chapter 17

First Battle of Bull Run

- First major battle of the Civil War - commanded by general irvin mcdowell - attacked a smaller confederate force led by General PGT Beauregard - took place in northern virginia - both sides lacked battle experience - north at first drove them back, but "Stonewall Jackson" rallied - union retreated - loss shocked north - lincoln named a new general, george b mcclellan, to head the union army in the west- called the army of the potomac- and train the troops - lincoln was determined

Confederate Victories

- S victories in the east were largely the result of the leadership of lee and jackson - knew the terrain and could move forces quickly - expert in inspiring troops - managed to defeat much larger union forces - confed enjoyed a string of impressive victories in virginia, each over a different union general - confed turned back mcclellan at the seven days' battle, general john pope at the second battle of bull run, and general ambrose burnside at fredericksburg - lee defeated a union force twice its size at chancellorsville, virginia

Thomas Johnathan "Stonewall" Jackson

- born in virginia - moved north to attend the military academy at west point - made a short and unremarkable career in the US army - taught at the virginia military institute - showed more interest in art than war - was not widely known wen the civil war began - this changed at the first battle of bull run - had become one of the confederacy's top leaders

union strategies

- came from General Winfield Scott, hero of the war with Mexico - proposed the Anaconda plan - union would blockade southern ports - would keep supplies from reaching the confederacy - would prevent the south from exporting its cotton crop - north would seek to gain control of the Mi. R - would split confed. in two - cut southern supply lines - capture capital of Richmond, Virgina (confed. capital)

who were the soldiers?

- came from every region of the country - most came from farms - almost half of the north and 60% of the south's had owned or worked on farms - confed army had about 112000 soldiers - sometimes called rebels - union had about 187000 soldiers - yankees - by the end, 900000 confed and 2.1 million union - 200000 african americans for the union - 10000 Mexican americans

confederate strategies

- conduct a defensive war - hold as much territory as possible - tried to win the support of GB and F

the goals of war

- confederacy wanted to be an independent nation; did not need to invade the north/ destroy the union; just needed to fight hard and long enough to convince to north that the war was not worth its cost - north wanted to restore the union; forces had to invade the south and force the breakaway states to give up their quest for independence - Lincoln's original aim was not to end slavery, just to save the union

lee invades maryland

- davis urged lee to move his troops into western maryland - union territory - goal was to move into PA and bring the war deeper into the northern states - knew mcclellan was following with a sizable force, but still crossed into maryland and began the invasion of union territory

two very different sides

- divided families - 600,00 Americans lost their lives

high hopes

- each side predicted a quick victory - north thought south couldn't hold out due to their lack of resources - south though north could never subdue the fighting spirit of the south - war lasted far longer than predicted

strengths and weaknesses

- how each side decided to use these strengths and weaknesses determined the fate of the war - north had bigger population & more resources - south had excellent military leaders and a strong fighting spirit - most of the battles were fought in the south; they knew the land

the battle of shiloh

- in the west, grant headed south toward corinth, Mi - union camped at pittsburg landing - additional union forces joined grant from nashville - confed striked - johnston and PGT beauregard led in a surprise attack - lasted 2 days - narrow victory for the union - together, 23000 casualties - union laid siege to corinth, forcing confed to withdraw - union army occupied the town - memphis, TN fell to union forces - N seemed on its way to capturing Mi R

control of the west

- in the west, union's goal was to control Mi R - union ships could prevent LA, AR, and TX from supplying the eastern confed - union gunboats and troops would also be able to move into the south - union captured fort henry on the tennessee R - Foote and Grant led the assault - moved against fort donelson on the cumberland R - confed saw no chance of saving fort - "unconditional surrender" grant became the north's new hero

