Chapter 16, Speaking to Persuade

Your objective is more _______ than in speaking to ______ , and audience _____ and _______ become much more ______.

a. ambitious b. inform c. analysis d. adaptation e. demanding

Every place they will raise a question, _____. Every place they will have a _______, deal with it. Every place they will see a _____ in your argument, fill it. Leave _______ to chance.

a. answer it b. criticism c. hole d. nothing

You must _______ possible ______ the audience will raise to your point of view and answer them in your speech.

a. anticipate b. objections

While they listen, they ______ the speaker's ______ , _______, ________, _________, ________, and emotional ______.

a. assess b. credibility c. delivery d. supporting materials e. language f. reasoning g. appeals

List five steps that follow the psychology of persuasion:

a. attention b. need c. satisfaction d. visualization e. action

In some persuasive speeches, you will deal with controversial topics that touch on your listener's basic ____, _____, and _____. This may increase their ______ to persuasion and make your task more _______.

a. attitudes b. values c. beliefs d. resistance e. difficult

_______ is the _______ facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from _____ policy is necessary.

a. burden of proof b. obligation c. current

Stay away from name ______ and other forms of _____ language.

a. calling b. abusive

When your audience already agrees that a problem exists, you can devote your speech to ______ the advantages and disadvantages of _________

a. comparing b. competing solutions

The speaker may mention ________ views of the facts, but only to _______ them.

a. competing b. refute

It is easy to _________ about problems; the real challenge is developing ________.

a. complain b. solutions

Persuasive speaker must draw a ___________ from the known facts and try to convert _______ to his or her point of view.

a. conclusion b. listeners

You may be ________ present policy, in which case you will argue that there is no need to ______ - that things are already working as can be ________.

a. defending b. change c. expected

There is no place in ethical speaking for _____ false or _____ statements.

a. deliberately b. deceptive

Speeches on question of value do not argue _____ for or against particular course of ____.

a. directly b. action

There must be a _________, or else there would be no need for _________.

a. disagreement b. persuasion

If there were no possibility of ______ on questions of fact, there would be no need for _____ trials.

a. dispute b. courtroom

Sometimes, however, the _______ that gives rise to a persuasive speech will go beyond a question of fact and will turn on a question of _____.

a. dispute b. value

In a speech to gain passive agreement, you will not necessarily _____ the audience to do anything to ______ the policy.

a. encourage b. enact

Construct your speech so it will be both convincing and ______ sound.

a. ethically

Make sure your goals are ________ sound and that you can defend them if they are ______ or challenged.

a. ethically b. questioned

No matter what the speaking situation, you need to make sure your goals are _____and that you use _______ to communicate your ideas. Meeting these obligations can be especially _____ when you speak to ________.

a. ethically sound b. ethical methods c. challenging d. persuade

Which college basketball team has won the most games since 1990? Who was the first African American to sit on the U.S. Supreme court? How far is it from Los Angeles to Cairo? These questions of _____ can be answered ______.

a. fact b. absolutely

Knowing the _____ is not enough. You also need to be ______ in what you say.

a. fact b. honest

List degrees of persuasion:

a. strongly opposed b. Moderately opposed c. Slightly opposed d. neutral e. slightly in favor f. moderately in favor g. strongly in favor

Provide assurance by showing that plan like yours have been successfully implemented elsewhere.

True

First and second main points example in topical organized speeches on questions of value.

I. An ideal form of land transportation should meet three major standard. A. It should be faster than running or walking. B. It should be nonpolluting. C. It should be beneficial for the person who uses it. II. Bicycle riding meets all these standards for an ideal form of land transportation.

______ is a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Question of policy

Persuasion accounts for _______ percent of the U.S. gross domestic product!

a. 26

What are the three major kinds of persuasive speech?

a. Persuasive speeches on questions of fact b. Persuasive speeches on questions of value c. Persuasive speeches on questions of policy

Contrary to what many people think, questions of value are not simply matters of _________ or ______.

a. personal opinion b. whim

The answers are either ______ or _____.

a. right b. wrong.

Visualize?

benefits of your plan and solution

__________ is a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

comparative advantages order

Many persuasive speeches revolve around questions of ____.

fact

When you work on your persuasive speech, keep in mind the ________ for ethical speaking discussed in Chapter 2.

guidelines

Try using the motivated sequence when you seek ___________ from your listeners.

immediate action For example, remember use of cell phones.

