chapter 16 review questions, Chapter 9: Scatter Radiation and Its Control, Chapter 5 and 6 Radiography Essentials, Chapter 1 Role of the Limited X-Ray operator, Chapter 4 Basic Physics for Radiography, Chapter 10: formulating x-ray techniques questio...

Clavicle

The collar bone

A mechanism that tends to stop a moving part in a specific location is called a: A. Collimator B. Control Console C. Transformer D. Detent

D. Detent

What is the imaging modality that provides real-time viewing of x-ray images in motion? A. Computed Tomography (CT) B. Nuclear Medicine (NM) C. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) D. Flouroscopy

D. Flouroscopy

A smaller effective focal spot yields: A. Greater tube heat capacity B. Lower patient dose C. More characteristic radiation D. Greater image sharpness

D. Greater image sharpness

More than 99% of the energy applied to an x-ray tube is converted into: A. Bremsstrahlung radiation B. Characteristic radiation C. Secondary radiation D. Heat

D. Heat

The purpose of rotating the x-ray tube target is to: A. Create a space charge B. Speed up the electrons in the electron stream C. Remove long wavelength photons from the x-ray beam D. Increase the heat capacity of the anode

D. Increase the heat capacity of the anode

Increasing OID will ____ the intensity of scatter radiation at the film.

Decrease.

A change from the small focal spot to the large focal spot results in:

Decreased image sharpness

Grid cutoff appears as ____ radiographic density on the side of the image.

Decreased.

The more ____ the absorbing matter is, the more scatter radiation that is produced because more of the primary beam is absorbed.

Dense.

Radiographic quality factors

Density, contrast, distortion and recorded detail

The fog produces an overall increase in radiographic ____.

Density.

Penumbra

Describes the "unsharp edges" of the umbra or body part. is referred to as blur or geometric unsharpness

Carcinogenesis

Development of malignant disease

Gonad shield

Device to prevent unnecessary radiations to reproductive organs

Wedge compensating filter

Device which may help provide an even density on a radiograph of an AP axial projection of the foot

What anatomy must be demonstrated on the upright, AP projection of the abdomen?

Diaphragm at the top of the image

Phalanges

Digits 2 through 5 that consist of three small bones

10° toward the heel

Direction of the central ray when taking an AP axial projection of the foot

1/2 inch below the apex of the patella

Direction the CR enters the patient for the AP projection of the knee

Ulna deviation

One of the greatest degree of movement and occurs when the hand i moved toward the medial (ulnar) side of the wrist

Computed Radiography (CR)

One of the two types of digital imaging systems. CR is cassette based digital imagining because the image of the body part is obtained using storage phosphor plates.

Compton effect

One of three interactions of radiation with the human body tissues. In this effect, the x-ray photon is scattered from the body rather than going directly through to expose the film. This effect is undesirable in radiographic imaging.

photoelectric effect

One of three interactions of radiation with the human body tissues. In this effect, the x-ray photon is totally absorbed in the body tissues.

coherent scattering

One of three interactions of radiation with the human body tissues. It occurs at low energy levels with energy transferred to the atom. Only about 5% of exposures is caused by this interaction. Also known as Thompson scatter.

Sesamoid bones

One or more small bones in the region of the 1st MCP joint. They are small, flat, oval bones within tendons are not counted among the bones of the body b/c they resemble a sesame seed. They serve to protect the joint

the lateral projection of the cervical spine

One procedure in which the air gap is used by default.

Which of the following is true regarding persons with a hypersthenic body habitus?

Organs are located higher and more horizontal

Skin

Patient dose in radiography is most often calculated according to the exposure level at the_____ this is called Entrance Skin Exposure

true absorption

Photoelectric interactions.

PACS

Picture Archival and Communication System. Systems use in the radiology department to transmit images to remote locations and to store images for long term use.

Surgical neck

Portion of the humerus that is most susceptible to fracture

The capitulum

Portion of the humerus which articulates with the radial head

Parallel to IR

Position of the fingers for the PA oblique and lateral projections to demonstrate the interphalangeal joint spaces

Oblique

Position of the thumb on a PA projection of the hand

Coronal plane of wrist at 45° angle to IR with anteromedial surface on IR

Position of the wrist for the PA oblique projection

Superior margin is at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine

Position that the IR should be placed when taking an AP projection of the proximal femur

Nasion

Positioning landmark between the orbits

Arm positioned across the chest

Positioning of a patient's arm that should be positioned to demonstrate the blade (body) of the scapula

Which portion of the ribs is best demonstrated on the AP projection?

Posterior portion

A component of digital imagining that is important because of a repeat exposure may not be necessary

Postprocessing

The higher the grid ratio, the more ____ the alignment must be.

Precise.

characteristic photon

Produced during photoelectric interactions and is considered secondary radiation.

Low kVp

Produces a high contrast image

High kVp

Produces a low contrast image

AP oblique projection; 45° medial rotation position

Projection and position which demonstrates the coronoid process of the ulna without superimposition

AP oblique projection in 30° medial rotation

Projection and position which demonstrates the metatarsals without superimposition

AP oblique projection (Grashey method)

Projection of the shoulder which demonstrates the glenohumeral joint with an open joint space and the glenoid process in profile

PA

Projection of the thumb which will result in a more magnified image because of the increase in OID

Elongation

Projects the object so it appears longer than it really is

Foreshortening

Projects the part so it appears shorter than it really is

Upper limb abducted; elbow extended; humeral epicondyles parallel to IR

Proper method to position the humerus for an AP projection

Stop breathing and do not move

Proper patient instructions for the AP projection of the shoulder

Breathe slowly and deeply

Proper patient instructions for the transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder

Arm abducted so that humerus is perpendicular to MSP; elbow flexed at 90°

Proper patient position for the AP projection of the scapula

Anterior oblique body position with the affected side closer to the IR

Proper patient position for the lateral projection of the scapula in the upright position

Elbow flexed at 90°, wrist lateral, medial surface of forearm in contact with IR

Proper position of the forearm when taking a lateral projection of the forearm

Medial surface of wrist on the IR with coronal plane perpendicular to IR

Proper position of the wrist for the lateral projection

kVp

Quality

mA

Quanity

Erythema

Radiation burn

ALARA

Radiation exposure should be limited to the lowest possible levels

secondary radiation

Radiation produced by the photoelectric effect.

Ev 6 months

Radiographers perform Quality Check

The ____ of a parallel grid is infinity.

Radius.

Spatial Resolution

Recorded detail. refers to sharpness of image. It is sometimes referred to as resolution, sharpness, definition, or simply detail.

Distortion

Refers to differences between the actual subject and its radiographic image

Tissue density

Refers to the mass density of the body part

Density

Refers to the overall blackness or darkness of the radiograph

Pediatrics

Refers to the specialized care of children

Geriatrics

Refers to the specialized care of the elderly

Upright

Required patient position for an AP projection of the AC joints

Collimation

Restricting the size and shape of the radiation beam as it exits the x ray tube.

Collimation

Restricting the size and shape of the radiation beam as it exits the x-ray tube.

scatter radiation

Result of either coherent scattering or the Compton effect.

higher kVp

Results in more scatter radiation fog.

Which ribs are best demonstrated when the exposure is made after the patient suspended respirations after inspiration?

Ribs 1 to 9

In which quadrant of the abdomen is the largest portion of the liver located?

Right, upper quadrant

Conventional Units (Old) Roentgen (R) Rad (rad) Rem (rem

SI Units (New) Air Kerma (Gy-a) Gray (Gy-t) Sievert (Sv)

Gray-a (Gy-a)

SI unit measurement of radiation exposure in air

Gray-t (Gy-t)

SI unit used to measure absorbed dose

Sievert (Sv)

SI unit used to report the equivalent dose, or occupational dose, to radiation workers in the United States

contrast

Scatter radiation creates fog that reduces _______ and reduces the visibility of detail.

backscatter

Scatter radiation that is directed back toward the x-ray tube.

____ x-rays not moving in the same direction as the primary x-ray beam are absorbed by the grid.

Scattered.

