Chapter 16/17 Quiz Study Guide

Visceral pain coming from the heart is referred to which location(s) in the diagram? a) C b) G c) B d) H e) A

C

Which labeled neuron conducts impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex? a) A b) B c) C d) More than one answer selection is correct. e) None of the answer selections are correct.

C

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram of the trigeminothalamic pathway is the trigeminal nerve? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

C

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram senses touch, pressure and slow vibrations? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

C

Which structure in the diagram produces mucus? a) C b) A c) F d) G e) I

C

Which portion of the inner ear is divided into three channels? a) C b) G c) H d) J e) None of these choices

G

These receptor cells provide for the sense of taste. a) Olfactory hair cells b) Pacinian corpuscles c) Basal stem cells d) Hair cells e) Gustatory cells

Gustatory cells

Identify the ciliary body. a) A b) B c) C d) H e) F

H

Visceral pain coming from the pancreas is referred to which location(s) in the diagram? a) B b) D c) H d) F e) E

H

Which structure labeled in the diagram contains the receptors that bind the inhaled chemicals? a) H b) G c) I d) E e) L

I

Which of the structures listed below converts vibrations in the endolymph into action potentials? a) macula b) pinna c) tympanic membrane d) organ of Corti e) cupula

organ of Corti

What category of receptor cell is used to sense changes in the osmotic pressure of body fluids? a) photoreceptor b) mechanoreceptor c) thermoreceptor d) chemoreceptor e) osmoreceptor

osmoreceptor

During embryonic development, the external ear develops from a structure called the first a) pharyngeal pouch. b) pharyngeal cleft. c) otic placodes. d) otic vesicle. e) rhombencephalon.

pharyngeal cleft.

Proprioception means awareness of a) visual acuity. b) body temperature. c) color vision. d) body position. e) pain.

body position.

What category of receptor cell is used to sense changes in temperature? a) photoreceptor b) mechanoreceptor c) thermoreceptor d) chemoreceptor e) osmoreceptor

thermoreceptor

What are the three types of sensory receptors categorized based on their location and the origin of stimuli that activate them? What is the nature of the stimuli that cause their excitation?

(1) Exteroceptors are sensitive to stimuli originating outside the body and provide information about the external environment such as hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure and temperature. (2) Interoceptors monitor conditions in the internal environment such as blood pressure. The sensations are usually not consciously perceived. (3) Proprioceptors are located in muscles, joints, tendons and the inner ear. They provide information about body position by detecting muscle tension, the position and movement of the joints.

List the six types of sensory receptors categorized based on the type of stimulus they detect and describe the types of stimuli that each type can detect.

(1) Mechanoceptors: detect mechanical stimuli such as touch, pressure, and stretch. (2) Thermoreceptors: detect changes in temperature. (3) Nociceptors: respond to painful stimuli. (4) Photoreceptors: detect light. (5) Chemoreceptors: detect chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell) and body fluids. (6) Osmoreceptors: detects osmotic pressure of body fluids.

List and briefly describe the three processes that are used by the eye to form a clear image of object on the retina.

1) Refraction involves bending light rays as they move through different media in the eye to eventually form a focused inverted image on the central fovea, 2) Accommodation of the lens for near/distance vision involves changing the shape of lens using the ciliary muscle to help focus light rays on retina, and 3) Constriction of pupil involves an ANS reflex that helps prevent scattering of light through edges of lens.

Identify the auditory ossicles. a) A, B, C b) A, C, G c) A, B, J d) J, C, G e) C, D, G

A, B, J

Which labeled step(s) represents bleaching of the photopigment? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) Both 2 and 4

2

How many days after fertilization do the ears begin to develop? a) 5 b) 150 c) 10 d) 22 e) 55

22

How many days after fertilization do the eyes begin to develop? a) 5 b) 150 c) 10 d) 22 e) 55

22

Which labeled step(s) represents regeneration of active photopigment? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) Both 1 and 3

4

How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving each eye? a) 10 b) 12 c) 6 d) 4 e) 20

6

Visceral pain coming from the lung and diaphragm is referred to which location(s) in the diagram? a) A b) B c) C d) G e) H

A

Which labeled neuron conducts impulses from the peripheral somatic receptors into the brain or spinal cord? a) A b) B c) C d) More than one answer selection is correct. e) None of the answer selections are correct.

