Chapter 16 Senses
Which of the following Statements are true? a) transduction begins with an action potential in a sensory receptor. b) Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external to the body, such as light, sound waves, smell and touch. c) Divergent sensory pathways explain the phenomenon of referred pain. d) The macula sacculi are nearly horizontal and the macula utriculi are nearly vertical. e) Most somesthetic signals in the right side of the body reach the cerebral cortex in the contralateral primary somesthetic.
) Divergent sensory pathways explain the phenomenon of referred pain.
96) The following is a list of the steps that occur in the production of an auditory sensation: i) The pressure wave distorts the basilar membrane on its way to the round window. ii) Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the malleus. iii) Displacement of the stereocilia stimulates sensory neurons of the cochlear nerve. iv) Movement of the malleus causes movement of the incus and stapes. v) Distortion of the basilar membrane forces the hair cells of the organ of Corti toward or away from the tectorial membrane. vi) Movement of the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct. (1) The proper sequence for these steps is b) 2, 1, 4, 6, 5, 3. c) 2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 3. d) 2, 4, 1, 6, 5, 3. e) 2, 4, 6, 3, 5, 1. f) 2, 5, 4, 6, 1, 3.
C) 246153
54) The free margins of the upper and lower eyelids are connected by the: a) Canthus. b) Palpebrae. c) Conjunctiva. d) Lacrimal caruncle. e) Chalazion.
Canthus
58) The lining of the visible outer surface of the eye is the: a) Iris. b) Cornea. c) Canthus. d) Anterior chamber. e) Conjunctiva.
Conjunctiva
53) The palpebrae: a) Connect the free margins of the upper and lower eyelids. b) Produce a gritty secretion that accumulates in the medial portion of the orbit. c) Support the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. d) Produce tears. e) Cover and protect the eye.
Cover and protect the eye
43) Olfaction occurs when: a) Molecules enter specialized olfactory cells. b) Pressure is applied to olfactory cilia. c) Molecules responsible for odor are transported to the cerebrum by axoplasmic flow. d) A molecule binds to the surface of an olfactory cilium. e) Sodium and potassium channels are closed by a chemical stimulus
D) A molecule binds to the surface of an olfactory cilium.
57) The vitreous body: a) Contains the lens. b) Is replaced at the rate of 20 percent per year. c) Is located between the lens and the iris. d) Contains blood vessels that nourish the retina. e) Helps to stabilize the eye and give physical support to the retina.
Helps to stabilize the eye and give physical support to the retina
95) The frequency of a sound is indicated to the nervous system by the: a) Number of rows of hair cells that are stimulated. b) Movement of the perilymph in the cochlear duct. c) Frequency of stereocilia vibration. d) Frequency of vibration of the tectorial membrane. e) Region of the inner ear that is stimulated.
Region of the inner ear that is stimulated
94) Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the: a) Tympanic membrane. b) Cochlea. c) Round window. d) Auditory ossicles. e) Oval window.
Tympanic Membrane
72) An elongate outer segment composed on infoldings of the cell membrane that form discs and a narrow connecting stalk that attaches the outer segment to the inner segment describes: a) A cone. b) An amacrine cell. c) A rod. d) A horizontal cell. e) A bipolar cell.
a) A cone.
39) The duplicity theory of vision holds that: a) A single type of receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution. b) Cones and rods are responsible for both photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision. c) Cones are responsible for both photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision. d) Light adaptation and dark adaptation are adjustments in vision to changing light intensities. e) There are short-wavelength cones and long-wavelength cones.
a) A single type of receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution
23) Each upward movement of the _____ causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening ___ gates. a) Basilar membrane; K+. b) Tectorial membrane; K+. c) Vestibular membrane; K+. d) Basilar membrane; Na+. e) Tectorial membrane; Na+.
a) Basilar membrane; K+.
