Chapter 17 and 19 Exam Review

Which of the following statements concerning red blood cells is false? a. Red cells are about 18 µm in diameter b. Red cells are specialized for carrying oxygen c. Red cells lack mitochondria d. Red cells can form stacks called rouleaux e. Red cells are biconcave discs

a. Red cells are about 18 µm in diameter

The total volume of blood in the body of an adult male is approximately ________ liters. a. 5 to 6 b. 10 c. 6 to 8 d. 4 e. 3

a. 5 to 6

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the a. activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen b. release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium c. sticking of platelets to damaged tissue d. release of heparin from the liver e. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

a. activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen

Which plasma protein is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure of plasma? a. albumin b. hormone-binding protein c. steroid-binding protein d. gamma globulin e. fibrinogen

a. albumin

________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. a. Fibrinolysis b. Vascular spasm c. Retraction d. Coagulation e. The platelet phase

d. Coagulation

Describe hemoglobin. (Module 17.5B) a. Hemoglobin is a lysosomal enzyme inside white blood cells that digests pathogens after phagocytosis b. Hemoglobin is a protein inside platelets that when activated makes them sticky c. Hemoglobin is an enzyme inside RBCs that converts carbon dioxide to carbonic acid d. Hemoglobin is a protein inside RBCs that binds oxygen e. Hemoglobin is a protein inside RBCs that helps maintain their flexibility

d. Hemoglobin is a protein inside RBCs that binds oxygen

Fenestrated capillaries: a. prevent the loss of blood cells and plasma proteins b. have a complete endothelial lining c. have gaps between adjacent endothelial cells d. are found in the choroid plexus of the brain and the capillaries of the hypothalamus

d. are found in the choroid plexus of the brain and the capillaries of the hypothalamus

List the five general classes of blood vessels. (Module 19.2A) a. arteries, lymphatic capillaries, blood capillaries, veins, and portal veins b. systemic arteries, pulmonary arteries, systemic veins, pulmonary veins, and capillaries c. lymphatic capillaries, lacteals, portal veins, veins, and arteries d. arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins e. blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries, lacteals, arteries, and veins

d. arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

Which of the following is not a phagocytic cell? a. monocytes b. eosinophil c. neutrophil d. basophil

d. basophil

The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following except a. as a consequence of hemorrhage b. during anemia c. when blood flow to the kidneys is disrupted d. during periods of fasting e. at high altitudes

d. during periods of fasting

Each hemoglobin molecule contains a. one alpha and one beta chain b. four alpha chains c. two heme groups d. four iron ions e. one heme group

d. four iron ions

Compared to arteries, veins a. have internal and external elastic membranes b. are usually round when cut c. have more smooth muscle in their tunica media d. have thinner walls e. have a pleated endothelium

d. have thinner walls

The waste product bilirubin is produced from a. abnormal proteins found in red blood cells b. globin chains of hemoglobin c. heme molecules plus iron d. heme molecules lacking iron e. iron found in hemoglobin molecules

d. heme molecules lacking iron

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the a. lymphocytes b. eosinophils c. basophils d. neutrophils e. monocytes

d. neutrophils

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is a. phosphokinase b. fibrinase c. thrombin d. plasmin e. heparin

d. plasmin

Which of the following is not a component of plasma? a. water b. electrolytes c. fibrinogen d. platelets e. albumin

d. platelets

Which of the following is not a function of blood? a. transport of body heat b. transport of nutrients and wastes c. defense against toxins and pathogens d. produce hormones e. transport of gases

d. produce hormones

Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by a. the kidneys b. megakaryocytes c. the spleen d. the liver e. platelets

d. the liver

Each of the following is a way that blood transports materials around the body except a. carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues b. hormones from endocrine glands to target cells c. stored nutrients from the liver to the tissues d. nutrients from the digestive tract to the body e. wastes from the cells to the kidneys

a. carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues

Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood, and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume. a. 55; 92 b. 45; 55 c. 92; 55 d. 92; 7 e. 50; 50