the battle of antietam

- lee split his army into 4 parts - to confuse mcclellan, he ordered each part to move in a different direction - plan never had a chance to work - confed officer lost his copy of the orders describing it and two union soldiers found and brought them to mcclellan - mc did not attack immediately, giving lee a chance to gather his troops - two sides met at a place called antietam near sharpsburg maryland - key victory for the union - deadliest single day of fighting - about 6000 died, 17000 suffered wounds - lee retreated to virginia after the battle

the emancipation proclamation

- lincoln's view changed from keeping the union intact to fighting against slavery

a soldier's life

- many wrote about their boredom, discomfort, sickness, fear, and horror - usually lived in camps

the horrors of war

- thousands of casualties overwhelmed medical facilities - after the battle of shiloh, the wounded lay in the rain for more than more than 24 hours - many men deserted - 1/11 union and 1/8 confed ran away

a battle between ironclads

- union blockade was a threat - merrimack was a damaged frigate that had been abandoned by the union - rebuilt ship and covered it with iron - renamed it the virginia - virginia attacked union troops in the chesapeake bay - union shells were useless - feared it would reach washington dc - north had an ironclad of its own, the monitor - rushed southward to face the virginia - neither won

capturing new orleans

- union captured new orleans under david farragut (largest city in the south) - farragut grew up in the south but remained loyal to the union - capture meant that confed could no longer use the Mi R - left the confed stronghold of vicksburg, mi, as the only major obstacle to the union's strategy in the west

war in the eastern states

- union was trying to capture the confederate capital at richmond virginia - richmond was vulnerable to attack - confed fought hard to defend it - confed in the east enjoyed much more success than their western counterparts

Division in the Border States

- vital to Union strategy - Missouri could control parts of the Mississippi R & major routes to the West - Kentucky controlled Ohio R - Delaware was close to the key Union city of Philadelphia - Maryland was close to Richmond (Confederate capital) - Washington D.C. laid within the state - if maryland seceded, the North's capital would be surrounded - Lincoln worked tirelessly to keep the border states in the union - he was successful

Americans Against Americans

-brother vs brother -neighbor vs neighbor - Kentucky senator john crittenden had two sons who became generals - one for the confed, the other for the union - men of all ages rushed to enlist - patriotism - fear of being called a coward - some were excited - tens of thousands of soldiers were under 18 - union intially refued to let free african american men from joining

meeting at appomattox court house

2 days prior to the formal ending of the war, Grant had asked Lee to surrender. we at first believed he must fight but then the union captured the train carrying food to his starving troops and completely surrounding his army. he knew it was over. Grant met with Lee in a small Virginia town called appomattox Courthouse where the two men shake hands and talked a little. Grant's terms were four needs officers to keep their small firearms on any soldier with the horse could keep it and no one would disturb the soldiers as they made their way home. Grant also gave 25,000 rations to feed these troops in America's deadliest war ended with dignity and compassion.

total war

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

the battle of gettysburg

A small town in southern Pennsylvania became the site of one of the most decisive battles in the Civil War. Gettysburg was not a capital a keyboard or the location of a fort; it was almost an accident that such serious fighting took place there. the Confederates entered the town looking for supplies and had hoped to avoid fighting in a landscape not known well to lee. least suffered 25000 casualties in the Union lost 23,000. outnumbered Union troops retreated to a section of High Ground called Cemetery Ridge in reinforcements arrive for both sides. on the second day Southern generals tried to drive Union forces from hills name the round top and little round top but Union forces under George Meade held their positions. the next day we ordered an attack designed to create panic and virtually destroy the Union. birthday fire nearly 140 Canyons at the union Lion's Den Gorge Pickett led thousands of Confederate troops in an attack on the Union's position at the cemetery Ridge putting themselves in the direct line of fire the advanced across the land and what you came to be remembered as Pickett's Charge. at first it seemed it might work but in the end half of those who started the attack lay dead or wounded on the ground. Gettysburg under the Confederates help of getting help from Britain and France

the battle of fredericksburg

After Antietam Lee moved his army out of Maryland and to Virginia. this encouraged the newly named Union Commander, General Ambrose Burnside,To March his troops for the Confederate Capital at Richmond. we intercepted the Union Army near Fredericksburg and Lee's forces drug trenches in Hell south of the town which give them the advantage of Higher Ground from which to fight. Union forces attacked but leaves and French troops drove them back with heavy losses. Burnside resigned.

