doing all of the following except: - reducing the area covered by pavement or structures (houses, garages, pools, decks, etc) in urban and suburban areas. - use of compact fluorescent light bulbs in place of incandescent bulbs. - install low flow plumbing fixtures. - planting trees and increasing green space areas. - purchase recycled products.

reducing the area covered by pavement or structures (houses, garages, pools, decks, etc) in urban and suburban areas.

Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) changes in solar energy volcanic eruptions variations in Earth's orbit refrigerants

refrigerants

Match the term or phrase with the best descriptor. paleoclimatology - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - voluntary international accord to limit greenhouse gas emissions - study of ancient climates - oil and natural gas - model of heat exchange for Earth and atmosphere - process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere

study of ancient climates

The oceans' "biological pump" _________. -is an area of downwelling in the far north Atlantic where carbon dioxide is carried down to the deep current system - takes carbon from the photic zone and stores it in deep ocean water and seafloor sediments - is the ocean's natural system for replenishing nutrients such as iron in the surface layer - transports marine organisms worldwide by means of "conveyer belt" current circulation - brings oxygen from the deep ocean through upwelling to the photic zone, where it is taken up by animals.

takes carbon from the photic zone and stores it in deep ocean water and seafloor sediments

What are the main factors that contribute to the documented global rise in sea level? (2) - higher amounts of evaporation - the melting of floating sea ice (such as in the Arctic Ocean) or floating ice shelves (such as those that fringe Antarctica) - more water being stored on land - cold, dense seawater sinking beneath the surface - thermal expansion of ocean water as it warms - an increase in the amount of water in the ocean from the melting of ice on land

thermal expansion increase in amount of water

Of the following atmospheric gases, only _________ is an important greenhouse gas. hydrogen sulfide (H2S) oxygen (O2) water vapor (H2O) nitrogen (N2) argon (Ar)

water vapor (H2O)

The atmospheric component that naturally contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is: nitrous oxide. ozone. carbon dioxide. methane. water vapor.

water vapor.