Chapter 17
large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress
Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century agricultural experimentalist, advocated
France
Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was
took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples
Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas
the necessity to provide for a densely populated country
Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to
remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules
according to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system
the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens
at the center of Adam Smith's arguments in "The Wealth of Nations" was the belief that
the Atlantic economy
between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed
doubled
between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population
came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain
by the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society
the position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
from 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?
increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine
how did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
more wars and likely fewer people
in Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in
guarded their guild privileges jealously
in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, guild masters
improved water supply and sewage systems
in the eighteenth century, European public health measures
landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently
in the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that
the British colonial empire
in the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with
their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers
merchant capitalists complained bitterly about
Creoles
people of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as
in all regions
population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred
the size and strength of British naval power
the British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to
gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies
the English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also
poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods
the industrious revolution was a result of
become landless rural wage earners
the proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to
Treaty of Paris
the treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the
he critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research
what was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?
the rural poor worked for low wages
what was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
an inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare
what was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?
they faced political and economic of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved
what was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?
they were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children
which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?
about 90 percent of slaves were transported to the Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America
which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?
the elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners
which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure area?
the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively
which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?
masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules
which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?
convicted prisoners
who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?
it permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas
why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?
the Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe
why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
was reserved for the male head of the household
within the family, the operation of the loom
London
in the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was
required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages
the spinning of thread for the loom
debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt
wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of
Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially
which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?