african americans in the civil war

At first to both the North and the South Barred African-Americans But as time passed the north relax its rules.

draft laws

Both the North and South had trouble getting troops to sign up. Confederate Congress passed a draft requiring able-bodied white men ages 18-35 to serve for 3 years. later the requirement included the men from ages 17 to 50. at first the north offered a bounty or sum of money to encourage volunteer. it also passed the draft. men ages 20 to 45 how to register.A man with enough money to pay for substitute. people complained it was a rich man's war and a poor man's fight. people in several Northern cities rioted to protest the draft.

excluded in the south

Even though African-Americans made up more than 30% of the smaller Southern population, Confederate leaders would not allow them to enlist and only considered it in the last days of the war.

supplying the confederacy

Florida became one of the Confederation important suppliers and supplied beef to the Confederate Army. the Confederate cow Calvary drove as many as fifteen thousand head of cattle from South Florida to help feed Rebel troops. Florida's farms and plantations raise cotton pork and vegetables. saltwater plants at Apalachee Bay in St Andrews and other sites along the coast produce much-needed salt because it serves the job of keeping meat from spoiling the day before Refrigeration. the union Control Jacksonville during much of the war Union troops also help some other coastal towns and several forts including Fort Taylor in Key West Fort Pickens in Pensacola and Fort Jefferson and the tri Tortugas.Confederates however controlled Florida's interior, Tallahassee was the only Confederate Capital east of the Mississippi River does it not fall into Union hands during Civil War

siege at petersburg

Grant made steady progress and next arrives at Petersburg a railroad Center vital to the Confederate movement of troops and supplies. if Grant can take Petersburg or Richmond would be cut off from the rest of the Confederacy and with the help of an African American troops Grant laid Siege. the Confederates defended the city but they could not break the unions grip. trains brought food and more troops to the union side.

general grant takes charge

Grant was a brilliant Soldier and led the union to victory at Shiloh and Vicksburg and at another key battle in Chattanooga Tennessee.. President Lincoln put General Grant in charge. Lincoln like that Grant was a man of action and now that he was in charge you wasted little time coming up with a plan to finish the war. you would deliver killing blows from all sides and his armies would move on to Richmond the Confederate capital. at the same time General Sherman with lead attacks across the Deep South. Grant soon put a strategy into action and Grant's Army confronted the smaller force in the series of three small battles near Richmond Virginia. he's worth of battles of the Wilderness Spotsylvania Courthouse and Cold Harbor/ at each battle Confederate lines held at first but Grant quickly renewed the attack.

political and economic change

In the South many people opposed the war because the fighting was costly not just in lives but also in food material and money. everywhere people suffered from shortages. in Richmond a group of mostly women and children gathered peacefully protest but soon started smashing shop windows and stealing food. in the north the Democratic party split down the middle; or Democrats supported the war itself old criticizing Lincoln's handling of it well peace Democrats argued for an immediate end to the fighting and a reunion of the states through negotiation. critics of the peace Democrats called them copperheads who proudly embraced this label. Northerners who opposed the war discourage people from enlisting, like in the south.