Equivalent dose

Term used to describe absorbed dose based on type and nrg of x-ray

Penumbra

The "unsharp edges" of the umbra, or body part

MCP (metacarpophalangeal) joint AP

The CR center points for the AP projection of the thumb

1 inch medial and inferior to coracoid process

The CR entrance point for the AP projections of the shoulder

Carpus

The Carpal bones together are referred to as:

4000 mGy-t

The LD 50/30, or lethal dose, that would be fatal to 50% of the irradiated population within 30 days

Innominate bone

The ilium, ischium, and pubis make up this large composite bone

Vomer

The inferior portion of the nasal septum. The wall that divides the nasal cavity

Suture

The joints that connect the bones of the cranium

Acanthion

The junction of the nose and the upper lip. A positioning landmark

Foramen magnum

The large round hole in the anterior portion of the occipital bone

Greater trochanter

The large, palpable prominence on the proximal and lateral portion of the femur

Acromion Process

The large, rounded projection that can be felt on the superior, lateral surface of the shoulder

Femur

The largest and heaviest bone in the body

Maxilla

The largest immovable bone beneath the nose

Ulna

The longer, thinner bone located on the medial aspect of the forearm

Long-scale contrast

The low level of contrast produced by high kVp

Pubis

The midline cartilaginous joint (secondary cartilaginous) uniting the superior rami of the left and right pubic bones.

0.5 mm

The minimum standard lead equivalency for aprons should be

0.25 mm

The minimum standard lead equivalency for lead gloves

What is the proper patient position for the PA oblique projection of the sternum?

15° to 30° RAO

high-kilovoltage radiography only - what ratio?

16:1.

Joint effusion

Increased fluid in the joint capsule

An increase in OID will result in:

Increased magnification

Octostop®

A commercial immobilization device for pediatric patients that allows PA, AP, right and left laterals, and all four oblique positions to be performed without readjusting the restraints

Pigg-O-Stat®

A commercial immobilization device specially designed for upright chest radiography of infants and small children

Technical Considerations for everyday use

Kvp, Part Centering, Split Cassettes, Overexposure versus Underexposure, Collimation, Open Cassettes, Grids, and Markers

Prime factors of radiographic exposure

Milliamperage (mA), exposure time (S), kilovoltage (kVp) and distance (SID)

When kVp is decreased this requires an increase in ____ to compensate.

Milliampere-seconds.

The metal housing of the tube is for what purpose A) Prevent an electrical arc B) Protect the glass housing C) Protect the filament from light D) Cool the anode to prevent pitting

B) Protect the glass housing

What is the purpose of the 72-inch SID used for chest radiography?

Minimizes magnification of the heart shadow

AP and AP axial projections with patient in a recumbent position

Most comfortable position and clavicle projections for a patient with an injury to the clavicle

Osteoarthritis

Most common type of arthritis

Young teens

Most typical age group of an exaggerated sense of modesty

Radial deviation

Movement of the hand toward the lateral (radial) side of the wrist

Radius and ulna, wrist joint, elbow joint

Must be included in an AP projection of the forearm

Exposure Technique Charts Use

Must be used with digital systems.

Stress fracture

Name of fracture that occurs from repeated injuries that would not cause a fracture on a single occurence

1500 mSv

Nausea, diarrhea can develop in a patient if the radiation dose reaches what mSv

Three

Number of bones found in digits 2 and 5 of the hand

Limited operators' occupational dose is monitored using an:

OSL type dosimeter

OID

Object image receptor distance

OID

Object-image receptor distance.

what projection benifits from the use of "breathing technique"?

Oblique sternum

If an exposure time is measured as 35 milliseconds, what is the exposure time in seconds? A) 350 seconds B) 3.5 seconds C) 0.035 seconds D) 0.350 seconds

C) 0.035 seconds

Limitations to postprocessing

The more an image is post processed, the less information is transferred to the physician.

Which of the following can be found on a dual focus x-ray tube? 1. Two filaments 2. Two focal spot sizes 3. Two anodes A) 1, 2, and 3 B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 2 only D) 1 and 3 only

C) 1 and 2 only

coned-down image

A radiography of a very small area of the subject; used when fog compromises the ability to see specific details in a large body part.

Short exposure time

The most important consideration in formulating exposure factors for pediatric techniques

More than 99% of the energy applied to an x-ray tube is converted into: A) Heat B) Bremsstrahlung radiation C) Secondary radiation D) Characteristic radiation

A) Heat

grid frequency

The number of lead strips per inch.

Fat pad sign

The only radiographic indication of a fracture involving the elbow joint

Which of the following functions to reduce the voltage on the secondary side to provide an appropriate current to heat the filament? A) Step-down transformer B) Autotransformer C) Step-up transformer D) mA meter

A) Step-down transformer

External auditory meatus

The opening to the ear canal and is a positioning landmark

External occipital protuberance

The outer surface of the occipital bone is a bony prominence

Medial malleolus

The palpable portion of the distal end of the tibia

Tiberal tuberosity

The palpable, bony protuberance on the anterior aspect of the proximal tibia

Sesamoid

The patella is classified as a(n) _______ bone

The number of electrons emitted in Thermionic emission will determine the amount of x-rays photons that are produced. A) True B) False

A) True

The target of the x-ray tube is made of: A) Tungsten B) Glass C) Fluorescent phosphors D) Stainless steel

A) Tungsten

The function of a rheostat in an x-ray generator is to: A) Vary the milliamperage B) Vary the kilovoltage C) Vary the exposure time D) Compensate for variations in line voltage

A) Vary the milliamperage

Which of the following are located on the high-voltage side of the x-ray circuit? A) X-ray tube B) mA selector C) Step-down transformer D) Autotransformer

A) X-ray tube

To increase the blackness of a film you need to increase the A) mA B) KVp

A) mA

Gonion

The right angle formed by the mandible. Positioning landmark

The purpose of a diode in an x-ray circuit is to: A) Vary the kilovoltage B) Provide rectification of alternating current C) Increase filament heat D) Increase anode heat

B) Provide rectification of alternating current

A steeper target angle provides: A) Less anode heel effect B) Smaller effective focal spot C) Lower patient dose D) More heat capacity

B) Smaller effective focal spot

Prime Factors of exposure

(mA) milliamperage (S) Exposure Time (kVp) Kilovoltage (SID) Source image receptor distance

A smaller effective focal spot will yield: A) Lower patient dose B) More characteristic radiation C) Greater tube heat capacity D) Greater image sharpness

D) Greater image sharpness

Greater ____ of tissue, the more scatter radiation.

Volume.

The cathode end of the x-ray tube is ____charged. A. Positively B. Negatively C. Neutrally D. Radioactively

B. Negatively

X-rays that are traveling in a useful direction exit via the: A. Tube housing B. Tube Port C. Patient D. Image receptor System

B. Tube Port

Calcaneus and talus

Bones found in the hindfoot portion of the foot

Phalanges and metatarsals

Bones of the forefoot

Tarsals

Bones of the midfoot

Tibia and fibula

Bones that are located in the lower leg

Talus, tibia and fibula

Bones that articulate to form the ankle mortise

Metacarpals

Bones which are located in the palm of the hand

Nasal concha

Bony projections that divide the nasal cavity forming air passages

Which of the following functions involve(s) the autotransformer? A) Exposure time selection B) Automatic exposure control C) kVp selection D) mA selection

...

standard control limit for the tube's beam alignment is that the tube must be mounted so that the x-ray beam is within ____.

1 degree of perpendicular.

A grid is used when a body part becomes greater than ____ in thickness.

10 to 12 cm.

Which of the following make up the bony thorax?

12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and the sternum

Bucky grids typically have a ratio of ____.

12:1 to 16:1.

general purpose/chest radiography - what ratio?

12:1.

The number of floating ribs is:

2 pair

The occupational dose for limited operators is typically well below the established EfD limit of:

50 mSv per year

grid cassettes/mobile radiography - what ratio?

5:1 and 6:1.

the range of typical grid ratios

5:1 to 16:1.

common grid cassette ratios

5:1, 6:1 or 8:1.

Grid frequencies range between ____.

60 and 196 lines/inch.

name two ways a chest examination would differ from an examination of the ribs:

72 inch SID; and higher kVp

for coned-down images what size IR and square field is used

8 x 10 IR and a 5- or 6-inch square field

Bucky grids typically have a frequency of ____.

85 to 103 lines/inch.

Stationary grids typically have a ratio of ____.

8:1 or 12:1.

general purpose - what ratio?