A

Which of the labeled papilla houses 100-300 taste buds each? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) Both A and D

A

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram is a pain receptor? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

A

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram of the trigeminothalamic pathway is the trigeminothalamic tract? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

A

Which of the neurons in the diagram would most likely pick up an itch sensation? a) A b) B c) C d) Both A and B e) All of these choices

A

Which part of the diagram contains the olfactory bulb neurons? a) A b) B c) E d) F e) H

A

Which structure in the diagram is an opening in the taste bud? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) G

A

Identify the thin protective mucous membrane composed of stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells. a) A and B b) B and D c) C and A d) D and C e) B and E

A and B

Which of the following is NOT an event in the process of sensation? a) Stimulation of sensory receptors b) Transduction of the stimulus c) Activation of effector d) Generation of impulses e) Integration of sensory input.

Activation of effector

Taste buds are found on a) the epiglottis. b) the pharynx. c) the soft palate. d) both epiglottis and pharynx. e) All of these choices

All of these choices

The basal nuclei regulate skeletal muscle movements by a) suppressing unwanted movements. b) influencing muscle tone. c) initiating and terminating movements. d) both suppressing unwanted movements and influencing muscle tone. e) All of these choices

All of these choices

Which of the following is a direct motor pathway? a) Anterior corticospinal tract b) Corticobulbar tract c) Lateral corticospinal tract d) Both Anterior corticospinal and Corticobulbar tract. e) All of these choices

All of these choices

What do colored regions on body's surface in the diagram represent? a) Dermatomes b) Areas of referred pain c) Regions of nociceptors d) Areas supplied by the primary somatosensory area e) Motor nuclei

Areas of referred pain

Identify the bipolar cell layer. a) A b) B c) C d) D

B

The plasma membrane of which structure in the diagram is the initiation site of taste transduction? a) F b) B c) D d) E e) G

B

Visceral pain coming from the liver and gallbladder is referred to which location(s) in the diagram? a) B b) G c) H d) F e) D

B

Which figure illustrates nearsightedness before it has been corrected? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

B

Which labeled neuron is considered to be a second-order neuron? a) A b) B c) C d) More than one answer selection is correct. e) None of the answer selections are correct.

B

Which labeled structure is the blind spot of the eye? a) A b) B c) C d) G e) H

B

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram of the trigeminothalamic pathway is the trigeminal ganglion? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

B

Which of the neurons in the diagram is modified in a manner that helps enhance the sensitivity of the receptor? a) A b) B c) C d) None of these choices e) All of these choices

B

Which darkly pigmented structure reduces light reflection within the eyeballs? a) Sclera b) Conjunctiva c) Iris d) Choroid e) Retina

Choroid

This is a thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the portion of the sclera covering the anterior surface of the eyeball. a) Palpebral fissure b) Conjunctiva c) Lateral commissure d) Cornea e) Choroid

Conjunctiva

Which of the following is the transparent layer on the anterior of the eyeball through which the iris can be observed? a) Retina b) Choroid c) Sclera d) Ciliary body e) Cornea

Cornea

Which of the following is a type of a rapidly adapting touch receptor? a) Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) b) Type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Merkel disc) c) Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle d) Both the corpuscle of touch and the type 1 cutaneous mechanreceptor e) All of these choices

Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle)

Identify the ganglion cell layer. a) A b) B c) C d) D

D

Identify the internal auditory canal. a) C b) D c) E d) F e) H

D

Identify the sclera. a) F b) E c) D d) G e) H

D

Visceral pain coming from the kidney is referred to which location(s) in the diagram? a) D b) B c) G d) H e) F

D

Which figure illustrates farsightedness before it has been corrected? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

D

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram of the trigeminothalamic pathway is the first-order neuron? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

D

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram represents a type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor that monitors the stretching of skin? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

D

Identify the structure that contains aqueous humor. a) A b) G c) H d) F e) D

G

Visceral pain coming from the stomach is referred to which location(s) in the diagram? a) B b) G c) H d) F e) E

G

Identify the choroid. a) F b) E c) D d) G e) H

E

Identify the structure that secretes a fluid that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other. a) D b) E c) F d) G e) None of these choices

E

Visceral pain coming from the urinary bladder is referred to which location(s) in the diagram? a) D b) F c) E d) H e) G

E

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram is a cutaneous mechanoreceptor that senses pressure and fast vibrations? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

E

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram is a lamellated corpuscle? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

E

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram of the trigeminothalamic pathway is a second-order neuron? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

E

Identify the optic nerve. a) C b) D c) E d) F e) None of these choices

F

Visceral pain coming from the ovaries is referred to which location(s) in the diagram? a) D b) E c) B d) F e) A

