Chapter 16

"Speech of Chief Joseph of the Nez Percé Indians, in Washington, D.C. (1879)." What arguments does Chief Joseph make about the treatment and conditions of his fellow Nez Percé?

-The Nez Percé would also have to change and adapt. -All people, whites and Native Americans alike, should be treated equally.

Speech of Chief Joseph of the Nez Percé Indians, in Washington, D.C. (1879). What are Chief Joseph's complaints about the treatment of his people?

-The white men do not keep their word to his men. -Despite his view that all men are brothers, the white men do not treat Indians as equals.

Identify the events and conditions that led to the second industrial revolution that took place between the Civil War and the early twentieth century.

-There was money available for investment. -The federal government enacted tariffs that protected American industry from foreign competition. -The country had a growing supply of labor and an expanding market for manufactured goods.

Gilded Age national politics did not entirely lack accomplishments. Some reform legislations were passed. Match the legislation that was passed during the Gilded Age with the correct description.

644-645 -Sherman Antitrust Act: Banned all combinations and practices that restrained free trade. -Civil Service Act of 1883: Created a merit-based system for federal employees, with appointment via competitive testing rather than political appointment. -Interstate Commerce Commission: Established to ensure that railroads charged farmers and merchants reasonable rates and did not offer better treatment to some shippers

During the Gilded Age, the federal government sought to define the place of Native Americans in society and address questions of indigenous citizenship. Place the following events in chronological order.

1. Congress eliminated the treaty system with native tribes. 2. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Elk v. Wilkins that citizenship did not apply to Native Americans. 3. The Dawes Act was passed, dividing tribal land into parcels of land open for white settlement. 4. Congress extended citizenship to all Native Americans.

Identify the statements that describe working conditions and policies during the Gilded Age in America.

611-612 -"The miner's freedom" consisted of work rules that left skilled miners free of managerial supervision on the job. -Many industrial workers labored with no pensions, compensation for injuries, or protections against unemployment.

"Indian Reservations, ca. 1890," and then match each indigenous tribe below to its correct reservation circa 1890.

639 -Cherokee: Indian Territory -Hopi: Arizona Territory -Crow: Montana Territory

Identify the statements that describe the political scene in the United States during the Gilded Age.

642-643 -Americans during the Gilded Age saw the country as an island of democracy in a world dominated by undemocratic governments. -Powerful new corporations raised disturbing questions about the American understanding of political freedom and self-government.

Select the cities that served as important railroad junctions in the late nineteenth century. These are typically identifiable as cities where more than one rail line converge.

607 Chicago. Omaha, Nebraska. Denver. Atlanta.

True or False The Gilded Age marketplace proved to be chaotic as businesses in all industries engaged in ruthless competition. In response to this chaos, many businesses created trusts—legal devices whereby the affairs of several companies were managed by a single director.

608-609 True.

Horizontal Expansions

609-611 Practice of buying out competing firms in an industry to monopolize an industry.

Match the states in the industrial West to their primary industries.

-Colorado: gold, silver, & copper. -Washington: timber. -Texas: oil & cattle

True or False The conquest of the American West was a unique phenomenon in global history, whereby settlers moved boldly into the interior of regions of a great continent with a temperate climate, bringing their families, crops, and livestock, and establishing mining and other industries.

False. -Argentina, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Africa, like the United States, are termed "settler societies" because the immigrant population quickly outnumbered and displaced the native population.

True or False The era from 1870 to 1890 was called the Gilded Age because it suggested that outward appearances were misleading, and one needed to look under the surface to understand what was happening.

613 True.

True or False The Social Gospel movement originated as an effort to reform Protestant churches by expanding their appeal in poor urban neighborhoods and making them more attentive to the era's social ills.

623 True.

Identify the statements that describe the economic changes that occurred between 1870 and 1920.

606 -The GNP per capita between 1870 and 1920 more than doubled. -Between 1870 and 1920, the percentage of people employed in agriculture decreased significantly. -Between 1870 and 1920, the percentage of people employed in industry grew significantly.

Andrew Carnegie was an industrial giant of the Gilded Age. Identify the statements that describe Carnegie.

609 -He leveraged vertical integration to create the largest and most technologically advanced steel factories in the world. -Carnegie distributed much of his wealth to various philanthropies.

Robber Barons

609-611 Business leaders who wielded power without any accountability in an unregulated marketplace.

Vertical Integration

609-611 The process of controlling all aspects of business from procuring raw materials, to manufacturing, transporting, and distributing the final product.

Identify the statements that describe "robber barons."

610-611 -John D. Rockefeller was considered by many to be the worst of the robber barons. -Many of the "robber barons" rose from modest backgrounds and seemed examples of how creative genius and business sense enabled Americans to seize success.

During this period of time, how did the workers' ideas of freedom differ from those held by the owners and managers of the industry, and how did the courts construe freedom?

611-613 -Owners did not want the government to regulate business or interfere in the economy. -Laborers looked to the government to protect their rights and ensure fair working conditions. -The courts overturned numerous laws that controlled aspects of economic activity.

Identify the statements that describe the nation's social problems during the Gilded Age.

613-615 -There was a growing permanent factory population living on the edge of poverty alongside a growing class of millionaires, which posed a sharp challenge to traditional definitions of freedom. -Throughout the United States, state and local governments set up investigative committees to inquire into the relations between labor and capital in the face of increasing unrest.

Identify the statements that describe liberal reformers during the Gilded Age.

615 -Some liberal reformers urged a return to property qualifications for voting. -Liberal reformers feared that as lower classes looked to use government to further their own interests, democracy was becoming a threat to individual liberty and the rights to property.