the war ends

In the beginning of the war a goal of the Union Army was to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond. Petersburg had been the last roadblock in Grants path and after a 9-month Siege Grant finally drove Lee's army out of that City. Jefferson Davis New Richmond was doomed

the election of 1864

In the north opposition to the word grew stronger and it seems unlikely that Lincoln could win reelection in November. this would mean an end to the war in recognition that the Confederacy was its own independent country. after Union troops captured Atlanta and blocked Mobile Bay however weary Northerners began to believe again that victory was possible and Lincoln won a second term. many interpreted Lincoln's re-election as a clear sign from the voters they wanted the permanent end to slavery. Congress passed the 13th Amendment which banned slavery in the United States.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

enlisted in the north

It first Lincoln resisted call send list African Americans in the Union Army. the Western clear that the north needed more soldiers. many African Americans were eager to fight. they were in a tough position though because many white Union regiments doubted their fighting ability and others resented them. Southern troops especially hated the unions African American soldiers and focus their fiercest fire on African-American regiments. Despite this African Americans joined and by the end of the war they made about 10% of the Union Army.

southern victories

Lee and Stonewall Jackson were a key factor in the Confederate military success in the east .

richmond falls

Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address at the same time Grant was pressing in on Richmond. General Lee realize that the situation was hopeless and so he told president Davis he could no longer defend Richmond.. confederate government led South and Lee's army evacuated the city.

sherman in georgia

Meanwhile Sherman headed for Georgia. he had previously circled Atlanta where they face the brilliant confederate general John Hood who put up major resistance. Sherman laid Siege finally forcing Hood to abandon the city on September 1st. the mood in the white South became desperate as the prospect of defeat became more certain.

greenbacks

Name given to paper money issued by the government

floridians and the war

Neither union leaders nor Confederate leaders regarded Florida as important to their war strategy. Florida had better stick to the United States for only 15 years and was only 140,000 residents it was the smallest of the 11 Confederate States. had little industry and few links with the other states of the Confederacy.

lincoln's address at gettysburg

Officials and citizens gathered to dedicate the soldiers National Cemetery at Gettysburg at the ceremony for former governor of Massachusetts Edward ever delivered a 2-hour speech. after him Lincoln's book for about 2 minutes. reactions were mixed

casualties

People who are killed, wounded, captured, or missing in a war

jail without trial

President Lincoln suspended habeas corpus as a way of dealing with war Opponents in the North. with this act Lincoln's government was able to jail thousands of Northerners without putting them on trial. some of these were likely traders to the union and others did nothing more than use their right of free speech to criticize the government.Davis also suspended habeas corpus.

border states

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

the tide turns

The Confederates have the upper hand and their victory at Chancellor is ruined unions plan to attack Richmond. we was involved then he decided to take the war once more into the north hoping to impress France and Britain. the Confederate strategy with similar to that of the colonies in the Revolutionary War without outnumbered the colonies won the support of France in the war. Now France and Britain mr. Goods especially cotton that southern Planters had one supplied as if Confederates appeared to be winning those Nations might help their cause.

Grant Moves South Toward Richmond

The Wilderness was a densely wooded area about halfway between Washington DC and Richmond Virginia. for 2 days Union and Confederate forces struggled among the tangle of trees through which they could barely see. we only had about 60,000 men will grant had more than a hundred thousand. both sides suffered huge casualties. Grant who lost 17000 men cried in his tent at the end of the second day. meanwhile brush fires Ridge throughout the forest and burned alive 200 wounded man. on the morning of the third day with no clear winner Grant moved his forces South toward Richmond. the next battles took place at nearby Spotsylvania courthouse in that Cold Harbor. induce second the night before his third battle began a union general observes that the men were riding their names and how my dresses on the slips of paper and sending them to the back of their coats to help people identify their body. Grant was determined. Grant lost 50,000 of his own troops and was criticized and called The Butcher. Lincoln however stood by his General.

the 54th massachusetts

The best known African American regiment was the 54th Massachusetts which is under the command of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw came from a Boston abolitionist family. the 54th served on the front lines and Nestle on Fort Wagner and South Carolina. Confederate gun fire cause nearly three hundred casualties in the 54th alone including Colonel Shaw. so the union could not capture the fort the 54th became famous for the courage and sacrifice of this numbers and it would also serve with the distinction of other battles such as the battle olustee in Florida.