8:1.

330 mSv

A 33-year-old worker would have a cumulative effective dose limit of:

Metatarsals

A bone of the forefoot

Boxer's fracture

A common fracture of the 5th metacarpal

crosshatch grid

A composite of two grids with the lead strips at right angles to each other; also called a crossed grid.

grid

A device placed between the patient and the IR to absorb scatter radiation.

Overexposed

A film that is too dark

Underexposed

A film that is too light

Bronchus

A foreign body that has been aspirated and most likely to be detected radiographically

Monteggia's fracture

A fracture of the ulna with dislocation of the radial head

Fog

A general, unwanted exposure to the film

parallel grid

A grid with strips that are parallel to each other, rather than focused. A

stationary grid

A high-frequency grid that does not move during the exposure.

6.0 Sv

A human who receives an acute whole-body exposure will die

Organic brain syndrome

A large group of disorders associated with brain damage or impaired cerebral function

Exposure Indicator Number

A manufacturers specific number that correlates to the amount of radiation that reaches the digital image receptor.

Bucky

A moving grid.

Coracoid process

A muscle attachment on the anterior surface that is capable to the humeral shoulder

Direct Conversion

A one step conversion that detectors convert the x ray energy directly to an electric signal through an amorphous selenium detector without light conversion

Flexing the fingers into a loose fist

A positioning strategy which places the wrist in closer contact with the IR for the PA projection of the wrist

0.5 mSv

A pregnant worker's monthly equivalent dose limit

Comparing the pediatric body part size to a part of similar size on an adult

A quick method to formulate a pediatric technique

Magnification

A result of the geometry of the imaging setup; it is a function of the relationship between the SID and OID

Penetrometer (step-wedge)

A solid piece of aluminum with steps of varying thickness

grid cassette

A special cassette with a grid built into the front side.

Gouty arthritis

A systemic disorder that increases the uric acid content of the blood and may cause a joint condition that commonly affects the feet

Meniscus (pl. menisci)

A thin fibrous cartilage between the surfaces of some joints, e.g., the knee

Indirect Conversion

A two step process in which the x ray energy is first converted into a light and then converted into an electric signal.

Benign tumor

A type of exostosis, also called osteochondroma

Acceptable to you

A valid choice is one where both alternatives are...

Which of the following components are located on the low-voltage side of the x-ray circuit? 1. kVp selector 2. Autotransformer 3. Milliammeter

A) 1 and 2 only

An x-ray exposure is made using the following factors: 500 mA, 25 milliseconds, 75 kVp, 40 inches SID and the large focal spot. In this case, the value of the mAs is: A) 12.5 mAs B) 0.125 mAs C) 125 mAs D) 12,500 mAs

A) 12.5 mAs

What is an ionization chamber? A) A type of AEC that terminates the exposure after a specific quantity of current has been measured B) A type of exposure timer that emits an ionized vapor that terminates the exposure C) A type of AEC that terminates the exposure after a specific quantity of light has been detected D) A type of exposure timer that uses an ion gas to control the amount of time in which x-rays are produced

A) A type of AEC that terminates the exposure after a specific quantity of current has been measured

Filtration ____ the average wavelength of the x-ray beam. A) Decreases B) Increases C) Does not affect

A) Decreases

The degree of angulation of the x-ray tube target will determine the: A) Effective focal spot B) Speed of anode rotation C) Number of photons in the x-ray beam D) Heat capacity of the anode

A) Effective focal spot

Exposure times that are as low as 0.001 sec and are expressed in decimals are typical of a(n): A) Electronic timer B) Phototimer C) Mechanical timer D) Synchronous (impulse) timer

A) Electronic timer

Which type of exposure timer is capable of shorter exposure times (1 ms or less)? A) Electronic timer B) Manual timer C) Synchronous timer D) Back-up timer

A) Electronic timer

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the characteristics of x-rays? They can: A. Penetrate matter that impenetrable to light B. Cause certain crystals to become radioactive C. Be refracted by a lens D. Be detected by the human senses

A. Penetrate matter that impenetrable to light

What organization establishes standards and provides certification examinations for radiologic technologists? A. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) B. Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT) C. Association of Educators in Radiologic Sciences (AERS) D. American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)

A. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT)

What type of radiation is formed within the target atoms as a result of interactions with the K-shell electrons? A. Characteristic radiation B. Scatter radiation C. Bremsstrahlung radiation D. Thermionic emission

A. Characteristic radiation

The boxlike device attached under the tube housing that allows the limited operator to vary the size of the radiation field is called a : A. Collimator B. Transformer C. Detent D. Tube Port

A. Collimator

The current across the x-ray tube is measured in the units of: A. milliamperes B. kilovolts C. roentgens D. ohms

A. milliamperes

When exposure time is very short, the time is usually measured in: A. milliseconds B. deciseconds C. kiloelectron volts D. angstroms

A. milliseconds

The degree angulation of the x-ray tube target will determine the: A. Effective focal spot B. speed of the anode rotation C. Number of photon in the x-ray beam D. Heat capacity of the anode

A. Effective focal spot

Free Electrons for x-ray production come from the: A. Filament B. Target C. Anode D. Kilovoltage

A. Filament

Computed radiography (CR) is sometimes called a : A. Filmless system B. Cassetteless System C. imageless system D. radiationless system

A. Filmless system

Motion

Any movement during radiography causing blurring of the image, reducing definition

What is the name of the upper portion of the lung?

Apex

A film that has been exposed but has not yet been processed has a pattern of exposure that is called the: A. Latent image B. visible image C. remnant radiation D. radiation field

A. Latent image

When percentage of the total energy applied to an x-ray tube target is converted in x-rays? A. Less than 1% B. Approximately 50% C. 75% D. 100%

A. Less than 1%

The unit used to indicate the total quantity of the x-rays in an exposure is: A. Milliampere-seconds (mAs) B. seconds C. peak kilovoltage (kVp) D. milliamperes (mA)

A. Milliampere-seconds (mAs)

Tissues with greater mass, such as bone, will absorb _____ radiation, as compared with less dense tissues such as fat. A. More B. Less C. equal amounts of

A. More

On what date were x-rays discovered? A. November 8, 1895 B. November 10, 1923 C. October 31, 1859 D. October 31, 1895

A. November 8, 1895

The anode, or target, of the x-ray tube is ____charged. A. Positively B. Negatively C. Neutrally D. Radioactively

A. Positively

The term refers to the force or strength of the electron flow in the current? A. Potential Difference B. Resistance C. Circuit D. Ampere

A. Potential Difference

The term that applies to the quantity of electrons flowing through a circuit is: A. Potential Difference B. Voltage C. Frequency D. Current

A. Potential Difference

Which of the following particles has an electric charge of +1? A. Proton B. Neutron C. Electron D. Atom

A. Proton

A specialist who interprets radiographs and performs special imaging procedures is called a: A. Radiologist B. Primary Care Physician C. Chiropractic Physician D. Radiologic Technologist

A. Radiologist

For what do the initials RT(R) stand for? A. Registered Technologist (Radiography) B. Radiography Technology (Registered) C. Respiratory Therapy (Registered) D. Registered Technician (Radiology)

A. Registered Technologist (Radiography)

Limited radiography is called limited because the: A. Scope of practice is limited B. Salaries are limited C. Opportunities are limited D. Operators' competence is limited

A. Scope of practice is limited

A tilting table will allow the head end to be lowered at least 15 degrees into the: A. Trendelenburg position B. Sims Position C. Fowler Position D. Supine Position

A. Trendelenburg position

The target of the x-ray tube is made of: A. Tungsten B. Glass C. Stainless Steel D. Fluorescent Phosphors

A. Tungsten

What type of device is used to measure the difference in electrical potential between two points in a parallel circuit? A. Voltmeter B. Ammeter C. Transformer D. Rectifier

A. Voltmeter

lead strips

Absorb scatter radiation while permitting remnant radiation to pass through.

Embryonic tissue

According to the law of Bergonié-Tribondeau, which of the following types of cell would be most radiosensitive?