The "overwhelming labor question" replaced slavery as the hot-button topic in the late nineteenth century. Identify the events and actions that illustrate the "overwhelming labor question."

618 -The federal government built National Guard armories in major cities to ensure troops would be on hand if strikes got out of control. -Troops fired on striking workers in Pittsburgh, killing 20 people. -the Great Railroad Strike.

True or False Most of the farms on the Great Plains were bonanza farms that covered thousands of acres and employed large numbers of agricultural wage workers.

False.

True or False Between the end of the Civil War and the early twentieth century, the United States experienced stagnant economic growth and the loss of international markets.

False.

Identify the statements that describe the Haymarket Affair.

623-625 -8 men were charged with carrying out the bombing. -Four strikers were killed by police on May 3, 1886, when they clashed with strikebreakers.

Identify the statements that describe farming on the Great Plains.

628 -Wheat and corn were primary crops grown on the Great Plains for the national and international markets. -The Homestead Act led to thousands of families moving westward to farm.

"Letter by Saum Song Bo, American Missionary (October 1885)." In this letter, what arguments did Saum Song Bo make about the treatment of his people and the applications of liberty?

638 -The Chinese were not welcomed into the United States. -The French violated liberties and freedoms of the Chinese.

What does it reveal about the political stalemate between 1876 and 1892? Match the region with its political alignment.

- The North: Most likely to vote Republican. - The South: Most likely to vote Democratic. - The West: Most likely to vote irregularly.

Identify the statements that describe the Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee massacre.

-U.S. troops opened fire on Ghost Dancers, killing 150 to 200 of them. -Fearful of a general uprising on the reservations, the U.S. government sent troops in response to the Ghost Dance.

Analyze the cartoon below titled "The Greatest Department Store on Earth," from Puck magazine (November 29, 1899). How does this artist depict the American economy during the Gilded Age?

605-609 -Uncle Sam sold its manufactured products throughout the globe. -The American economy was diversified, not reliant on just one product. -Products ranging from clothing to chemicals.

Eric Foner discusses court decisions held against labor on the grounds of individual freedom, specifically liberty of contract. What were the most important decisions made by the Court?

614-618 -The Supreme Court ruled that state laws regulating corporate behavior, limiting the number of hours a person could work, were unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. -The Supreme Court overturned laws that made it illegal for companies to pay their employees in scrip that could only be used at certain stores on the grounds it violated the right of property of these corporations.

True or False The task of social science according to iron manufacturer Abram Hewitt was to devise ways to redistribute wealth "... in a fair and humane manner to the benefit of the health of the nation."

615 False

Identify the statements that describe Social Darwinism.

615-616 -Evolution was a natural process of survival of the fittest; as such, the government must not intervene to aid the less fortunate. -Social Darwinists believed that the poor were essentially responsible for their own fate.

True or False According to Social Darwinism, the evolutionary process in humans was based on the survival of communities working together. Social Darwinists wanted the state to be the means of alleviating poverty to ensure the survival of the community.

615-616 False. -To Social Darwinists, evolution was a natural process in human society as in nature, and government must not interfere.

Identify the statements that describe the Knights of Labor.

619-620 --The Knights of Labor included women in its membership. -The Knights peak membership reached nearly 800,000 people in 1886. -The group aided and organized millions of workers participating in strikes, boycotts, political actions, and educational and social activities across the United States.

Some of the most popular works of literature in the era concerned the crumbling social order or the means of fixing it. Match the authors to their literary contributions.

620-622 -Edward Bellamy: Looking Backwards -Laurence Gronlund: The Cooperative Commonwealth -Henry George: Progress & Poverty.

Identify the statements that describe examples of Christian moral reform and its successful attempts to stamp out sin.

622-623 -Gambling, prostitution, polygamy, and birth control were all targets of the legislation attempts to control or eliminate by Evangelical Christians in the Gilded Age. -Women's Christian Temperance Union. -Mann Act of 1910.

Identify the statements that describe American westward expansion.

627-628 -In the twentieth century, the American West became the focus of federally funded dams and irrigation systems. -Western states used land donated by the federal government to establish public universities.

From the 1850s onward, settler encroachment on Plains Indians land sparked conflict with the U.S. government. Match each term to the correct description.

634-635, 638, 640 -Wounded Knee Massacre: U.S. soldiers opened fire on unarmed Ghost Dancers, killing 150 to 200 of them out of fear of an uprising. -Dawes Act: Broke up the land of nearly all the western tribes. -Battle of Little Big Horn: Native American victory over the U.S. army in June of 1876.

Identify the statements that describe the relationship between America and Native Americans during this period.

635, 638-639 -The Bureau of Indian Affairs established boarding schools where Indian children were sent to become "more American." -In 1871, Congress eliminated the treaty system that dated back to the revolutionary era.

True or False Every Republican candidate for president from 1868 to 1900 except for James G. Blaine had fought in the Confederate army in the Civil War.

643 False.

True or False In 1879, the United States went off the gold standard to help debt-ridden farmers.

644 False In 1879, the United States returned to the gold standard by which currency was exchangeable with gold at a fixed rate.

True or False The Battle of the Little Bighorn was an example of how the Indians occasionally managed to defeat army units as they sought to defend their tribal lands.

True

True or False The Knights of Labor were the first group to try to organize unskilled and skilled labor, both men and women, and black and white, though they gave into West Coast racism and excluded the despised immigrants from Asia on the West Coast.

True. The group reached a peak membership of nearly 800,000 in 1886 (making it the largest labor organization of the nineteenth century)