a. 55; 92

Platelets function in all of the following except a. dissolving a formed clot b. releasing chemicals that stimulate clotting c. initiating the clotting process d. forming temporary clump in injured areas e. contracting after clot formation

a. dissolving a formed clot

White blood cells that are increased in individuals with allergic reactions are the a. eosinophils b. neutrophils c. basophils d. monocytes e. lymphocytes

a. eosinophils

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is a. fibrinogen b. immunoglobulin A c. albumin alpha d. platelets e. transport proteins

a. fibrinogen

Which of the following plasma proteins function in clotting? a. fibrinogen b. globulins c. albumins d. electrolytes

a. fibrinogen

A hematocrit provides information on a. formed elements abundance b. blood type c. plasma composition d. sedimentation rate e. clotting factors

a. formed elements abundance

Which of the following proteins functions to store or transport oxygen? a. hemoglobin b. immunoglobulin c. transferrin d. albumin e. All of the answers are correct

a. hemoglobin

If bile ducts are blocked, which of the following would not occur? a. less hemolysis would occur b. more bilirubin appears in the plasma c. increased jaundice d. bilirubin appears in the skin e. yellow color of the sclera

a. less hemolysis would occur

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called a. megakaryocytes b. myeloblasts c. lymphoblasts d. erythroblasts e. normoblasts

a. megakaryocytes

Which of the following statements about blood is false? a. Normal pH is 6.8 to 7.0 b. It is about 55 percent plasma c. It is more viscous than water d. It contains buffers that control pH e. None of the statements are false; all are true.

a. normal pH is 6.8 to 7.0

When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect a. the release of erythropoietin b. a drop in oxygen levels c. a rise in hematocrit d. All of the answers are correct e. None of the answers is correct

d. all of the answers are correct

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins? a. brain b. heart c. kidney d. liver e. pancreas

d. liver

Erythropoiesis is stimulated when a. both oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines b. oxygen levels in the blood decrease c. blood flow to the kidney declines d. both oxygen levels in the blood increase and blood flow to the kidney declines e. oxygen levels in the blood increase

a. both oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines

Arterioles __________. a. have a poorly defined tunica externa b. collect blood from capillary beds c. are large vessels that transport blood away from the heart d. distribute blood to the body's skeletal muscles and internal organs

a. have a poorly defined tunica externa

Which of the following is not true of basophils? a. increased production during parasitic infections b. granules contain histamine c. promote inflammation d. contain dense blue stained granules in the Wright stain e. constitute about 1 percent of WBCs

a. increased production during parasitic infections

The chief differences between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of a. proteins b. water c. nitrogen wastes d. glucose e. electrolytes

a. proteins

Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is a. recycled to red bone marrow b. excreted by the kidneys c. excreted by the liver d. stored in yellow bone marrow e. excreted by the intestines

a. recycled to red bone marrow

Granulocytes form in a. red bone marrow b. the spleen c. the thymus d. yellow bone marrow e. the intestines

a. red bone marrow

The process of white blood cell production and maturation goes on in all of the following except a. the kidney b. the thymus c. red bone marrow d. the spleen e. the lymph nodes

a. the kidney

Which wall layer is thicker in the artery than in the vein? a. tunica media b. tunica externa c. endothelium d. tunica interna

a. tunica media

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Veins return blood to the capillaries b. Capillaries permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids c. The heart propels blood and helps maintain blood pressure d. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

a. veins return blood to the capillaries

Describe a capillary. (Module 19.2B) a. A capillary is a large blood vessel whose thick wall consists of a thick tunica media with few elastic fibers b. A capillary is a small blood vessel whose thin wall permits exchange between blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion c. A capillary is a medium-sized blood vessel that has a poorly defined tunica externa, and the tunica media has only a few layers of smooth muscle cells d. A capillary is a large blood vessel whose wall is thin but all three layers are present e. A capillary is a large blood vessel whose thick wall consists of a thick tunica media with diffuse elastic fibers

b. A capillary is a small blood vessel whose thin wall permits exchange between blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion

How do basophils respond to tissue damage? (Module 17.9B) a. Basophils enter damaged tissue and become macrophages which engulf pathogens or debris. b. Basophils enter damaged tissue and release a variety of chemicals, including histamine, which promotes inflammation. c. Basophils enter damaged tissue and engulf antibody-labeled materials, release cytotoxic enzymes, and reduce inflammation. d. Basophils provide defense against specific pathogens or toxins by becoming B plasma cells, which produce antibodies. e. Basophils enter damaged tissue first and in high numbers to engulf the pathogens and debris and release cytotoxic enzymes and chemicals that attract other WBCs to the region.

b. Basophils enter damaged tissue and release a variety of chemicals, including histamine, which promotes inflammation.