3 to 4 years

Age of which the "baby fat" that develops in the first 4 months of life begins to disappear

Olecranon process

Aka "funny bone of crazy bone", The large process on the upper end of the ulna that projects behind the elbow joint and forms the point of the elbow

Pedal digit

Aka toes

High contrast

Also known as short-scale contrast because the range of densities is short

Size distortion

Always in the form of magnification enlargement

2000 mSv

An Erythema can develop on a patient if the radiation dose to the skin reaches what mSv

Fabella

An additional sesamoid bone that can develop in the posterior portion of the knee

Offer valid choices

An appropriate response when an 8-year old child cries and behaves like a toddler

Long-term somatic

An effect that is not predictable

400

An equivalent dose of 0.400 Sv would be converted to ___________mSv.

grid lines

An image of the grid itself in radiographic images; also called grid striping.

Prothesis (pl. protheses)

Anatomic replacement

Entire tibia and fibula; knee joint; ankle joint

Anatomy which must be included on the AP projection of the lower leg

30°

Angle in which the plantar surface of the foot is elevated from the IR for the AP oblique projection of the foot

The x-ray tube cannot be ____ when using a crosshatch grid.

Angled.

Digits

Are called fingers and are considered to be part of the hand. They are numbered from 1 to 5.

Stationary grids typically have a frequency of ____.

At least 103 lines/inch.

Where is the jugular notch located?

At the top of the manubrium

Contrecoup injury

Brain injury on opposite side of the location of the blow

What is the principle advantage of a high-speed rotating anode? A) Increased amount of characteristic radiation produced B) More efficient heat dissipation C) Increased amount of Bremsstrahlung radiation produced D) More efficient production of x-rays

B) More efficient heat dissipation

Which of the following are types of automatic exposure control (AEC) devices? 1. Phototimers 2. Ionization chambers 3. Synchronous tubes

B) 1 and 2 only

Which of the following are functions of the autotransformer? 1. Provides the means for kVp selection 2. Provides compensation for fluctuations in the incoming line voltage 3. Supplies power to the other parts of the x-ray circuit

B) 1, 2, and 3

The filament of an x-ray tube is made of: A) A coil of stainless steel wire B) A coil of tungsten wire C) A fluorescent tube D) Glass

B) A coil of tungsten wire

What device terminates the exposure time after an exact amount of exposure for a given body part has been achieved? A) Synchronous exposure control B) Automatic exposure control C) Electronic exposure control D) Milliamperage control

B) Automatic exposure control

Which of the following are the types of radiation produced at the anode? A) Thermionic emission and heat B) Characteristic and Bremsstrahlung C) Electromagnetic and thermal D) Remnant and scatter

B) Characteristic and Bremsstrahlung

What is the difference between an electronic timer and a synchronous timer? A) Synchronous timers support automatic exposure control and electronic timers cannot B) Electronic timers are capable of shorter exposure times than synchronous timers C) Electronic timers are controlled by a small electric motor, and synchronously operate on self-induction D) There is no difference between synchronous timers and electronic timers

B) Electronic timers are capable of shorter exposure times than synchronous timers

Nearly all new x-ray machines manufactured today use ________ generators. A) Three-phase, 12 pulse B) High-frequency C) Three-phase, 6 pulse D) Single-phase

B) High-frequency

The current across the x-ray tube is measured in units of: A) Kilovolts B) Milliamperes C) Ohms D) Roentgens

B) Milliamperes

Taking into account the anode heel effect when making a recumbent AP radiograph of the femur (thigh bone) on a 35 × 43 cm IR at 40 inches SID, the patient should be placed so that: A) The head is toward the anode end of the tube. B) The head is toward the cathode end of the tube. C) The position is convenient; the anode heel effect is not significant in this case

B) The head is toward the cathode end of the tube.

The process of boiling off of electrons from a hot, metallic filament is called A) Photoelectric effect B) Thermionic emission C) Pair production D) Compton scatter

B) Thermionic emission

An x-ray exposure is made using the following factors: 500 mA, 25 milliseconds, 75 kVp, 40 inches SID, and the large focal spot. In this case, the value of the mAs is: A. 125 mAs B. 12.5 mAs C. 0.125 mAs D. 12,500 mAs

B. 12.5 mAs

A device used to measure the current flowing in a series circuit is a(an)? A. Voltmeter B. Ammeter C. Transformer D. Rectifier

B. Ammeter

The "Building Blocks" of all matter are called: A. Electrons B. Atoms C. Protons D. Neutrons

B. Atoms

The absorption of x-rays by matter is called: A. Scatter B. Attenuation C. Fog D. Remnant radiation

B. Attenuation

The image receptor (IR) usually consists of the: A. x-ray tube and the tube stand B. Cassette and the film C. Control console and the transformer D. Tube locks and the detent

B. Cassette and the film

The term reciprocity means that: A. Special credentials are required B. Credentials issued in one area are recognized in another C. A license or permit has been applied for but has not been granted D. There is freedom to practice without a license or permit

B. Credentials issued in one area are recognized in another

Which of the following particles are located in an orbit around the nucleus? A. Protons B. Electrons C. Neutrons D. Positrons

B. Electrons

Which of the following is considered a duty of a limited x-ray machine operator? A. Determine which examination should be performed B. Explain the procedure and the preparation to the patient C. Perform a pre-reading of the examination D. Choose additional projections depending on what is seen on the original images.

B. Explain the procedure and the preparation to the patient

What is the typical usage of a 24 x 24 cm IR? A. Mammography B. Fluoroscopic spots C. General examination D. Upright Spine

B. Fluoroscopic spots

A larger focal spots yields: A. Greater image sharpness B. Greater tube heat capacity C. Lower patient dose D. More characteristic radiation

B. Greater tube heat capacity

Where is the image obtained in computed radiography (CR)? A. On a film B. In a phosphor material C. On a laser disk D. In a microprocessor

B. In a phosphor material

The frequency of a sine wave is measured by the: A. Number of times per minute that a crest passes a given point B. Number of times per second that a crest passes a given point C. Velocity multiplied by the wavelength D. Velocity minus the wavelength

B. Number of times per second that a crest passes a given point

X-ray examination are performed on orders issued by: A. Limited X-ray machine operators B. Physicians C. Radiologic Technologists D. Nurses

B. Physicians

The mAs used for an exposure determines the: A. Wavelength of the resulting x-ray beam B. Quantity of radiation in the exposure C. rate at which x-rays are produced D. voltage across the x-ray tube

B. Quantity of radiation in the exposure

What is the proper term for the "pictures" produced by x-rays? A. Photographs B. Radiographs C. Rayopictures D. X-images

B. Radiographs

A term for a physician who has completed extensive additional training to qualify as an expert in a particular aspect of practice is a: A. Doctor B. Specialist C. Chiropractor D. Practitioner

B. Specialist

Potential Difference is measured in units of: A. Amperes B. Volts C. Ohms D. Milliamperes

B. Volts

Filtration _____ the average wavelength of the x-ray beam. A. increases B. decreases C. does not affect

B. decreases

the direction the majority of photons that are scattered will go

Back toward the x-ray tube.

Decreasing kV

Best method for achieving quality radiographs on elderly patients with demineralized bones

Enzymes

Biologic chemicals that repair damage to cell membranes and DNA, correcting an additional 5% to 9% of the damage within a period of about 3 days

Cerebral concussion

Blow to the head causing unconsciousness or disorientation

Moving the grid during the exposure ____ the image of the grid lines so that the grid image is not visible on the film.

Blurs.