F

Which of the following types of papillae do NOT contain taste buds? a) Vallate b) Fungiform c) Foliate d) Filiform e) Circumvallate

Filiform

Which of the following types of neurons conduct impulses from the peripheral somatic sensory receptors to the brain stem or spinal cord? a) First order neuron b) Second order neuron c) Third order neuron d) Fourth order neuron e) Higher order neuron

First order neuron

Sensory receptors that are located in blood vessels and visceral organs and whose signals are not usually consciously perceived are the a) Exteroreceptors b) Interoceptors c) Proprioceptors d) Nociceptors e) None of the answers selections are correct

Interoceptors

Which structure regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil? a) Retina b) Cornea c) Iris d) Choroid e) Ciliary muscle

Iris

Identify the structure that is a thin semi-transparent partition between the external auditory canal and the middle ear? a) K b) G c) J d) F e) E

K

Which structure in the diagram is the olfactory epithelium? a) C b) D c) G d) K e) F

K

Which of the following are proprioceptors found in the articular capsules of synovial joints? a) Tendon organs b) Gamma motor neurons c) Muscle spindles d) Kinesthetic receptors e) Tactile receptors

Kinesthetic receptors

Which is the correct order in the flow of tears? a) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity b) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, nasolacrimal duct, lacrimal sac, nasal cavity c) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, nasolacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasal cavity d) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity e) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal duct, nasal cavity

Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity

Which of the following are structures of the membranous labyrinth of the inner that are involved in dynamic and static equilibrium? a) vestibule b) saccule c) cochlear duct d) semicircular ducts e) More than one of these is correct.

More than one of these is correct.

Which type of sensory receptor responds to stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue? a) Photoreceptors b) Mechanoreceptors c) Proprioceptors d) Nociceptors e) Thermoreceptors

Nociceptors

How many sensory modalities can a single sensory neuron have? a) One b) Dozens c) Hundreds d) Thousands e) None

One

Which of the following is the space between the upper and lower eyelids? a) Palpebral fissure b) Levator palpebrae c) Lacrimal caruncle d) Lateral commissure e) Conjunctiva

Palpebral fissure

Which of the following statements about proprioception is INCORRECT? a) Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects. b) Proprioceptors are slowly adapting receptors. c) Proprioceptors are embedded in muscles and tendons d) Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other. e) Proprioceptive sensations are used to activate the nervous system in response to threatening situations.

Proprioceptive sensations are used to activate the nervous system in response to threatening situations.

Infants spend approximately 50% of their sleeping time in a) stage one NREM sleep. b) stage two NREM sleep. c) stage three NREM sleep. d) stage four NREM sleep. e) REM sleep.

REM sleep.

_____ is a term used to describe pain that is felt at a site remote from the place of origin. a) Referred pain b) Visceral pain c) Slow pain d) Fast pain e) Sympathetic pain

Referred pain

Which is NOT considered an accessory structure of the eye? a) Eyelids b) Eyelashes c) Lacrimal apparatus d) Eyebrows e) Retina

Retina

Which layer of dense connective tissue serves to protect the inner parts of the eyeball? a) Sclera b) Pupil c) Iris d) Cornea e) Retina

Sclera

Which of the following types of neurons conduct sensory impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus? a) First order neuron b) Second order neuron c) Third order neuron d) Fourth order neuron e) Higher order neuron

Second order neuron

Which of the following stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is considered the deepest level of sleep? a) Stage one b) Stage two c) Stage three d) Stage four e) None of the selections are correct.

Stage four

What layer of the skin contains the cold thermoreceptors? a) Stratum lucidum b) Dermis c) Stratum basale d) Stratum corneum e) Hypodermis

Stratum basale

Which of the following does NOT occur during sleep? a) Sympathetic division of ANS is stimulated. b) Decreased heart rate. c) Decreased blood pressure. d) Skeletal muscle tone decreases. e) Dream during REM sleep.

Sympathetic division of ANS is stimulated.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the changes in the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell when light rays strike its photopigments? a) The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization. b) The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization. c) A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell. d) No changes in the membrane potential occur. e) The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

Which of the following types of neurons conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex? a) First order neuron b) Second order neuron c) Third order neuron d) Fourth order neuron

Third order neuron

Which of the following is a type of slowly adapting touch receptor? a) Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) b) Type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Merkel disc) c) Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle d) Hair root receptor e) Photoreceptor

Type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Merkel disc)

Which of the following nerves conducts impulses associated with the sense of gustation? a) Vestibulocochlear b) Oculomotor c) Vagus d) Trigeminal e) Spinal accessory

Vagus

What lies between the lens and the retina? a) Vitreous chamber b) Anterior chamber c) Anterior cavity d) Cornea e) Aqueous humor

Vitreous chamber

Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in a) blood shot eyes. b) inhibition of tear production. c) a sty. d) glaucoma. e) blindness.

a sty.