10) This organ does not have nociceptors: a) Brain. b) Heart. c) Kidney. d) Liver. e) Stomach.
a) Brain
64) The passageway that drains aqueous humor back to the veins servicing the eye is the: a) Canal of Schlemm. b) Pupil. c) Anterior chamber. d) Lacrimal duct. e) Posterior chamber.
a) Canal of Schlemm.
69) The ciliary muscle helps to: a) Control the shape of the lens. b) Control the amount of light reaching the retina. c) Regulate the smoothness of the surface of the cornea. d) Control the production of aqueous humor. e) Move the eyeball.
a) Control the shape of the lens.
44) All of the following are true of olfactory pathways, except that they: a) Decussate at the level of the mamillary bodies. b) Are subject to central modification by several areas of the brain. c) Carry impulses to the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system. d) Exhibit a considerable amount of convergence. e) Are the only sensory pathways to reach the cerebral cortex without first synapsing in the thalamus?
a) Decussate at the level of the mamillary bodies.
8) Changes in blood pressure are detected by ___ in arteries. a) Mechanoreceptors. b) Chemoreceptors. c) Proprioceptors. d) Nociceptors. e) Thermoreceptors.
a) Mechanoreceptors.
79) The cartilaginous structure that surrounds the external auditory meatus is the: a) Pinna. b) saccule. c) utricule. d) ossicles. e) labyrinth.
a) Pinna.
61) The central opening in the eye that light passes through is the: a) Pupil. b) Conjunctiva. c) Posterior chamber. d) Anterior chamber. e) Cornea.
a) Pupil.
32) Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the ___ is obstructed so the ___ is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted. a) Scleral venous sinus; aqueous humor. b) Posterior chamber; aqueous humor. c) Anterior chamber; vitreous humor. d) scleral venous sinus; vitreous humor. e) Pupil; aqueous humor.
a) Scleral venous sinus; aqueous humor.
85) The structure that overlies the organ of Corti is the: a) Tectorial membrane. b) Endolymph. c) Perilymph. d) Basilar membrane. e) Stapedius.
a) Tectorial membrane.
47) There are ________ primary taste sensations. a) 2 b) 4 c) 8 d) 12 e) more than 20
b) 4
86) The structure that separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic duct is the: a) Bony labyrinth. b) Basilar membrane. c) Membranous labyrinth. d) Tectorial membrane. e) Stapedius.
b) Basilar membrane.
7) Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH are detected by: a) Thermoreceptors. b) Chemoreceptors. c) Nociceptors. d) Mechanoreceptors. e) Proprioceptors.
b) Chemoreceptors.
22) Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise? a) The ossicles. b) Cochlear hair cells. c) The tympanic membrane. d) Fibers of the cochlear nerve. e) The tectorial membrane.
b) Cochlear hair cells.
52) All of the following are true of the vascular tunic of the eye, except that it: a) Provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics that supply tissues of the eye. b) Contain pain receptors. c) Regulates the amount of light entering the eye. d) Controls the shape of the lens. e) Secretes and reabsorbs the aqueous humor
b) Contain pain receptors.
99) The lamina propria consists of all of the following, except: a) Nerves. b) Muscle cells. c) Blood vessels. d) Areolar tissue. e) all of the above
b) Muscle cells.
41) Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate at the ___. a) Superior colliculus. b) Optic chiasm. c) Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. d) Optic foramen. e) Midbrain.
b) Optic chiasm.
98) The vestibular nuclei at the boundary of the pons and the medulla function in all of the following, except that they: a) Send commands to motor nuclei in the brain stem and spinal cord. b) Relay information back to the eye. c) Integrate the sensory information arriving from each side of the head. d) Relay information to the cerebellum. e) Relay information to the cerebral cortex.
b) Relay information back to the eye.
75) Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound: a) Retinal. b) Rhodopsin. c) Opsin. d) cGMP. e) Transducin.
b) Rhodopsin
18) ___ is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus: a) Touch. b) Smell. c) Taste. d) Vision. e) Equilibrium.
b) Smell.