Fibula

Bone of the lower leg located on the lateral side

The maximum heat capacity of the anode of the x-ray tube is rated in terms of: A) Volts B) Ohms C) Coulombs D) Heat units

D) Heat units

Which of the following will occur when the mA is doubled? 1. Number of x-ray photons decreases by 50% 2. Increase in radiographic density 3. Twice as many photons in the x-ray beam A) 1 and 2 only B) 1, 2, and 3 C) 2 and 3 only D) 1 and 3 only

C) 2 and 3 only

Below what kVp level is characteristic radiation no longer produced? A) 50 kVp B) 100 kVp C) 70 kVp D) 40 kVp

C) 70 kVp

What is a phototimer? A) A type of exposure timer that uses an electronic motor to terminate the exposure B) A type of AEC that terminates the exposure after a specific quantity of current has been measured C) A type of AEC that terminates the exposure after a specific quantity of light has been detected D) A type of exposure timer that uses light to terminate the exposure

C) A type of AEC that terminates the exposure after a specific quantity of light has been detected

Free electrons for x-ray production come from the: A) Target B) Anode C) Filament D) Kilovoltage

C) Filament

The penetrating power of the x-ray beam is controlled by varying the: A) Milliamperage B) Anode speed C) Kilovoltage D) Anode angle

C) Kilovoltage

What is the primary advantage of x-ray beam filtration? A) Improves image quality B) Increases the heat capacity of the x-ray tube C) Lowers patient dose D) Provides a more even density along the length of a part

C) Lowers patient dose

When exposure time is very short, the time is usually measured in: A) Angstroms B) Kiloelectron volts C) Milliseconds D) Deciseconds

C) Milliseconds

Select the device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy A) Stator B) Generator C) Motor D) Rectifier

C) Motor

A series of warm-up exposures is made for the purpose of: A) Heating the filament B) Bringing the anode rotor up to speed C) Preventing damage to the anode from sudden heating D) Checking to see that the machine is working properly

C) Preventing damage to the anode from sudden heating

What is the purpose of the filament circuit? A) Vary the voltage to the primary side of the step-up transformer B) Vary and stabilize the incoming power to the high-voltage side of the x-ray circuit C) Supply and control the heat required by the x-ray tube filament for thermionic emission of electrons D) Provide the incoming power to the x-ray tube

C) Supply and control the heat required by the x-ray tube filament for thermionic emission of electrons

Into what three sections (subcircuits) is the x-ray circuit divided? A) The step-up, the step-down, and the line voltage compensator B) The kVp meter, milliamp meter, and the exposure switch circuits C) The low-voltage, filament, and high-voltage circuits D) The production, induction, and safety circuits

C) The low-voltage, filament, and high-voltage circuits

Which of the following is located on the low-voltage side of the x-ray circuit and functions to measure the voltage output from the autotransformer? A) Exposure switch B) kVp selector C) kVp meter D) Line meter

C) kVp meter

If an exposure time is measured as 35 milliseconds, what is the exposure time in seconds? A. 0.350 seconds B. 350 seconds C. 0.035 seconds D. 3.5 seconds

C. 0.035 seconds

Which of the following are forms of matter? 1. Electric Current 2. Solids 3. Gases A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3

C. 2 and 3 only

Which of the following are within the scope of practice for a limited operator? 1. Use of Contrast 2. Basic radiographic examination 3. Explanation of procedure A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1,2, and 3

C. 2 and 3 only

The added filtration required for general-purpose diagnostic x-ray units that have 0.5 mm Al equivalent of inherent filtration is: A. 0.5 mm Al equivalent B. 1.0 mm Al equivalent C. 2.0 mm Al equivalent D. 2.5 mm Al equivalent

C. 2.0 mm Al equivalent

An x-ray exposure is made using the following factors: 400mA, .02sec, 80 kVp, 40 inches SID and the large focal spot. In this case the value of the mAs is: A. 0.08 mAs B. 0.8 mAs C. 8 mAs D. 80 mAs

C. 8 mAs

To determine the credentials needed for you to practice limited radiography, one should contact the: A. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists B. U.S. Office of Health and Human Services C. Appropriate state agency D. National Council of Radiation Protection

C. Appropriate state agency

The portion of the x-ray room that is protected from scatter radiation and is safe during exposures is called the: A. Transformer B. Grid cabinet C. Control Booth D. Tube Stand

C. Control Booth

Which of the following energy types occurs in the form of a sine wave? A. Magnetic Energy B. Kinetic Energy C. Electromagnetic energy D. Potential energy

C. Electromagnetic energy

A device to protect the film from being fogged by scatter radiation is called a (an): A. Collimator B. Detent C. Grid or Bucky D. IR

C. Grid or Bucky

Which national organization formally conducts accreditation of education programs in radiologic technology? A. ARRT B. ASRT C. JRCERT D. AERS

C. JRCERT

70°

Correct amount of knee flexion for the PA axial projection (Holmblad method) of the intercondylar fossa

The inferior lateral "corners" of the lungs are called the:

Costophrenic angles

What is the primary advantage of x-ray beam filtration? A. Increases the heat capacity of the x-ray tube B. Improves image quality C. Lowers patient dose D. Provides a more even density along the length of a part

C. Lowers patient dose

The principal source of scatter radiation is the: A. x-ray tube B. Collimator C. Patient D. Control Booth

C. Patient

Which of the following qualifies as practicing beyond the scope of a limited operator? A. Performing basic x-ray examinations B. Performing office duties C. Performing mammograms in a private physician's office D. Assisting the physician in patient care

C. Performing mammograms in a private physician's office

The pattern of ______ radiation creates the image on the film. A. Scatter B.. Fog C. Remnant D. Primary

C. Remnant

X-rays were discovered in 1895 by: A. Coolidge B. Crookes C. Roentgen D. Edison

C. Roentgen

Which of the following statements regarding scatter radiation is true? A. Scatter radiation is another term for remnant radiation B. Scatter radiation is created within the tube with the primary beam C. Scatter radiation has less energy than the primary beam D. Scatter radiation travels in one direction and is easy to control

C. Scatter radiation has less energy than the primary beam

Which of the following is a two-coil transformer with more winding on the primary side? A. High-tension transformer B. Step-up transformer C. Step-down transformer D. Autotransformer

C. Step-down transformer

Cumulative Effective Dose (CumEfD)

CumEfD limits a radiation worker's lifetime effective dose to his/her age in years times 10 mSv (or 1 rem, as expressed in conventional units). I.e., 30-year-old worker w/no previous occupational exposure would have a CumEfD limit of 300 mSv Formula: Age x 10 mSv = CumEfD 30 x 10 mSv = 300 mSv

What is ionization? A. The process of producing and electric current? B. The process required for producing antimatter C. The process of producing an atom with an electric charge. D. The process of destroying an atom

C. The process of producing an atom with an electric charge.

The penetrating power of an x-ray beam is determined by its energy as expressed in its: A. Quantity B. Velocity C. Wavelength D. Atomic Number

C. Wavelength

Grids mAs1 GCF1 ------- = ------- mAs 2 = mAs1 ( GCF2) mAs2 GCF2 ---------- (GCF1) mAs1: Beginning mAs mAs2: New mAs GCF1: Beginning grid conversion factor GCF2: New grid conversion factor

Calculating mAs change when a grid is used

Density: Film Screen Combination mAs1 RSS2 --------- = --------- mAs2 = mAs1 (RSS1) mAs2 RSS1 -------- (RSS2) mAs1: Beginning mAs mAs2 : New mAs RSS1: Beginning Film/Screen Speed RSS2 : New Film/Screen Speed

Calculating mAs for a change in IR speed

Digital Radiology (DR)

Cassette less because these systems do not use a cassette with phosphors. Instead the phosphors are bonded to a flat panel detector built into the x ray table.

Osteolytic

Causes the destruction of bone

Ilium; ischium; pubis

Combined to form the hip bone

In the diagnostic range of kVp used (50 to 100) the majority of radiation interactions with the body are ____ interactions.

Compton.

Osteoporosis

Condition in which the bones lose calcium content, becoming porous and more radiolucent

Contrast Enhancement Technique

Contrast can be changed from very high to very low

The purpose of a line voltage compensator is to: A) Select the milliamperage B) Vary the filament heat C) Select the kilovoltage D) Adjust the control for fluctuation in the electrical supply

D) Adjust the control for fluctuation in the electrical supply

The greatest portion of the x-ray beam is made up of: A) Electrons B) Characteristic radiation C) Heat D) Bremsstrahlung radiation

D) Bremsstrahlung radiation

Which of the following are true concerning high-frequency generators, as compared with standard single phase for x-ray generation? 1. Provide more constant voltage across the x-ray tube 2. Provide more homogeneity of the x-ray beam 3. Require less exposure time to produce a given amount of exposure

D) 1, 2, and 3

An x-ray exposure is made using the following factors: 400 mA, .02 sec, 80 kVp, 40 inches SID and the large focal spot. In this case, the value of the mAs is: A) 80 mAs B) 0.08 mAs C) 0.8 mAs D) 8 mAs

D) 8 mAs

To prolong tube life, tubes should be operated at about _______ of capacity. A) 100% B) 10% C) 50% D) 80%