the siege of vicksburg

The day that lee retreated from Gettysburg the Confederacy suffered another major blow. the important River City of Vicksburg Mississippi fell under the control of the Union troops led by Grant. grant had first attacked in Vicksburg in April his army surrounded the 30,000 Confederate troops there. and may Grant begin the siege of the Town preventing food and supplies from reaching the Confederate. Union gunships in the river supported Grant 77,000 troops by firing thousands of shells into the city. the siege lasted 47 days there were more than 9,000 Confederate and 10,000 Union casualties. despite heavy losses the soldiers fewer than 20 civilians of Vicksburg were killed in the long Siege. a few days after Vicksburg fell the Confederacy lost Port Hudson and Louisiana its last stronghold on the Mississippi River splitting the South in two. Arkansas Louisiana and Texas were now cut off in the tide of the Civil War turned.

Farragut blockades mobile bay

The highest ranking officer in the union Navy was David Farragut. he whether we of eating ship through a narrow channel and to Mobile Bay in Alabama and his mission was to gain control of the Bay. faced with death resistance he prepared for battle. to make sure he had a good view he crying time to the ship's rigging and had tied himself in place. Confederates had mine to water with torpedoes but he was unwilling to back down. The mission succeeded in blocking the last Southern Port east of the Mississippi

the toll of war

This is the deadliest war in all of American history. the North's Victory save the union and made it clear that the national government was more powerful than the states. it also freed millions of African-Americans. Americans still struggled into an era called reconstruction

sherman's march to the sea

Though the Confederacy fought on but the union was determined to break this South will to continue to fight. Sherman burn much of the city of Atlanta in November. Sherman then had his troops march across Georgia towards the Atlantic burning cities and crops as they went. you continued his March through the Carolinas to join Grand horses near Richmond. Union troops took food tour up railroad lines and Fields and killed livestock. Sherman's march was a part of a strategy called total war. for the African Americans the march to the sea was a march to Freedom.

enlist

To formally join a military force

The Union closes in

Union forces had the South surrounded Union troops could block the Confederate Coast reducing trade goods from getting out and supplies getting in. Union also control the Mississippi River cutting off the Western Confederate States from those in the east. The south seemed ready to fall.

battles in florida

Union forces landed in Jacksonville. they moved into the state center. they Union wanted to cut off for the supplies in the rest of the Confederacy. as 5500 Union Soldiers Marx West confederate general Joseph Finnegan physician 5200 troops at olustee station. the armies fought a furious battle leaving nearly 2,000 Union soldiers in 1000 Confederate dead wounded or captured. did Battle of olustee also known as ocean Pond forced Union troops to retreat to Jacksonville. Confederates also won the Battle of Natural Bridge in southern Lyon County. Union Army and Naval forces landed near st. Mark's lighthouse. be prepared to move Inland to take Saint Marks and then march on Tallahassee. the people were Tallahassee began building fort Houston where men of all ages volunteered to defend the capital. Confederate soldiers turn back the veteran Union forces. the Battle of Natural Bridge is one of the last significant Confederate victories of the war

problems with union leadership

Union leadership in the East disappointed the president. in less than a year of frustrated Lincoln saw three different generals try and failed to leave the union to Victory. the first Major General George McClellan commanded the Union forces at the Battle of Antietam. although he was an expert at preparing for battle he was overly careful. he failed to obey Lincoln's order and follow the retreating confederal federal troops to destroy them. Lincoln punches next Commander General Ambrose Burnside to take aggressive action but quickly lost the president's favor after his crushing loss at Fredericksburg. next to Lincoln appointed General Joseph Hooker who had been critical of other generals. his attitude Matched the presidents, but despite his confidence leaves much smaller Army crushed hookers forces. Major General George Meade took command 3 days before the war at Gettysburg Pennsylvania.