The first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina is a) activation of amacrine cells. b) absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium. c) interruption of the dark current. d) absorption of light by photopigments. e) generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

absorption of light by photopigments.

The process in which the frequency of nerve impulses in the first-order neuron decreases during prolonged stimulus is called a) selectivity. b) adaptation. c) perception. d) modality. e) transduction.

adaptation.

Which condition is characterized by a lack of memory for events occurring after the trauma or disease that caused the condition? a) narcolepsy b) retrograde amnesia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) anterograde amnesia

anterograde amnesia

Which of the following regions of the brain compares the intentions of skeletal muscle movements with the actual movement performed and then sends out corrective feedback to upper motor neurons? a) hypothalamus b) thalamus c) basal nuclei d) cerebellum e) cerebrum

cerebellum

The integration centers for sensations that are consciously perceived (like vision, smell, taste, and pain) are found in the a) cerebellum. b) basal nuclei. c) pontine nuclei. d) cerebral cortex. e) thalamus.

cerebral cortex.

What category of receptor cell is used to sense changes in the concentration of chemicals in body fluids? a) photoreceptor b) mechanoreceptor c) thermoreceptor d) chemoreceptor e) proprioceptor

chemoreceptor

Which of the following molecules is capable of detecting light rays that strike the photopigments in the retina? a) cGMP b) opsin portion of rhodopsin c) cis-retinal d) melanin e) retinal isomerase

cis-retinal

Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) and then travel through the _____ to the _____. a) cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; pons b) cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata c) vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII; pons d) vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata e) facial nerve; auditory cortex

cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata

Which condition is a state of unconsciousness in which a person's responses to stimuli are reduced or absent? a) narcolepsy b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) amnesia

coma

Which of the types of receptors listed below is primarily used for detecting light rays under bright light conditions? a) olfactory hair cells b) rods c) cones d) ganglion neurons e) amacrine cells

cones

Which sensory structure in the inner ear is capable of sensing rapid rotation of your head to the left? a) macula of the saccule b) macule of the utricle c) crista of a semicircular duct d) organ of Corti e) None of these choices can sense angular acceleration.

crista of a semicircular duct

The lens is made of layers of proteins called a) choroids. b) ciliary bodies. c) crystallins. d) cones. e) rods.

crystallins.

From which of the following layers of the developing embryo do the eyes develop? a) endoderm b) mesoderm c) ectoderm d) more than one layer contributes e) none of these choices

ectoderm

Binocular vision a) gives better depth perception. b) provides more accurate color vision. c) is only seen in humans. d) occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects. e) is all of these choices

gives better depth perception.

Which disorder is characterized by difficulty in falling asleep and staying asleep? a) narcolepsy b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) amnesia

insomnia

During embryonic development, the first portion of the ear to develop is the a) middle ear. b) internal ear. c) external ear. d) bony labyrinth. e) membranous labyrinth.

internal ear.

The axons of the ganglion neurons of the retina terminate in the a) optic disk. b) optic chiasm. c) visual cortex of cerebrum. d) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. e) primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex.

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

During embryonic development, the lens of the eye develops directly from an invagination of the lens placodes called the a) optic groove. b) optic vesicle. c) optic stalk. d) prosencephalon. e) lens vesicle.

lens vesicle.

Cataract leads to blindness due to a) loss of transparency of the lens. b) a high intraocular pressure. c) photophobia. d) scotoma. e) trachoma.

loss of transparency of the lens.

Which of the following structures contains otoliths (ear stones)? a) macula of the saccule b) cupula of the crista c) tectorial membrane of the organ of Corti d) basilar membrane of the cochlear duct e) tympanic membrane

macula of the saccule

What category of receptor cell is used to sense touch, vibration and pressure? a) photoreceptor b) mechanoreceptor c) thermoreceptor d) chemoreceptor e) osmoreceptor

mechanoreceptor

Which disorder is characterized by involuntary periods of sleep that occur throughout the day? a) narcolepsy b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) amnesia

narcolepsy

The vestibular nuclei of the brainstem that control equilibrium receives sensory information from all the following areas EXCEPT the a) utricle and saccule. b) semicircular ducts. c) eyes d) proprioceptors in the neck muscles. e) nociceptors in the distal limbs.

nociceptors in the distal limbs.