D) 80%

Which type of AEC terminates the exposure after a specific quantity of current has been measured? A) Phototimer B) Synchronous tube C) Milliamperage control D) Ionization chamber

D) Ionization chamber

Which type of AEC terminates the exposure after a specific quantity of light has been detected? A) Milliamperage control B) Synchronous tube C) Ionization chamber D) Phototimer

D) Phototimer

Select the circuit with the phototimer. A) Milliammeter circuit B) Secondary filament C) AC meter D) Primary circuit

D) Primary circuit

The process of causing alternating current to flow in one direction only is called: A) Induction B) Compensation C) Grounding D) Rectification

D) Rectification

The anode heel effect is a phenomenon of x-ray production that results in: A) Filtration of long wavelengths from the x-ray beam B) The production of characteristic radiation C) Dissipation of anode heat D) Uneven distribution of radiation within the field

D) Uneven distribution of radiation within the field

A device between the autotransformer and the high-voltage transformer in the primary x-ray (low-voltage) circuit that measures the potential difference across this portion of the circuit is represented on the x-ray control panel as the: A) mA meter B) Exposure indicator C) Line voltage meter D) kVp meter

D) kVp meter

Which of the following is the formula to calculate the heat produced by an exposure made on a three-phase, 12-pulse generator? A) mA × time (sec) × kVp B) mA × time (sec) × kVp × 1.35 C) mA × time (sec) × kVp × 12 D) mA × time (sec) × kVp × 1.41

D) mA × time (sec) × kVp × 1.41

Which of the following are possible consequences for practicing beyond the scope of practice of a limited operator? 1. Monetary fines 2. Revocation of License/Permit 3. Imprisonment A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3

D. 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following common IR sizes are used for general examinations? 1. 18 x 24 cm 2. 24 x 30 cm 3. 35 x 43 cm A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3

D. 1, 2, and 3

The worlds oldest and largest radiologic science professional organization is the: A. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) B. Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT) C. Association of Educators in Radiologic Sciences (AERS) D. American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)

D. American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)

The imaging modality that uses contrast media to image blood vessels is called: A. Mammography B. Positron Emission Tomography C. Sonography D. Angiography

D. Angiography

A line in the center of the x-ray beam and perpendicular to the long axis of the x-ray tube is called the: A. Radiation field B. Primary x-ray beam C. x-ray tube D. Central Ray

D. Central Ray

The inventor of the hot cathode ray tube was: A. Crookes B. Edison C. Roentgen D. Coolidge

D. Coolidge

What is direct current? A. Circuit connected in series B. Circuit connected in parallel C. Current that alternates in flow from positive to negative D. Current that flows in only one direction

D. Current that flows in only one direction

When an electron is removed from an atom, the atom is said to be: A. Radioactive B. A nuclide C. Unstable D. Ionized

D. Ionized

The penetrating power of the x-ray beam is controlled by varying the: A. Anode angle B. Anode speed C. Milliamperage D. Kilovoltage

D. Kilovoltage

The Quantity of matter that makes up any physical object is called its: A. Chemical Identity B. Nucleus C. Atomic number D. Mass

D. Mass

What is the principle advantage of a high speed rotating anode? A. More efficient production of x-rays B. Increased amount of characteristic radiation produced C. Increased amount of Bremsstrahlung radiation produced D. More efficient heat dissipation

D. More efficient heat dissipation

The principal purpose of doing a "Safety Check" before making and exposure is to: A. Ensure a quality radiographic image B. Prevent radiation hazard to yourself C. Protect the patient from unnecessary exposure D. Prevent accidental exposure to coworkers

D. Prevent accidental exposure to coworkers

Which of the following imaging modalities does not use ionizing radiation to produce the image? A. Computed Tomography B. fluoroscopy C. Mamography D. Sonography

D. Sonography

Which of the following statements is true regarding the characteristics of tungsten? A. Tungsten has a very low melting point B. Tungsten is a very soft metal C. Tungsten is a very unstable element D. Tungsten has a high melting point

D. Tungsten has a high melting point

The purpose of a transformer is to: A. Convert alternating current into direct current B. Convert direct current into alternating current C. Increase or decrease voltage D. Vary the amperage in a circuit

D. Vary the amperage in a circuit

What term is applied to the distance from one crest to the next in a sine wave? A. Frequency B. Amplitude C. Velocity D. Wavelength

D. Wavelength

Computed radiography (CR) eliminates the need for: A. proper positioning B. proper collimation C. cassettes D. darkrooms

D. darkrooms

A steeper target angle provides: A. more heat capacity B. lower patient dose C. less anode heel effect D. smaller effective focal spot

D. smaller effective focal spot

If image is overexposed, what change in exposure factor should be used to correct:

Decrease the mAs

Osteophytes

Enlarged, deformed portions of the bone

When the abdomen is divided into nine parts, the upper middle portion is called the:

Epigastric region

grid cutoff

Excessive absorption of useful radiation by the grid.

Grid cutoff occurs when the x-ray tube is centered to one side of the grid rather than to the ____.

Focal center line.

The lower limb includes:

Foot, toes, ankle, lower leg, knee, and femur

Palatine bone

Form the roof of the mouth

Blowout fracture

Fracture of the orbital floor. Bone fragments n soft tissues of the eye are forced into the maxillary sinus

Mutation

Genetic changes or effects

Factors which affect recorded detail

Geometric factors, motion, quantum mottle, focal spot size intensifying screen speed and film and/or screen contact

What term also refers to the body of the sternum?

Gladiolus

A crosshatch grid is desirable because it has an effective ratio ____ than the ratios of two grids combined.

Greater.

No ____ occurs when the x-ray beam is correctly aligned to the grid.

Grid cutoff.

focused grid

Grid for general-purpose use; the lead strips are aligned to the direction of the diverging primary x-ray beam.

The effectiveness of a grid is determined by the ____.

Grid ratio.

A ____ has the form of a thin plate and is covered by a protective aluminum coating.

Grid.

High Contrast

High contrast is also called short scale because the range of densities is short.

Which of the following techniques is desirable for chest radiography?

High kVp, high mA, and short exposure time

____ radiation is better able to escape the subject and cause fog on the radiograph.

High-energy.

The ____ the grid ratio, the less variation is permitted and the greater is the efficiency of the grid.

Higher.

Medially rotated 15°

How the lower limb is positioned when taking an AP projection of the hip

Numbered 1 to 5 beginning on the medial side

How the toes are identified

In chest radiography, which body habitus is best imaged by placing the 35 × 43 cm IR crosswise in the upright grid cabinet?

Hypersthenic

True

In diagnostic radiology, the absorbed dose and the equivalent dose are always the same value

Long-term effect

In diagnostic radiology, we are most concerned about which effect of radiation exposure

Radiation protection purposes

In our everyday work, the equivalent dose is used for:

Include both bones in their entirety and their articulations

In radiography of the forearm, it is important to...

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation of the bone, especially in the marrow, caused by a pathogenic organism

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursa

Tendonitis

Inflammation of the tendon

Chromosomes

Inside of the nucleoli are 23 pairs of __________, microscopic bodies that contain the genes

low-dose technique

Involves using optimum kVp and a minimum SID of 40 inches (w/48 inches preferred).

Cellular response to radiation exposure is the result of_______ that may involve a direct hit to the ____ of a cell's chromosome or may damage the cell indirectly as a result of the ionization of water and formation of ____ ____.

Ionization, DNA, free radicals

Axilla

Is the area on the human body directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder

Mandible

Jaw the only movable bone of the face

What does the pneumonic "KUB" represent?

Kidneys, ureters, and bladder

Contrast is primarily controlled by altering the:

Kilovoltage (kVp)

Osteoblastic

Large cell responsible for the synthesis and mineralization of bone during both initial bone formation and later bone remodeling.

causes of cutoff

Lateral decentering, source-image receptor distance outside focal range, lateral angulation or grid level off, and grid reversed.

A grid is constructed of tiny, tissue-thin ____ strips, placed on edge separated by radiolucent interspacing material.

Lead.