90) Movement of the cupula in the ampullae of the semicircular canals: a) Allows us to perceive linear acceleration. b) Stimulates hair cells, alerting us to rotational movements. c) Stimulates hair cells, alerting us to a change in body position with respect to gravity. d) Allows us to hear sounds. e) Produces sound.
b) Stimulates hair cells, alerting us to rotational movements.
13) Most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the: a) Midbrain. b) Thalamus. c) Spinothalamic tract. d) Hypothalamus. e) Postcentral gyrus.
b) Thalamus.
81) The ossicles connect the: a) Cochlea to the tympanic membrane. b) Tympanic membrane to the oval window. c) Oval window to the round window. d) Tympanic membrane to the round window. e) Cochlea to the oval window.
b) Tympanic membrane to the oval window.
80) The external auditory canal ends at the: a) Cochlea. b) Tympanic membrane. c) Ossicles. d) Vestibule. e) Pinna.
b) Tympanic membrane.
15) What taste sensation is produced by amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid? a) Salty. b) Umami. c) Bitter. d) Sweet. e) Sour.
b) Umami.
74) Light absorption requires the presence of: a) Neurotransmitters. b) Visual pigments. c) cones. d) rods. e) sodium pumps.
b) Visual pigments.
34) When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called a) emmetropia. b) accommodation. c) refraction. d) Myopia. e) Diplopia.
b) accommodation.
33) Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the ___ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve. a) macula lutea. b) optic disc. c) fovea centralis. d) ora serrata. e) Lens.
b) optic disc.
100) A normal, relaxed inhalation carries about ________ of the inhaled air to the olfactory organs. a) 10 percent b) 8 percent c) 2 percent d) 35 percent e) 50 percent
c) 2 percent
19) Infrasonic frequencies below ___ Hz are not detected by the human ear, whereas ultrasonic frequencies above ___ Hz are inaudible vibrations. a) 5; 20. b) 10; 10,000. c) 20; 20,000. d) 5; 200,000. e) 100; 100,000.
c) 20; 20,000.
29) Human vision is limited to wavelengths ranging from ___ nm. a) 4 to 70. b) 40 to 700. c) 400 to 700. d) 400 to 7,000. e) 4,000 to 7,000.
c) 400 to 700.
6) What is a sensation? a) A response of a sensory receptor. b) A response of a sensory organ. c) A subjective awareness of a stimulus. d) An unconscious response to a stimulus. e) A response to any conscious stimulus.
c) A subjective awareness of a stimulus.
50) All of the following are true of the lacrimal glands, except that they: a) Produce watery, slightly alkaline secretions. b) Produce a secretion that contains lysozyme. c) Are more active during childhood. d) Produce most of the volume of tears. e) Are located in pockets in the frontal bones.
c) Are more active during childhood
82) The vibrations received by the ear are amplified by the action of the: a) Round window. b) Cochlea. c) Auditory ossicles. d) Tympanic membrane. e) Oval window.
c) Auditory ossicles.
66) The lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by: a) Opening and closing. b) Moving in and out. c) Changing shape. d) Dilating and constricting. e) Moving up and down.
c) Changing shape.
36) ___ are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision. a) Bipolar cells. b) Rods. c) Cones. d) Ganglion cells. e) Pigment cells.
c) Cones.
68) In the human eye, the greatest amount of refraction occurs when light passes from the air into the: a) Iris. b) Aqueous humor. c) Cornea. d) Vitreous humor. e) Lens.
c) Cornea.
78) Which of the following statements concerning vision is false? a) Approximately half of the fibers in each optic nerve cross to opposite sides of the brain at the optic chiasm. b) The image that is formed on the retina is inverted. c) Depth perception is improved when one eye is closed. d) Fibers of the optic nerve synapse at the lateral geniculates of the thalamus. e) The visual cortex of the brain contains a sensory map of the field of vision.
c) Depth perception is improved when one eye is closed.
27) The crista ampullaris is associated with: a) Static equilibrium related to standing still. b) Dynamic equilibrium related to linear acceleration. c) Dynamic equilibrium related to angular acceleration. d) Hearing related to high-pitch sounds. e) Vision related to color.
c) Dynamic equilibrium related to angular acceleration.