victory at chancellorsville

We met Union forces led by General Joseph Hooker in the Battle of Chancellorsville. lie again so daring and Brilliant command of tactics. although hooker had twice as many manly divided his forces. some Confederate troops confronted the main Union force While others under the leadership of Stonewall Jackson secretly march to a spot at the far end of the Union line. the risky plan worked perfectly and jacksons armies surprised the Union force with a crushing attacks on its flank.Lease truck from the front cooker eventually withdrew from his men when he was caught between the two Confederate forces. Confederate Victory came at a high cost for Jackson was hit by his own forces on accident. surgeons amputated his arm and developed pneumonia. after week he died.

war on land and at sea

While the Union and Confederacy mobilized their armies, the Union navy began operations against the South. In April 1861, President Lincoln announced a blockade of all Confederate ports. The stage was set for fighting on land and at sea.

ironclad

a warship equipped with iron plating for protection

Habeas Corpus

a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.

pay

although many volunteered to serve, soldiers in both the union and confed armies received monthly pay

hardships in the south

although the war affected everyone life in the South changed most dramatically. both armies spent the majority of their time on Southern soil and because fighting took place there the South suffered the most destruction. does the narrative lived in the paths of marching armies lost their crops and Holmes and many became refugees. many areas face shortages of food and everyday supplies.

prisoners of war

each side treated its enemy Soldiers with the mixture of sympathy and hostility. first the two sides exchanged prisoners. after the system broke down over issues such as Confederate treatment of African American prisoners each side set up prison camps. a prisoner typically cut his blanket and a copper canteen and and these possessions were all he had during his imprisonment. food shortages made the suffering worse for volunteers distributed to the wounded but not in prisons/ Anderson prison open in Georgia and it was built to hold 10000 prisoners but by August 33,000 crammed its grounds. men slept in Shallow holes dug in the ground and all they receive to eat each day was a teaspoon of salt 3 tablespoons of beans in 8 oz of cornmeal. they drank from a stream that served as a sewer and a almost 13,000 Union prisoners died there. the union prison and New York was no better for captured soldiers from the south suffer through the winter months without blankets and warm clothes. hospital was in a flooded basement a pond with in the compound served as both a toilet and a garbage dump. almost one-quarter of all prisoners at elmira died

soldiers after battle

for many soldiers battle could be a terrifying experience. for those with wounds are those taken present at the misery was just beginning.

field hospitals

hospitals were set up near battlefields. disease was another medical threat other than wounds and amputated limbs. crowded together and camps and drinking unclean water many soldiers got sick. disease spread quickly and could be deadly.

new roles for women

in both the North and the South woman kept the farms and factories going they ran offices taught school and kept the government records. They also suffered the stress of having the men in their lives away of War and the pain of losing family members. they struggle to keep their families together during trying times thousands of women on both sides served as nurses which was a relatively new idea. Dorothea Dix convinced officials to let women work as nurses and recruited a large numbers of women to serve. Clara Barton became famous for her work with the wounded soldiers. Sally Tompkins established the hospitals for soldiers in Richmond Virginia woman on both sides served as spies such as Rose O'Neal greenhow Who entertains union leaders in Washington. she gathered information about Union plants and passed it to Confederate officials but eventually she was caught and forced to leave the country. Harriet Tubman served as a spy and Scout for the Union and led a mission that freed many enslaved people and disrupted Southern supply lines. women were not allowed to enlist and as many as 400 women disguise themselves as men to serve.

bounty

reward or payment

tributaries

small river or stream that flows into a larger river or stream; a branch of the river

resistance

the refusal to accept or comply with something; the attempt to prevent something by action or argument.

flank

the side or edge of a military formation

entrenched

to place within a trench, or ditch, for defense; to place in a strong defensive position

how did the union get men to enlist?

union recruiters put up posters offering a sign-up bonus, or bounty

changes at home

when the Civil War began many teenagers left home to serve in the military almost everyone who stayed home was touched in some way by the war. only about half of the school-age children attended school because many have to stay home to help their families. Google during the war in some areas especially those near Battle