Minimizing repeat exposures and collimating closely to the part

Limited operators can reduce radiation risk to their patients by:

Glabella

On the frontal bone between the eyebrows is a positioning landmark

Styloid process

Located at the distal end of the radius

Head and greater tubercle

Located at the proximal end of the humerus

Glenoid process

Located on the superior lateral aspect. It contains a cavity called the "glenoid fossa" that forms the socket of the shoulder joint

Low contrast produced by high kVp results in an image with

Long Scale Contrast

Low doses of radiation, typical of those received in diagnostic radiography, produce effects that are:

Long term effects

True

Long-term effects from radiation exposure are not predictable

Lateral projections of the chest are taken with the left side against the IR because:

Magnification of the cardiac silhouette is minimized with the left side nearer the IR

Multiple myeloma

Malignant bone disease involving many bones

The indention in the top of the manubrium is called the:

Manubrial notch

ID Markers

Markers that are placed on the CR cassette or the DR table

Mental protuberance

Mental point. Chin. Positioning landmark

Settegast method

Method used to demonstrate the patella and the femoropatella joint space

Axiolateral projection (Danelius-Miller method)

Method used to image the hip of a patient with a suspected fracture

Holmblad and Camp-Coventry methods

Methods used to demonstrate the intercondylar fossa

Where does the CR enter the patient for the upright, PA projection of the chest?

Midsagittal plane at the level of T7

High contrast produced by low kVp results in an image with

Short Scale Contrast

3 months

Short-term effect of radiation are typically observed within:

500 mGy-t

Short-term effects of radiation will occur at doses greater than

Air kerma

Si unit of radiation exposure

Sesamoid bones

Small, flat, oval bones in the region of the first metatarsophalangeal joint

Recorded detail

Sometimes referred to as resolution, it is the sharpness of the image

SID

Source image receptor distance

What are the proper patient instructions for the PA projection of the chest?

Stop breathing after second deep inspiration

Two common post processing techniques

Subtraction and Contrast Enhancement Techniques

Lateral surface

Surface of the ankle that is placed in contact with the IR for the lateral projection of the ankle

Lateral surface

Surface of the foot that should be in contact with the IR for the lateral projection of the foot

Medial surface

Surface of the forearm that is in contact with the IR when radiographing the forearm in a lateral position

Medial

Surface of the hand that is in contact with the IR for the lateral projection of the hand

Anterior (palmar)

Surface of the hand which should be in contact with the IR for the PA projection

The medial surface

Surface of the hand which should be in contact with the IR for the lateral projection of the 5th digit (pinky)

Lateral surface

Surface of the lower leg that is placed in contact with the IR for the lateral projection of the lower leg

Anterior

Surface of the wrist which is in contact with the IR for the PA projection of the wrist

Advantage of CR and DR systems

The ability to view the images must quicker

Umbra

The actual anatomical area, body part or structure shown in the image

Decreases part-IR distance

The advantage of imaging the clavicle using PA projections

Sensitive Number

The amount of luminescence emitted at 1 mR at 80 KvP and has a value of 200

Patella

The anatomical name for the bone commonly known as the "kneecap"

Lesser tubercle of the humerus in profile

The anatomy best demonstrated in the AP projection of the shoulder in internal rotation

Femoral condyles should be demonstrated superimposed

The anatomy used to determine if the knee joint is properly positioned on a lateral projection of the knee

Distal portion of the metacarpal and all of the phalanges

The anatomy which should be included when radiographing the fingers

If a patient is complaining of pain in the right, lower quadrant of the abdomen, what anatomy might be the cause of pain?

The appendix

Tibial plateu

The articular surface of the proximal, superior aspect of the tibia

Tibia

The bone of the lower leg on the medial side

Phalanges

The bones of the forefoot

Cranium

The bones that surround the brain

Anterior superior iliac spine

The bony prominence on the anterior aspect of the lateral pelvis above the hip

Window Level

The brightness (Density) on the viewing monitor is adjusted by a control called window level.

Scaphoid

The carpal bone that is located in the proximal row on the lateral side

Trapezium

The carpal bone which articulates with the first metacarpal

Hamate

The carpal bone which has a characteristic hooklike process on its anterior surface

Lunate and pisiform

The carpal bones which are best demonstrated on the AP oblique projection of the wrist in medial rotation

3rd MCP (metacarpophalangeal) joint

The center point of the CR for the PA projection of the hand

Subtraction Technique

The computer can remove anatomy such as the bones or organs

Window Width

The contrast on the viewing monitor is adjusted by a control called the window width.

The CR enters perpendicular to the medial malleolus

The correct positioning of the ankle for a lateral projection

Ischium (pl. ischia)

The curved bone forming the base of each half of the pelvis

Window level controls what?

The density in the image

Genes

The determiners of heredity and are made of a unique protein called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Contrast

The difference in density between any two adjacent portions of the image.

Contrast

The difference in radiographic density between adjacent portions of the image

Brightness

The digital term for "Density". Describes the overall radiographic image appearance on the display monitor.

Lateral malleolus

The distal end of the fibula

grid radius

The distance at which the primary x-ray beam is parallel to the focused lead strips of the grid.

Object-image receptor distance (OID)

The distance between the subject and the IR

Source-image receptor distance (SID)

The distance between the tube target and the IR imaging plane

Carpal bones

The eight short bones of the wrist

Orbit

The frontal bone forms the superior portions. Eye sockets

Repeat exposures

The greatest cause of unnecessary radiation exposure to patients that can be controlled by the limited operator is:

Between 10 and 15 years

The greatest percentage of long-term effects from radiation exposure will occur

1st trimester

The greatest risk to the embryo is during this time

principal source

The patient is the _______ of scatter radiation in radiography.

Geriatrics

The patient population most likely to suffer a hip fracture

Milliampere-Seconds (mAs)

The primary controller of radiographic density

radiographic grid

The principal method for reducing scatter radiation fog.

Radiographic contrast

The product of two separate contrast factors: the film contrast and the patient contrast

AP oblique projection; 45° lateral rotation position

The projection and position of the elbow which demonstrates the radial head and capitulum without superimposition

AP projection; external rotation

The projection and position of the shoulder which demonstrates the greater tubercle of the humerus in profile

Zygoma

The prominence of the cheek

15° to 30° cephalic

The proper CR angle and direction on the AP axial projection of the clavicle

15° to 30° caudal

The proper CR angle and direction on the PA axial projection of the clavicle

Coronal plane is placed 35° to 45° to the IR with the posterolateral aspect of the shulder in contact with the table or upright Bucky

The proper patient position for the AP oblique projection (Grashey method) of the shoulder

Elbow extended, wrist and elbow parallel to IR, hand supinated

The proper position for the AP projection of the forearm

15° medial rotation

The proper position of the lower limbs for an AP projection of the pelvis

Perpendicular

The proper relationship of the humeral epicondyles with the IR for the lateral projection of the humerus

1

The radiation weighing factor for x-ray photons

Subject contrast

The range of differences in the intensity of the X-ray beam after it exits the patient

focal range

The range of source-image distances (SID) at which the grid will not absorb significant amounts of primary radiation.

Decreasing the time in the radiation field and increasing the distance from the radiation source.

The reduction of a limited operator's exposure to ionizing exposure to ionizing radiation can be accomplished by:

Inverse square law

The relationship between SID and beam intensity

grid ratio

The relationship between the height of the lead strips and the width of the spaces between them; determines the effectiveness of the grid.

Parallel

The relationship of the humeral epicondyles with the IR for the AP projection of the shoulder in external rotation

Shape distortion

The result of unequal maginification of the actual shape of the structure

Sella turcica

The rounded fossa in the center of its anterior superior surface

Iliac crest

The rounded, superior part of the ilium used as a palpable landmark

Humerus

The single bone of the upper arm

Acetabulum

The socket portion of the hip joint which is located on the pelvis

Radial head and capitulum

The specific anatomy that is demonstrated without superimposition in the AP oblique projection in 45° lateral oblique position

Posterior surface

The surface of the elbow that is in contact with the IR when taking an AP projection of the elbow

Calcaneus

The tarsal commonly referred to as the "heel bone"

Radius

The thicker and somewhat shorter bone located on the lateral aspect in the forearm

Radius and ulna

The two long bones of the forearm

The term "great vessels" refers to:

The vessels that carry blood to and from the heart

50 millisieverts (mSv)

The ℯ annual effective dose limit for a whole-body dose of a occupational radiation for non pregnant workers over the age of 18 years is:

More scatter radiation when the ____ of the subject is increased.

Thickness.