___ are the only retinal cells that produce action potentials. a) Rods. b) Cones... c) Ganglion cells. d) Bipolar cells. e) Horizontal cells.
c) Ganglion cells.
84) The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the: a) Outer ear. b) Perilymph. c) Inner ear. d) Bony labyrinth. e) Middle ear.
c) Inner ear.
14) These structures are all involved with spinal gating of pain signals except: a) Nociceptors. b) The spinothalamic tract. c) Lower motor neurons. d) Second-order neurons. e) The reticulospinal tract.
c) Lower motor neurons.
45) Gustatory receptors are located: a) In the eye. b) In the nose. c) On the surface of the tongue. d) In the ear. e) On the skin.
c) On the surface of the tongue.
83) A structure that allows the middle ear to communicate with the nasopharynx is the: a) Bony labyrinth. b) Membranous labyrinth. c) Pharyngotympanic tube. d) Auditory meatus. e) Pinna.
c) Pharyngotympanic tube
63) The space between the suspensory ligament and the iris is the: a) Anterior chamber. b) Pupil. c) Posterior chamber. d) Vitreous body. e) Canal of Schlemm.
c) Posterior chamber.
70) There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to a different range of photons. These cones are designated: a) Yellow, green, blue. b) Red, yellow, blue. c) Red, blue, green. d) Red, green, yellow. e) Red, yellow, indigo.
c) Red, blue, green
25) When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your: a) Cochlea. b) Saccule. c) Semicircular ducts. d) Utricle. e) Spiral organ (organ of Corti).
c) Semicircular ducts.
3) All of the following are true statements except: a) Taste signals travel from the tongue through the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. b) The ossicles belong to the middle ear. c) The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber. d) The cornea belongs to the tunica fibrosa (fibrous layer) of the eyeball. e) Vitamin A is necessary for the synthesis of rhodopsin.
c) The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber.
88) When an external force presses against the cilia or microvilli of the inner ear hair cells: a) Nausea occurs. b) The hair cells are permanently damaged. c) There is a change in the transmembrane potential of the hair cells. d) The force is converted into mechanical energy. e) The cells become unresponsive and no change occurs.
c) There is a change in the transmembrane potential of the hair cells
49) Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves: a) IX, XI, XII. b) IX, X, XI. c) VII, IX, X. d) VII, VIII, IX. e) V, VII, IX.
c) VII, IX, X.
73) When all three cone populations are stimulated, we see: a) Green. b) Black. c) White. d) Red. e) Blue.
c) White.
77) The following steps occur in rods when they are excited by photons of light: i) Membrane sodium channels close. ii) Increased phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP. iii) Retinal changes from the 11-cis form to the 11-trans form. iv) The membrane hyperpolarizes and the rate of neurotransmitter release declines. v) Opsin activates transducin. vi) Opsin activation occurs. vii) The proper sequence for these steps is: b) 1, 6, 5, 2, 4, 3. c) 6, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4. d) 3, 6, 5, 2, 1, 4. e) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 2. f) 3, 6, 5, 1, 2, 4.
d) 3, 6, 5, 2, 1, 4
62) The space between the iris and the cornea is the: a) Canal of Schlemm. b) Vitreous body. c) Posterior chamber. d) Anterior chamber. e) Pupil.
d) Anterior chamber.
24) A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause the: a) Tectorial membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end. b) Tectorial membrane to vibrate vigorously near its proximal end. c) Basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its proximal end. d) Basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end. e) Basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end.
d) Basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end.
67) The shape of the lens is controlled by the: a) Pupillary constrictor muscles. b) Aqueous body. c) Pupillary dilator muscles. d) Ciliary muscles. e) Iris.
d) Ciliary muscles.
4) The output energy of all receptors is a type of ___ energy. a) Chemical. b) Mechanical. c) Thermal. d) Electrical. e) Nuclear.
d) Electrical
35) A (An) ___ eye does not need a corrective lens to focus the image. a) Hyperopic. b) Myopic. c) Presbyopic. d) Emmetropic. e) Astigmatic.
d) Emmetropic.
