Chapter 16

Roughly, what percentage of adults responded that adults have a duty to care for their aging parents?

80 percent

Which of the following are arguments made by those who believe that the adult stage theories of development have a male bias?

The adult stage theories focus on career development and work achievement, which have historically have dominated men's life choices more than women's. The adult stage theories place little importance on childbearing and child rearing. The adult stage theories do not address women's concerns about relationships, interdependence, and caring.

Which of the following is true of the sense of personal control in middle age?

The sense of personal control is frequently challenged by increased responsibility and the aging process.

Which of the following is NOT a belief attributed to the contemporary life-events approach?

The stress of life events alone influences a person's development.

Which of the following is true of adult stage theories?

They have contributed to the view that midlife brings a crisis in development.

Which statements are true about the roles of grandparents in their grandchildren's lives?

They often play a particularly important role after family crises. Caring for children helps parents remain in the workforce.

Parents who live vicariously through their children and who report a decline in marital satisfaction when their children leave the home are experiencing

empty nest syndrome.

Middle-aged partners are more likely to view their marriage as positive if they

engage in mutual activities.

In the past few decades, divorce rates in the United States have

increased for older adults, but decreased for young adults.

From 1990 to 2015, the divorce rate for middle-aged and older adults:

increased.

Marital satisfaction typically ______ after adult children leave home.

increases

According to research, generativity in middle age is

linked to numerous positive outcomes.

Research has shown that having an optimistic outlook on life is generally associated with which of the following?

longer life better physical health greater relationship satisfaction

The big five factors of personality can be condensed into the acronym OCEAN. It includes all of the following personality factors, EXCEPT

excitability.

Which of the following are part of the Big Five factors of personality?

extraversion agreeableness openness

Which of the following Big Five factors have been shown to peak between 40 and 60 years of age and decrease in late adulthood?

extraversion openness agreeableness

What was the most common response when 40- to 79-year-olds were asked "when you think of who you are, you think mainly of _____?"

family

When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a ______ pattern, while women are more likely to respond in a ______ pattern.

fight or flight; tend and befriend

In middle adulthood, affectionate or companionate love increases. This form of love includes which of the following qualities?

loyalty security mutual emotional interest

The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following?

mediating factors the life-stage context the individual's adaptation to the life event

According to Helson's Mills College Study, adult women experienced a

midlife consciousness.

Compared to grandfathers, grandmothers have ______ contact with grandchildren.

more

Middle-aged adults who are divorced have ______ physical and mental health problems than/as those who are married.

more

A cumulative personality model states that with time and age people become ______ at interacting with their environment in ways that promote ______ stability in personality.

more adept; increased

In general, the role demands between work and family are

more intense for women than for men.

Parents and their adult children are ______ similar in areas of politics and religion and ______ similar in gender roles and work orientation.

more; less

Which of the following pairs is most likely to have the closest relationships during their adult years?

mothers and daughters

In general, high scores on the Big Five factor of ______ are associated with less optimal life outcomes.

neuroticism

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to be linked to divorce in older adults?

onset of an empty nest

Having a positive outlook on life and minimizing problems is known as

optimism

On average, a sense of personal control _______ in midlife and then ______.

peaks; declines

Which of the following is NOT a common reason that grandparents are thrust back into the "parenting" role for their grandchildren? personal preference teen pregnancy drug use by parents of grandchildren divorce

personal preference

The Baltimore Study by Costa and McCrae assessed ______ in adulthood.

personality

The term "________" generation refers to a situation in which the middle generation alternates attention between the demands of grown children and aging parents.

pivot

When the sandwich or middle generation alternates attention between the demands of grown children and aging parents, they are now being called the ______ generation.

pivot

When a parent has a disability, his or her need for support increases—including support for which of the following needs?

procuring medical services finding a nursing home monitoring quality of care

Which of the following is the most frequently reported daily uplift in middle age?

relating well with a spouse or lover

In which two of the following areas are parents and their adult children most similar?

religion politics

The Berkeley studies found that the most stable aspects of personality included all of the following, EXCEPT intellectual orientation. self-control. openness to new experiences. self-confidence.

self-control.

According to Neugarten, the __________ __________ is the timetable on which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks.

social clock

Which of the following have been used to describe middle-aged adults who are helping both adolescent or young adults and aging parents?

squeezed generation sandwich generation overload generation

In the early version of the life-events approach, life events were viewed as

stressful circumstances that forced individuals to undergo a change in their personality.

Women are more likely than men to react to stress with a ______ approach, which focuses on seeking out social support.

tend-or-befriend

The death of a spouse, divorce, and marriage all involve varying degrees of stress and are therefore likely to influence an individual's development according to

the early life-events approach.