Persuasion is a _______ process.

psychological

____________ is a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

speech to gain immediate action.

Try using motivated sequence when you want to _____ listeners to action.

spur

_______ is the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

target audience

There are ______ major kinds of persuasive speech.

three

problem-cause-solution order has _____ main points

three

Persuasive speeches on questions of fact are usually organized _________.

topically

Persuasive speeches on questions of value are almost always organized _________.

topically

Persuasion is something a speaker does _______ an audience.

with

_____________ is a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Question of value

________ is a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Speech to gain passive agreement

Monroe's motivated sequence seek immediate action.

True

Once a listeners acts on behalf of a speaker's position, she or he is more likely to remain committed to it.

True

What are two types of speeches on questions of policy?

a. Speeches to gain passive agreement. b. Speeches to gain immediate action.

But many questions of fact cannot be answered __________. There is a _____ answer, but we don't have enough ________ to know what it is. Some questions like this involve ________ : Will the economy be better or worse next year?

a. absolutely b. true c. information d. prediction

People are not inclined to ______ a new policy unless they are convinced that the old one is _______.

a. adopt b. convinced c. not working

Learn about _____ sides of an issue, seek out _______ viewpoints, and get your _______ rights.

a. all b. competing c. facts

Question of policy _____ go beyond questions of _____ or _____ to ________ whether something should or should not be done.

a. always b. fact c. value d. decide

What are the scientific methods of cloning? Or What are the laws about cloning in different countries? These are ________ questions. Because the answers you reach are _____ of your belief about the morality of cloning.

a. factual b. independent

In every persuasive speech, you will face some listeners who are strongly in _____ of your position, some who are _____, and some who are ______ opposed.

a. favor b. neutral c. adamantly

The _____ of effective persuasion is the _____ person speaking well.

a. ideal b. good

The main point in topical organization for the topic "Bicycle riding as the ideal form of transportation" would be to _______ for an ideal form of land transportation. Your second main point would show how biking measures up _______ those standards.

a. identify the standards b. against

The aim of persuasive speech is not to be ________, but to ________ view of the ________ as persuasively as possible.

a. impartial b. present one c. facts

The aim of informative speech is to give _________ as ________ as possible, not to ______ for a particular point of view.

a. information b. impartially c. argue

A persuasive speech on a question of fact is similar to a(n) ________ . But the two kinds of speeches take place in different kinds of _______ and for different ________.

a. informative speech b. situation c. purposes

Much the same kind of interaction might occur during a persuasive speech, except that the listener would respond ______ rather than ______.

a. internally b. out loud

Other questions deal with _____ on which the facts are _____ or ______. Is sexual orientation genetically determined? No one knows the _____ answers to these questions, but that doesn't stop people from _______ about them or from trying to ______ other people that they have the possible answers.

a. issues b. murky c. inclusive d. final e. speculating f. convince

In informative speech, the speaker acts as a __________ or a _______.

a. lecturer b. teacher

Each ________ in your speech on questions of fact will present a _______ why someone should agree with you.

a. main point b. reason

Many speakers prefer the _________ because it is more ______ than problem-solution order.

a. motivated sequence b. detailed

Three basic issues that you will face when you are dealing with a question of policy are:

a. need b. plan c. practicality

You can use the problem-solution format just as easily to organize a speech __________ a change in the policy. Thus in the first main point you might argue that there is not a ______ for change. In the second main point you might show that even if there were a serious problem, the suggested new policy would not solve it and would create __________ of its own.

a. opposing b. need c. serious problems

When you speak to ______, you act as an ______.

a. persuade b. advocate

Of all the kinds of public speaking, _______ is the most complex and the most ________.

a. persuasion b. challenging

_______ is the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it _______ new and more _______ problems?

a. practicality b. create c. serious

As you _____ your persuasive speech, put yourself in the place of your audience and imagine how they will _____.

a. prepare b. respond

Once you have shown that a _______ exits, you must explain your plan for ________ it.

a. problem b. solving

What are the four special patterns that are especially valuable for policy speeches.

a. problem-solution order b. problem-cause-solution-order c. comparative advantages order d. Monroe's motivated sequence