2) All of the following are false statements except. a) The vestibule contains organs of hearing and equilibrium. b) Light falling on the retina is absorbed by rhodopsin and photopsin in the pigment epithelium. c) Rods secrete glutamate from the base of the cell when exposed to light. d) Fast pain is a localized response mediated by myelinated nerve fibers. e) Olfaction results from the stimulation of mecanoreceptors.
d) Fast pain is a localized response mediated by myelinated nerve fibers.
71) An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the: a) Outer segment. b) Inner segment. c) Optic disc. d) Fovea. e) Tapetum lucidum.
d) Fovea.
11) Pain, heat, and cold are detected by: a) tactile (Meissner) discs. b) tactile corpuscles. c) Lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles. d) Free nerve endings. e) End (Krause) bulbs.
d) Free nerve endings.
55) A structure that is located at the medial canthus and contains glands that produce a gritty secretion is the: a) Palpebra. b) Meibomian gland. c) Chalazion. d) Lacrimal caruncle. e) Conjunctiva.
d) Lacrimal caruncle.
91) The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are clustered in: a) Cupulae. b) Otoconia. c) Ampullae. d) Maculae. e) Cristae.
d) Maculae.
16) Pheromones stimulate: a) Hair cells. b) Supporting cells. c) Taste cells. d) Olfactory cells. e) Olfactory glands.
d) Olfactory cells.
51) All of the following are true of the fibrous tunic of the eye, except that it: a) Serves as a point of attachment for extrinsic eye muscles. b) Consists of the sclera and the cornea. c) Provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye. d) Produces vitreous but not aqueous humor. e) Assists in the process of focusing.
d) Produces vitreous but not aqueous humor.
31) The ___ is not an optic component of the eye: a) Aqueous humor. b) Vitreous body. c) Lens. d) Retina. e) Cornea.
d) Retina.
20) Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity? a) The oval window. b) The cochlear duct. c) The auditory canal. d) The auditory (eustachian) tube. e) The tympanic cavity.
d) The auditory (eustachian) tube.
40) The first-order neurons in the visual pathway are: a) The optic nerve fibers. b) The rods and cones. c) The ganglion cells. d) The bipolar cells of the retina. e) The photoreceptors of the eye.
d) The bipolar cells of the retina.
9) You can smell the fragrance of your deodorant when you just put it on, but after a little while the smell fades. What explains this phenomenon? a) The sensory projection of the sense of smell. b) The projection pathway of the sense of smell. c) The tonic nature of the sense of smell. d) The phasic nature of the sense of smell. e) The fast adaptation of the primary olfactory cortex to the smell of your deodorant.
d) The phasic nature of the sense of smell.
92) Our perception of the pull of gravity and linear acceleration is the result of: a) The movement of otoconia within the ampullae of the semicircular canals. b) Changes in the pressure exerted by the cupula on hair cells. c) Vibrations of the tectorial membrane striking hair cells. d) The pressure exerted by otoconia on hair cells of the maculae. e) both C and D
d) The pressure exerted by otoconia on hair cells of the maculae.
56) A chalazion is: a) An infection in one of the sebaceous glands of the eyelids. b) An infection of the conjunctiva. c) An inflammation of the lacrimal caruncle. d) A cyst that results from the infection of a Meibomian gland. e) An infection of a lacrimal gland.
d) a cyst that results from the infection of a meibomian gland.
48) The largest number of taste buds in adults are associated with the: a) Fungiform papillae. b) Filiform papillae. c) larynx. d) circumvallate papillae. e) Pharynx.
d) circumvallate papillae.
89) The sensory receptors of the semicircular canals are located in the: a) cupulas. b) utricles. c) cristae. d) Saccules. e) Ampullae.
e) Ampullae.
12) These are all analgesics (pain relievers) naturally occurring in the central nervous system except: a) endogenous opioids. b) dynorphins. c) Enkephalins. d) Endorphins. e) Bradykinins.
e) Bradykinins.
