Chapter 16.2 The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism; He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services; Killed in a civil war.

King Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.

Teresa of Avila

(1515-1582) Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the Reformation period.

Annul

(v.) to reduce to nothing; to make ineffective or inoperative; to declare legally invalid or void

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian; author of the Institutes of Christian Religion; developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism; emphasized the idea of Predestination.

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; disagreed with infant baptism; advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Act of Supremacy of 1534

A law enacted by the English Parliament, making the monarch the head of the Church of England.

Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on Catholic Church doctrines criticized by Protestant reformers; final decrees reaffirmed Catholic Church teachings- both faith and good works were necessary for salvation.

Monasticism

A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith

predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Thomas More

Christian humanist and devoted Catholic who wrote Utopia; beheaded for disagreeing with Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church.

Mary I

Henry VIII's daughter who came to the throne in 1533; a devoted Catholic who executed Protestants; wanted to restore Roman Catholicism in England.

Edward VI

Henry VIII's only son, who took England in a more Protestant direction during his short reign

Pope Paul III

Pope who led the Catholic Reformation by calling for the Council of Trent.

Ignatius of Loyola

Spanish nobleman and ex-soldier who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), a religious order whose purpose was to combat the influence of the Protestant Reformation.

Geneva

Swiss city-state which became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland

New Testament

The second part of the Christian Bible, containing descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus and of his early followers.

Index of Forbidden Books

Written by Pope Paul IV as part of the Counter-Reformation. It forbade Catholics from reading books considered "harmful" to faith and morals. This indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas.

English Reformation

a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

Carmelites

an order of nuns who dedicated their lives to prayer; founded by St. Teresa of Avila.

Thomas Cranmer

first archbishop of the Church of England, wrote The Book of Common Prayer.

Society of Jesus

founded by Ignatius of Loyola; also known as the Jesuits, took a special vow of obedience to the Pope; engaged in missionary work to attract converts; founded many schools.

Anti-Semitism

hostility or discrimination against Jewish people.

mutual love

one of the purposes of marriage; the husband and wife will love and support one another and help each other to know, love, and serve God

Missionaries

people who work to spread their religious beliefs

Ghetto

separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live; ex. Jews who would not convert to Catholicism.

justification

the process of being deemed worthy of salvation by God.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

work written by John Calvin; gained him a reputation as a Protestant reformer; contained his teachings about justification and predestination.