Lacrimal bone

Thin bones that form a portion of the medial wall of each orbit

What is the purpose of rotating the patient's shoulders anteriorly for the PA projection of the chest?

This motion rotates the scapulae out of the lungs

Parts of the tibia

Tibial tuberosity and medial malleolus

Personnel safety is ensured by the proper use of:

Time, distance, and shielding

factors affecting scatter radiation fog

Tissue thickness, field size, milliampere-seconds, and kilovoltage.

multiply Gy X 1000

To convert Gy to mGy

Divide mGy by 1000

To convert mGy to Gy

mAs

Total Quanity

Personal dosimeters should be worn in the region of the collar on the anterior surface of the body and should be outside the lead apron when a lead apron is worn

True

The embryo is most vulnerable to radiation while tissue are in the process of differentiation.

True

Spiral fracture

Type of fracture that usually occurs in a twisting injury

Decubitus ulcers

Ulcerated areas over bony prominences caused by pressure and referred to as "bedsores"

Shape Distortion

Unequal magnification

fog

Unwanted exposure to the film.

Effective dose

Upper limit of occupational exposure permissible

grid cabinet

Upright cassette holders.

other strategies for limiting scatter fog

Use of an air gap, limitation of the field size, and reduction of kVp.

"nine-penny test" or collimator tool test

Used to check the collimator.

two methods employed to prevent objectionable grid lines

Using a moving grid or using a grid with very high frequency.

Quantum mottle

When a grainy or mottled (spots) image is created

150 mGy-t

When radiation exposure occurs during pregnancy, the greatest risk of birth defects occurs when the dose to the uterus exceeds:

Dorsiflexion

When the ankle is flexed and raises the foot

A lateral projection of the knee

When to use a tube angle of 5° cephalic

5cm

Whenever the gonads are within ____cm of the margin of the radiation field, gonadal dose will be significantly reduced by shielding

The distal radius

Where a Colles' fracture occurs

Metatarsophalangeal joint

Where the CR enters the patient for the AP projection of the first toe

At the base of the 3rd metatarsal

Where the CR should enter the patient for the AP axial projection of the foot

Perpendicular to a point midway between the malleoli

Where the CR should enter the patient for the AP projection of the ankle joint

On the distal, posterior aspect of the femur

Where the intercondylar fossa is located

On the medial aspect of the ankle joint

Where the medial malleolus is located

At the proximal end of the ulna

Where the olecranon process is located

On the superior aspect of the proximal tibia

Where the tibial spine is located

On the anterior aspect of the proximal tibia

Where the tibial tuberosity is located

Using high-kVp techniques

Which of the following changes will decrease the patient dose?

Immature reproductive cells are more vulnerable to radiation

Why gonadal shielding is particular important in pediatric radiography

What controls the the contrast in the image?

Window width

d. no change required

a fiberglass cast will require an increase in mas of how much? a. 2x b. 3x c. increase 50% d. no change required

Reports should be available to limited operators on either:

a monthly or a quarterly basis

1 2 and 3

a technique chart provides the following information: 1. ma 2. kvp 3. source-image distance (SID)

Which of the following will result in increased radiographic density? 1. Increased mA 2. Increased exposure time 3. Decreased source image receptor distance (SID)

all of the above

Pneumoconiosis

an inflammatory occupational lung disease caused by inhaling irritating dust?

describe the importance of using an upright position for chest radiography?

demonstrates air-fluid levels; allows maximum lung expantion; minimizes magnification of the heart

Distortion

geometric property and refers to differences between the actual subject and it radiographic image.

what organs are found within the mediastinum?

heart trachea and esophagus

a. up ma down exposure time

how should exposure factors be adjusted when there is the likelihood of motion? a. up ma down exposure time b. down ma up exposure time c. down ma down exposure time d. up ma up exposure time

Components needed for Computed Radiography

imagining plates, barcode or label, a CR reader unit, limited radiography computer work station, a computer system, with moniters, a printer, and a computer server to store the image.

decrease

increase or decrease: advance age

increase

increase or decrease: atelectasis

decrease

increase or decrease: bowel obstruction

increase

increase or decrease: bronchiectasis

decrease

increase or decrease: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

decrease

increase or decrease: degenerative arthritis

increase

increase or decrease: edema

decrease

increase or decrease: gout

increase

increase or decrease: hemothorax

increase

increase or decrease: metastases

increase

increase or decrease: paget disease

decrease

increase or decrease: pleaural effusion

decrease

increase or decrease: pneumothorax

decrease

increase or decrease: sarcoma

Fog

is a general , unwanted exposure to the radiographic image

Quantum Mottle

is a term used to describe the situation in which a grainy or mottled (spotty) image is created.

Low contrast

is called long-scale contrast because the range of densities is long.

Magnification

is enlargement of the image as a result of the relationship between the OID and the SID.

Subject Contrast

is the range of differences in the intensity of the x ray beam after it has been attenuated by the patient.

Density is primarily controlled by varying the:

mAs

c. thickness, in centimeters

manual technique charts are based on patient part measurements obtained using an x-ray caliper. these measurements are expressed as: a. depth, in inches b. circumference, in inches c. thickness, in centimeters d. diameter, in millimeters

Elongation

projects the object so it appears longer that it really is

Foreshortening

projects the part so it appears shorter than it really is

b. 3x

radiography of a wet plaster cast will require an increase in mas of how much? a. 2x b. 3x c. 4x d. 5x

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)

refers to a recently developed monitoring dosimeter that uses aluminum oxide as a radiation detector. This dosimeter is processed using laser light.

Penetrometer

solid piece of aluminum with steps of varying thickness. Often referred to as a step wedge because of its shape.

Advantage of DR systems

the ability to view much sooner, ability to take x rays on patients in wheel chairs, on carts, and outside of the department using a mobile x ray, patient dose is less.

Umbra

the actual anatomic area, body part, or structure shown in the radiographic image.

1 2 and 3

the advantages of using a variable kvp technique charts are: 1. lower overall image contrast 2. improved visibility of detail 3. ability to make small incremental changes in exposure technique

Density

the degree of opacity of a translucent medium

What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

the diaphram

b. optimum kvp

the kvp that is sufficient to penetrate the body part adequately without excess exposure to the patient is called: a. fixed kvp b. optimum kvp c. variable kvp d. manual kvp

How many pairs of ribs are classified as "false ribs"?

the lower 5 pairs

The uppermost portion of the sternum is called the:

the manubrium

Which lung has three lobes?

the right lung

false

true or false: if a compensating filter is used with a body part that has significantly varying tissue density, such as the shoulder in AP projection, tow separate exposures will still have to be made

true

true or false: once established on the technique chart, the kvp should never be changed unless contrast needs to be changed

true

true or false: the use of compensating filters can help reduce the entrance skin exposure

what 2 positions will demonstrate air-fluid levels?

upright and lateral decubitus

What Limited operators use to prevent the possibility of inadvertent exposure of a developing embryo of fetus that would increase the risk of spontaneous abortion, birth defects, or childhood cancer:

warning sign, early pregnancy tests, interviews, and double-checks

1 and 2

what factors need to be considered when selecting the ma station? 1. exposure time 2. focal spot size 3. thickness of the patient part

b. the small focal spot

when selecting a low ma station (100 ma) you should use: a. the large focal spot b. the small focal spot c. either the large or small focal spot

c. 200

which ma station can be used for most average-size patients to take advantage of the small focal spot? a. 50 b. 100 c. 200 d. 400

2 and 3

which of the following methods is an effective way to obtain a technique chart? 1. have each x-ray operator write down the techniques for 1 week 2. request assistance from the film manufactor's technical representative 3. hire a consultant who is an expert in technique chart preparation

d. both a and b

which of the following x-ray projections can benefit from the use of compensating filters? a. anteroposterior (AP) thoracic spime b. axiolateral hip c. AP skull d. both a and b

a. it provides better image sharpenss

why should the small focal spot be used as much as possible: a. it provides better image sharpeness b. it provides better contrast c. it reduces anode heat d. it reduces patient motion

Cellular sensitivity is greatest for cells that are______, _______, ________ ________, and ________, and have a ______ ______.

young, simple, rapidly dividing, multiplying, rapid metabolism

standard control limit for collimator is that the x-ray light field and the radiation field must be within ____.

± 2% of the SID.