65) The neural tunic: a) Secretes a bacteriocidal enzyme. b) Forms the iris. c) Consists of three distinct layers. d) Produces the vitreous humor. e) Contains the photoreceptor cells.
e) Contains the photoreceptor cells.
59) The transparent portion of the eye is the: a) Canthus. b) Conjunctiva. c) Iris. d) Pupil. e) Cornea.
e) Cornea.
93) What we perceive as the pitch of a sound is our sensory response to its: a) Amplitude. b) Intensity. c) Duration. d) Wavelength. e) Frequency.
e) Frequency
26) When you travel in an elevator, the ___ senses when the elevator is moving: a) Inner hair cells of the basilar membrane. b) Outer hair cells of the basilar membrane. c) Hair cells of the tectorial membrane. d) Hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi. e) Hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi.
e) Hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi.
60) The pigmented portion of the eye is the: a) Pupil. b) Conjunctiva. c) Canal of Schlemm. d) Cornea. e) Iris.
e) Iris.
42) Adjustment to close-range vision involves all of the following except: a) Activity of the extrinsic eye muscles. . b) Change in the curvature of the lens. c) Constriction of the pupil. d) Ciliary muscle activity. e) Light adaptation.
e) Light adaptation.
46) The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of: a) Meissner's corpuscles. b) Light receptors in the eye. c) Mechanoreceptors in the ear. d) Pacinian corpuscles. e) Olfactory receptors in the nose.
e) Olfactory receptors in the nose.
37) The fact that cones exhibit less neuronal convergence than rods do is part of the reason that: a) Rod cells cannot distinguish different colors from each other. b) Rod cells do not function in bright light. c) No images are perceived within the optic disc. d) Cone cells do not see in black and white. e) Photopic (day) vision has higher resolution than scotopic (night) vision.
e) Photopic (day) vision has higher resolution than scotopic (night) vision.
5) The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a (an). a) Action potential. b) Graded potential. c) Local potential. d) Sensory potential. e) Receptor potential.
e) Receptor potential.
76) A pigment molecule synthesized from vitamin A is: a) Transducin. b) Opsin. c) cGMP. d) Rhodopsin. e) Retinal.
e) Retinal.
87) Sensations of gravity and linear acceleration are registered in the: a) Cochlea. b) Semicircular canals. c) Organ of Corti. d) Ossicles. e) Saccule and utricle.
e) Saccule and utricle.
97) The bodies of sensory neurons that innervate the hair cells of the inner ear in the cochlea form the _______ ganglion. a) Cochlear b) Auditory c) Vestibular d) Acoustic e) Spiral
e) Spiral
17) The primary olfactory cortex is located in the: a) parietal lobe. b) insula. c) occipital lobe. d) Frontal lobe. e) Temporal lobe.
e) Temporal lobe.
30) These are all accessory structures of the eye except : a) The conjunctiva. b) The palpebrae. c) The lacrimal apparatus. d) The superior oblique. e) The cornea.
e) The cornea.
21) Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following the pathway: a) Cochlear duct. spiral organ . ossicles . oval window . auditory canal . tympanic membrane . fibers of cochlear nerve. b) auditory canal . tympanic membrane . oval window . cochlear duct . ossicles . spiral organ . fibers of cochlear nerve . c) cochlear duct . oval window . auditory canal . tympanic membrane . ossicles . spiral organ . fibers of cochlear nerve . d) tympanic membrane . auditory canal . ossicles . oval window . cochlear duct . spiral organ . fibers of cochlear nerve . e) auditory canal . tympanic membrane . ossicles . oval window . cochlear duct . spiral organ . fibers of cochlear nerve .
e) auditory canal . tympanic membrane . ossicles . oval window . cochlear duct . spiral organ . fibers of cochlear nerve .
28) The ___ do (does) not contribute to the sense of equilibrium. a) retina. b) semicircular canals. c) saccule. d) utricle. e) vallate papillae.
e) vallate papillae.