Which of the following groups experiences the highest rate of daily stressors as opposed to "overload" stressors?

young adults

Which of the following are the three prominent meanings attached to being a grandparent, as described by researchers?

◦ Source of biological reward and continuity ◦ Source of emotional self-fulfillment ◦ Remote role } The grandparent role and its functions vary among families, ethnic groups, and cultures

By middle age, more than ______ percent of middle aged adults provide care for parents or parents-in-law.

40

The majority of single-grandmothers raising their grandchildren are

African American.

Why are middle-aged adults sometimes described as the "sandwich" generation?

Because they must care for their adolescent and young adult children as well as their aging parents

The ______ study/studies found little to support the view that personality universally changes or remains stable from early adolescence through a portion of midlife.

Berkeley

Which of the following statements about divorce in middle adulthood is FALSE? Divorce is more positive in every respect for adults in middle adulthood than for those in early adulthood. Divorced women report more concern about financial issues than men. Staying married until the children are old enough is a main reason that couples don't divorce until middle adulthood. A large number of women reported that verbal, physical, or emotional abuse was the reason they divorced in middle adulthood.

Divorce is more positive in every respect for adults in middle adulthood than for those in early adulthood.

Which of the following are among theories that define stages of adult development?

Erikson's life-span view Levinson's seasons of a man's life

Who is most likely to see frequently and have a satisfying relationship with their grandchildren and provide support for their grandchildren and the grandchildren's parents?

Mexican American grandparents

Which of the following statements regarding the stresses experienced by young adults versus those experienced by middle-aged adults is true?

Middle-aged adults were more likely to experience "overload" stressors that involve juggling too many activities at once.

The ______ profiled 132 women in the late 1950s to assess adult personality development.

Mills College Study

Which two theorists conducted the Baltimore Study using a five-factor personality test?

Paul Costa Robert McCrae

Which of the following are true statements about perceptions of personal control?

Perceptions of personal control tend to peak in midlife. Young adults are more likely than older adults to feel invulnerable.

Which of the following statements about how women and men experience and respond to stressors are true?

Women are more vulnerable to social stressors than men. Women and men differ in the way they experience and respond to stressors.

For women, midlife is

a heterogenous, diversified period.

In most cases, researchers have found that relationships between aging parents and their children are characterized by

ambivalence.

The Mills College Study distinguished which of the following main groups among the Mills College women?

career-oriented women women without children who pursued low-level work family-oriented women

Historical contexts are also known as _______________ effects.

cohort

The term ______ refers to the fact that groups of individuals born during the same time period act and react according to a shared set of historical and social expectations.

cohort effects

According to the Mills College Study, what helped women control their impulses, develop interpersonal skills, become independent, and work hard to achieve goals in middle age?

commitment to the tasks of early adulthood, whether to a career, a family, or both

Romantic love tends to be stronger in early adulthood, while Blank______ love tends to be stronger in middle adulthood.

companionate

Which of the following is the most frequently reported daily hassle in middle age?

concerns about weight

According to recent research, which of the Big Five factors of personality showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood?

conscientiousness

Researchers have found that personality traits ______ in late adulthood.

continue to change

Forty-year-old Maritska wishes to establish a pediatric AIDS foundation overseas. According to Erikson, she is focused on establishing a sense of

generativity.

Parenting, teaching, and involvement in the community are examples of how middle-aged adults can develop

generativity.

According to Margie Lachman and her colleagues, as compared to young adults, those in middle age

give more attention to responsibility for others.

Which of the following is NOT a life characteristic reported by women in their fifties as opposed to women in other age periods? greater self-doubt a sense of better health improved self-confidence greater financial security

greater self-doubt

Individuals who are Blank______ are more likely than others to live longer.

high in extraversion

In a longitudinal study of Smith College women, the desire for generativity ______ as the participants aged from their thirties to their fifties.

increased

Which of the following defines the social clock?

the timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks

When dealing with stress, a man is most likely to turn to which of the following coping mechanisms?

trying to fix the problem on his own

According to a longitudinal study of married couples, which of the following would be most likely to increase with age?

validation

Which of the following are some of the main reasons middle-aged and older women gave for initiating a divorce?

verbal, physical, or emotional abuse alcohol or drug abuse cheating

According to Erikson, what causes people to feel stagnation in life?

when they believe they have done nothing for the next generation

Married men were more likely to be involved with which family group?

wives' kin

According to Erikson, which of the following are ways in which middle-aged adults can develop generativity?

work generativity biological generativity cultural generativity