Describe platelets and their origin. (Module 17.3B) a. Platelets are precursor cells to the myeloid and lymphoid stem cells b. Platelets are cell fragments that develop from megakaryocytes c. Platelets are derived by lymphoid stem cells that divide into lymphocytes and in the process shed some cytoplasmic fragments d. Platelets are the remnants of the reticulocyte organelles during the maturation of a reticulocyte into a red blood cell e. Platelets are immature red blood cells.

b. Platelets are cell fragments that develop from megakaryocytes

The function of hemoglobin is to a. aid in the process of blood clotting b. carry oxygen c. defend against bacterial infection d. produce antibodies e. distribute nutrients

b. carry oxygen

A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to a. recruit neutrophils to an infection b. cause clot dissolution to proceed faster c. initiate clot formation d. mimic erythropoietin e. cause clots to form faster

b. cause clot dissolution to proceed faster

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the a, release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium b. conversion of Factor X to prothrombin activator c. sticking of platelets to damaged tissue d. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin e. activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen

b. conversion of Factor X to prothrombin activator

The process of fibrinolysis a. forms thrombi b. dissolves clots c. draws torn edges of damaged tissue closer together d. forms emboli e. activates fibrinogen

b. dissolves clots

The layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the a. tunica intima b. external elastic membrane c. tunica media d. internal elastic membrane e. tunica externa

b. external elastic membrane

The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from all of the following except a. blockage of bile ducts b. hematuria c. extensive breakdown of RBCs d. destruction of hemoglobin e. excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma

b. hematuria

Which specific plasma proteins would you expect to be elevated during an infection? (Module 17.2C) a. fibrinogen b. immunoglobulins c. thrombin d. albumins e. transport globulins

b. immuniglobulins

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the a. platelets b. immunoglobulins c. fibrinogens d. transport proteins e. albumins

b. immunoglobulins

All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are a. round cells with lobed nuclei b. important in coagulation c. granular leukocytes d. phagocytic e. active in fighting bacterial infections

b. important in coagulation

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of a. calcium b. iron c. magnesium d. copper e. sodium

b. iron

All the circulating red blood cells originate in the a. lymph tissue b. red bone marrow c. spleen d. heart e. thymus

b. red bone marrow

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the a. release of heparin from the liver b. release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium c. sticking of platelets to damaged tissue d. activation of Factor VII exposed to collagen e. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

b. release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium

Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel? a. internal elastic membrane b. tunica intima c. tunica media d. tunica externa e. external elastic membrane

b. tunica intima

The combination of plasma and formed elements is called a. serum b. whole blood c. extracellular fluid d. lymph e. packed blood

b. whole blood

Below are some of the factors involved in the extrinsic clotting pathway. 1. calcium 2. tissue factor (III) 3. prothrombin 4. factor X 5. fibrin 6. clotting factor VII What answer corresponds to the correct order in which they occur from the time of tissue damage to the formation of a blood clot? a. 1, 5, 3, 2, 4, 6 b. 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, 3 c. 2, 1, 6, 4, 3, 5 d. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 e. 5, 3, 6, 4, 1, 2

c. 2, 1, 6, 4, 3, 5

Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood? a. 78 percent b. 20 percent c. 45 percent d. 55 percent e. 60 percent

c. 45 percents

________ transport(s) oxygen and CO2 in the RBCs. a. Components of the cytoskeleton b. DNA c. Hemoglobin molecules d. Mitochondria e. Ribosomes

c. Hemoglobin molecules

Which is true regarding heme? a. Each heme unit holds an iron ion in such a way that the iron can interact with a hydrogen molecule b. Heme is a complex of protein pigments c. The binding of an oxygen molecule to the iron in a heme unit is completely reversible d. Like myoglobin, each Hb chain contains four molecules of heme

c. The binding of an oxygen molecule to the iron in a heme unit is completely reversible