You can use ________ to find out where your classmates stand on your speech topic. This is your equivalent of _____ .

a. questionnaires b. market research

Once you go beyond arguing right or wrong to that something _______ or _______ be done, you move from a question of ________ to a question of _______.

a. should b. should not c. value d. policy

How to gain attention?

a. showing the importance of the topic b. making a startling statement c. arousing curiosity or suspense d. posing a question e. telling a dramatic story f. using visual aids

Listeners do not just ____ passively and soak in ______ the speaker has to say. Instead, they engage in a ______ give-and-take with the speaker.

a. sit b. everything c. mental

You cannot convert ________ listeners, unless you deal directly with the reasons for their ______.

a. skeptical b. skepticism

The ability to _____ and ______ persuasively will benefit you in ______ part of your life, from personal ______ to community ______ to career ________.

a. speak b. write c. every d. relations e. activities f. aspirations

Whenever you give a speech on a question of value, be sure to give ______ to the ________ for your value judgement.

a. special thought b. standards

When you construct your persuasive speech, remember that the more _______ your instructions, the more likely it is that you call to action will _______.

a. specific b. succeed

The speech would have been much less persuasive if the speaker had not spelled out the _______ of his plan. Puppy mills.

a. spelled out b. major features

In question of value speech, devote your first main point to establishing the __________ for your value judgements and your second main point to applying those ___ to the subject of your speech. For example, bicycle riding as the ideal form of land transportation.

a. standards b. standards

Take care to present ______, _____, and other kinds of evidence fairly and accurately.

a. statistics b. testimony

Two additional principles that are crucial to the psychology of persuasion are:

a. the first deals with how listeners process and respond to persuasive messages. b. the second pertains to the target audience for persuasive speeches.

Study the topic ________ , so you won't _____ your audience through ______ research or muddled _______.

a. thoroughly b. mislead c. shoddy d. thinking

Be as ______ on your speech as your audience will be.

a. tough

Maintaining the bond of ____ with listeners is also vital to a speaker's ______.

a. trust b. credibility

Is is morally justifiable to clone human beings? Or Is it ethically acceptable to clone human cells in an effort to cure diseases such as AIDS and cancer? Now you are dealing with questions of ________. Because how you will answer will not only depend on your _________ knowledge about cloning, but also on your _______ values.

a. value b. factual c. moral

___________ are judgements based on a person's ____about what is right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, fair or unfair.

a. value judgements b. beliefs

Don't just urge listeners to "do something". Tell them exactly _____ to do and _____ to do it.

a. what b. how

Motivated sequence is used by __________.

advertisers

In a persuasive speech on questions of fact, the speaker acts as ________.

advocate

No matter how expert you are on the topic, no matter how skillfully you prepare the speech, no matter how captivating your delivery - some listeners will not _____ with you.

agree

If you can get your listener to perform an action, then you have gained a more serious ________.

commitment

You must think of your persuasive speech as a kind of ______ with your audience.

mental dialogue

_________ is the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

mental dialogue with the audience

________ is the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

need

The situation for an informative speech is _________.

nonpartisan

The situation for a persuasive speech on a question of fact is _______.

partisan

To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standards on amusement-park rides. To persuade my audience that the United States should put greater emphasis on solar power to meet the country's energy needs. To persuade my audience that a balanced-budget amendment should be added to the U.S. Constitution. These are examples of speech to gain ______

passive agreement

______ is the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

persuasion

_________ is the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

plan

What measures should be taken to protect the United States against terrorist attacks? Should the electoral college be abolished? What steps should be taken to reduce America's dependence on foreign oil? All these are examples of speeches on questions of ______.

policy

________ is a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

problem-cause-solution order

I. The spread of phony pharmaceuticals is a serious problem. II. Solving the problem of phony pharmaceuticals requires action by the federal government. This is an example of what type of speech organization.

problem-solution order

________ is a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

problem-solution order

_______ is a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

question of fact

Action ____ beliefs.

reinforces

Specific purpose statements for policy speeches that ___________: To persuade my audience to give time to Big Brothers or Big Sisters. To persuade my audience to vote in the next student election. To persuade my audience to begin a regular exercise program.

seek immediate action

Your first step is to convince listeners that there is a ____________ with things as they are.

serious problem

Question of policy usually include the word _____.

should