Visceral pain results from stimulating a) nociceptors. b) lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles. c) exteroreceptors. d) proprioceptors. e) thermoreceptors.

nociceptors.

Adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant a) occurs rapidly. b) increases sensitivity to that odorant. c) occurs slowly. d) does not occur. e) enhances gustation.

occurs rapidly.

The smell receptors that actually bind the odorants and begin signal transduction are located on a) olfactory hairs. b) glial cells. c) basal stem cells. d) Bowman's glands. e) gustatory receptor cells.

olfactory hairs.

Olfactory receptors are found a) throughout the nasal cavity. b) only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity. c) only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity. d) from the vestibule to the pharynx. e) only in the mid-nasal ridges.

only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

During embryonic development, the middle ear develops from a structure called the first a) pharyngeal pouch. b) pharyngeal cleft. c) otic placodes. d) otic vesicle. e) rhombencephalon.

pharyngeal pouch.

What category of receptor cell is used to sense light? a) photoreceptor b) mechanoreceptor c) thermoreceptor d) chemoreceptor e) osmoreceptor

photoreceptor

Which of the following is an example of a specialized sensory receptor cell that is known as a "separate cell"? a) Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) b) photoreceptor cell in retina c) lamellataed (Pacinian) corpuscle d) hair root plexus e) astrocyte

photoreceptor cell in retina

During the process of learning, the brain shows a characteristic called _____, which is the ability to change in response to intensive usage for a particular task like memorizing a page of physiology notes. a) bradykinesia b) hypokinesia c) plasticity d) amnesia e) palsy

plasticity

All of the following types of stimuli are sensed by free nerve endings EXCEPT a) pain. b) tickle. c) temperature. d) pressure. e) itch.

pressure.

Presbycusis refers to age-associated a) progressive loss of hearing in one ear. b) progressive loss of hearing in both ears. c) progressive loss of near-vision. d) otitis media. e) vertigo.

progressive loss of hearing in both ears.

The olfactory tract a) projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus. b) conducts impulses directly to the thalamus. c) contains only motor neurons. d) receives information from the taste buds. e) consists of the olfactory and vestibulocochlear nerves.

projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

The postcentral gyri of the parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex a) are considered the primary gustatory area. b) receive body sensory information. c) control voluntary body movements. d) receive visual information. e) provide the ability to move the eyeballs.

receive body sensory information.

Which of the following structures senses change in rotational acceleration of the head in order to help maintain dynamic equilibrium? a) cochlea b) semicircular canals c) maculae of the vestibule d) organ of Corti e) vestibulocochlear nerve

semicircular canals

The process of sensation begins in a _____, which can be either a primary sensory neuron or a separate cell. a) sensory receptor cell. b) signal transducer cell. c) secondary sensory neuron. d) effector cell. e) association neuron.

sensory receptor cell.

Which disorder is characterized by a person's breathing repeatedly stopping for 10 or more seconds while sleeping? a) narcolepsy b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) amnesia

sleep apnea

Which of the following type of neurons have their cell bodies in the spinal cord or brain stem and their axons terminating in neuromuscular junctions? a) upper motor neurons b) lower motor neurons c) somatic sensory neurons d) preganglionic autonomic neurons e) postganglionic autonomic neurons

somatic sensory neurons

All of the following result from some form of malfunction by the basal nuclei EXCEPT a) Huntington's disease. b) Parkinson's disease. c) Tourette's syndrome. d) obsessive-compulsive disorder. e) synesthesia.

synesthesia.

The main function of muscle spindles is a) to sense tension applied to a tendon. b) to sense referred pain. c) to perceive cutaneous sensations. d) to sense changes in muscle length. e) to sense muscle fatigue.

to sense changes in muscle length.

What structure vibrates back and forth when sound waves strike it? a) cochlea b) pinna c) tympanic membrane d) organ of Corti e) vestibulocochlear nerve

tympanic membrane

Which of the following types of neurons have axons that extend from the brain to the lower motor neurons? a) upper motor neurons b) primary neurons c) somatic sensory neurons d) preganglionic autonomic neurons e) postganglionic autonomic neurons

upper motor neurons

Which of the following structures carries action potentials generated by sound transduction? a) vagus nerve b) basilar membrane c) tympanic membrane d) organ of Corti e) vestibulocochlear nerve

vestibulocochlear nerve

Which of the following types of stimuli is sensed using encapsulated nerve endings? a) pain b) tickle c) temperature d) itch e) vibration

vibration