Which is a characteristic of continuous capillaries? a. They permit the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins b. They are located along absorptive areas of the intestinal tract and at filtration sites in the kidneys c. They permit the diffusion of water, small solutes, and lipid-soluble materials into the surrounding interstitial fluid but prevent the loss of blood cells and plasma proteins d. They do not allow exchange to occur between blood and interstitial fluid

c. They permit the diffusion of water, small solutes, and lipid-soluble materials into the surrounding interstitial fluid but prevent the loss of blood cells and plasma proteins

Monocytes are classified as: a. granulocytes, which enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation. b. granulocytes, which are phagocytic and engulf pathogens or debris in injured or infected tissues. c. agranular leukocytes, which are very large cells with kidney bean-shaped nuclei and abundant cytoplasm. d. agranular leukocytes, which are generally round cells with round nuclei and very little cytoplasm.

c. agranular leukocytes, which are very large cells with kidney bean-shaped nuclei and abundant cytoplasm.

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are a. transport proteins b. globulins c. albumins d. fibrinogens e. lipoproteins

c. albumins

Elastic fibers in the walls of which vessels are stretched as the heart beats? a. venules b. capillaries c. arteries d. arterioles e. veins

c. arteries

Which of these descriptions best matches the term lymphocytes? a. become macrophages b. release histamine c. defend against specific pathogens or toxins d. often elevated in allergic individuals e. kill bacteria using cytotoxic chemicals

c. defend against specific pathogens or toxins

The process of red blood cell production is called a. hematopenia b. erythrocytosis c. erythropoiesis d. erythropenia e. hemocytosis

c. erythropoiesis

An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result in a. increased sensitivity to vitamin K b. renal anemia c. increased erythropoiesis d. decreased iron absorption e. decreased erythropoiesis

c. increased erythropoiesis

Erythropoietin: a. stimulates hypoxia b. is a colony-stimulating factor c. is released into the plasma when peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to low oxygen concentrations d. is the stem cell that gives rise to red blood cells.

c. is released into the plasma when peripheral tissues, especially the kidneys, are exposed to low oxygen concentrations

Which of the following plays a major role in the body's defense mechanisms? a. hematocrits b. platelets c. leukocytes d. erythrocytes

c. leukocytes

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of a. thrombocytes b. eosinophils c. neutrophils d. basophils e. reticulocytes

c. neutrophils

Identify the five types of white blood cells. (Module 17.9A) a. astrocytes, microglial cells, Kuppfer cells, lymphocytes, and ependymal cells b. plasma cells, memory B cells, memory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells c. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes d. monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes e. mast cells, dendritic cells, erythrocytes, platelets, and basophils

c. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term eosinophils? a. become macrophages b. defend against specific pathogens or toxins and produce antibodies in response to antigens c. often elevated in allergic individual d. skill bacteria using cytotoxic chemicals e. release histamine

c. often elevated in allergic individual

In a capillary bed, the bands of smooth muscle at the entrance to each capillary is called a(n) __________. a. thoroughfare channel b. collaterals c. precapillary sphincter d. ateriovenous anastomosis

c. precapillary sphincter

The normal pH of blood is a. neutral b. extremely acidic c. slightly alkaline d. slightly acidic e. extremely alkaline

c. slightly alkaline

The layer of the arteriole wall that can contains smooth muscle and can produce vasoconstriction is the a. tunica intima b. tunica mater c. tunica media d. tunica adventitia e. tunica externa

c. tunica media

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue? a. tunica intima b. external elastic membrane c. tunica media d. internal elastic membrane e. tunica externa

c. tunica media

Which of the following is characteristic of a typical artery? a. smooth endothelium b. usually flattened, or collapsed, general appearance in sectional view c. absent internal elastic membrane of tunica intima d. thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

d. thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the a. tunica interna b. tunica externa c. tunica intima d. tunica media e. tunica adventitia

d. tunica media

Compare the types of cells that lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells produce. (Module 17.3C) a. Lymphoid stem cells give rise to all of the white blood cells and platelets. Myeloid stem cells give rise to the red blood cells b. Lymphoid stem cells give rise to all of the white blood cells. Myeloid stem cells give rise to the red blood cells and platelets c. Lymphoid stem cells give rise to all the formed elements except lymphocytes. Myeloid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes d. Lymphoid stem cells give rise to the white blood cells and the red blood cells. Myeloid stem cells give rise to the platelets e. Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes. Myeloid stem cells give rise to all the formed elements except lymphocytes.

e. Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes. Myeloid stem cells give rise to all the formed elements except lymphocytes.

Which of the following is false concerning monocytes? a. are long-lived b. become macrophages c. enter tissues and wander d. can phagocytize bacteria e. about same size as basophils

e. about same size as basophils

Which of these is not one of the formed elements of blood? a. platelets b. basophils c. lymphocytes d. RBCs e. antibodies

e. antibodies

White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are a. eosinophils b. lymphocytes c. monocytes d. neutrophils e. basophils

e. basophils

The function of red blood cells is to a. carry oxygen from the body's cells to the lungs b. carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells c. carry carbon dioxide from the lungs to the body's cells d. defend the body against infectious organisms e. carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells.

e. carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells.

Red cell production is stimulated by a kidney-derived hormone called a. estrogen b. fibrin c. renin d. colony-stimulating factor e. erythropoietin (EPO)

e. erythropoietin (EPO)

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone ________ which is mostly produced in the ________. a. renin; kidneys b. erythropoietin; liver c. thymosin; thymus d. angiotensin; lungs e. erythropoietin; kidneys

e. erythropoietin; kidneys

Tissue factor (Factor III) is a factor in the ________ pathway. a. intrinsic b. common c. retraction d. fibrinolytic e. extrinsic

e. extrinsic

Identify the components of the cardiovascular system. (Module 17.1A) a. heart and blood b. heart and blood vessels c. blood vessels and lymphatic vessels d. blood and blood vessels e. heart, blood, and blood vessels

e. heart, blood, and blood vessels

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the a. viscosity b. specific gravity c. differential cell count d. packed volume e. hematocrit

e. hematocrit

More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is a. immunoglobulin b. albumin c. porphyrin d. fibrinogen e. hemoglobin

e. hemoglobin

Which of the following is false concerning neutrophils? a. produced in the bone marrow b. can exit capillaries c. can make cytotoxic chemicals d. can destroy bacteria e. less abundant than lymphocytes

e. less abundant than lymphocytes

All of the following are components of the cardiovascular system except a. arteries b. blood c. capillaries d. heart e. lymph vessels

e. lymph vessels

________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells. a. Eosinophils b. Lymphocytes c. Neutrophils d. Basophils e. Monocytes

e. monocytes

In adults, erythropoiesis exclusively takes place in a. the liver b. the spleen c. lymphoid tissue d. yellow bone marrow e. red bone marrow

e. red bone marrow

In adults, the only site of red blood cell production and the primary site of white blood cell formation is a. yellow bone marrow b. the spleen c. the thymus d. the liver e. red bone marrow

e. red bone marrow

When blood is fractionated, its components are ________ for the purpose of analysis. a. lysed b. marked c. returned to the body d. combined e. separated

e. separated

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by a. prothrombin activator b. plasmin c. fibrinogen-converting enzyme d. factor VIII e. thrombin

e. thrombin

Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers? a. tunica intima b. external elastic membrane c. tunica media d. internal elastic membrane e. tunica externa

e. tunica externa

Each of the following is a characteristic of whole blood except a. deep red color b. the ability to neutralize acids c. the ability to absorb heat from active skeletal muscles d. a built-in system for clotting e. viscosity about the same as water

e. viscosity about the same as water

The most abundant component of plasma is a. gases b. proteins c. ions d. nutrients e. water

e. water