Chapter 17, ch 15 history, history ch 12 questions, Chapter 18, Chapter 16, ch 14 history, ch 13 history, Chapter 10, Chapter 11

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Tenochtitlán was probably among the _______ largest of the world's cities in the fifteenth century.

The largest Maya kingdoms grew to 50,000-60,000 inhabitants and reached astounding rural population densities of about ___________ persons per square mile.

1000

Khubilai Khan proclaimed the Yuan dynasty in __________.

1280

An embassy of 30 people traveled to Italy around _________, and their king was identified with the mythical Prester John, a great Christian ruler in 'the east' who would help recover the Holy Land.

1300 CE

By around ___________ Christianity in Nubia had largely given way to Islam.

1450

The Tang capital of Chang'an grew into perhaps the largest city in the world, containing as many as __________ inhabitants.

2 million

In many places, the ____________-mile Incan road network still exists today.

25,000

The problems of using Chinese characters for the Japanese Man'yoshu led to the kana syllabary, a system of ________ symbols that form the building blocks of Japanese words.

During the period ____________, Nubia was a Christian kingdom along the middle Nile in the Sahara and sub-Saharan steppe.

600-1250

The earliest evidence for the existence of permanent agricultural and fishing settlements around Lake Upemba in central Africa points to the period around____________.

800 CE

The most prominent of the small Maya states, Chichén Itzá in the northern lowlands, flourished from about ____________.

850 to 1000

Dinh Bo Linh, the first emperor of Vietnam, solidified his control of the region in __________ and the next dynasty modeled its institutions on those of Song China.

968 CE

"Auto-da-fé" means "act of faith" in the ___________ language. a. Portuguese. b. Spanish. c. Italian. d. Latin.

A member of the _________ family of rulers, Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia enlarged his army and pursued an aggressive foreign policy. a. Hohenzollern. b. Habsburg. c. Stuart. d. Bourbon.

A standoff between the Parliament and King _________ of England (and Scotland) led to civil war and the king's execution in 1649. a. Charles I. b. James II. c. Henry VIII. d. Charles II.

All of the following are true of Incan military organization EXCEPT: a. Armies ranged in size from about 10,000 men to about 25,000 men. b. All young, able-bodied men were expected to serve. c. Married men 25-30 years old were foot soldiers, often accompanied by their wives and children. d. Unmarried men age 18-25 years of age were used as porters or messengers.

All of the following are true of the state of Wari EXCEPT: a. It seems to have had less control over elites than most other empires in the Americas. b. It was centered on the Ayacucho Valley in the highlands of northern Peru. c. The valley's relatively low elevation (about 8000 feet as opposed to an Andean average of about 13,000 feet) allowed for the cultivation of potatoes, cotton, and corn. d. The state employed architects for the construction of new towns.

All of the following is true of communications in the Inca empire EXCEPT: a. The rugged, mountainous terrain prevented the construction of roads of the same quality as those in the Aztec empire. b. The Incas systematically improved road networks that had been built by their predecessors, particularly the Tiwanaku and Wari. c. The transportation system sometimes relied on suspension bridges and rafts. d. The roads measured from three to twelve feet in width, often requiring extensive grounding, paving, and tunneling.

All of the following were the result of the Peace of Westphalia EXCEPT: a. The Protestants gained considerable territory in northern Germany. b. The southern side of the Baltic Sea was ceded to Sweden. c. Territory in Alsace was ceded to France. d. It failed to end the war between France and Spain.

All of the problems below began disturbing Roman Catholic laypeople and some clergy from the later 15th century onward, EXCEPT: a. The Church's high taxation of peasants. b. The entanglement of upper clergy and the papacy with the centralizing rulers. c. The ambitious and opulent artistic programs undertaken by popes and cardinals. d. The use of the sale of indulgences to raise money.

Among the many Native American allies who aided Cortés in the conquest of the Aztec Empire were the _________, sworn enemies of the Aztecs. a. Tlaxcalans b. Toltecs c. Tarascans d. Yucatecs

Because _________ universities and scientific academies refused to admit women, in contrast to their counterparts in other countries, the salon became a bastion of well-placed and respected female scholars. a. French. b. German. c. Italian. d. Spanish.

Beginning in the mid-sixteenth century, easy looting for gold and silver was replaced by a search for the mines from where these precious metals came, including all but one of the following regions: a. Paraguay b. Mexico c. Chile d. Bolivia

Both the Habsburgs and the Ottomans renewed the traditional Islamic-Christian imperialism which had characterized the period of 600-950 and which had given way to the Muslim and Christian commonwealths of _________. a. 950-1450 b. 950-1500 c. 950-1700 d. 950-1800

By declaring that "Paris is well worth a Mass", Henry IV meant that: a. He would convert to Catholicism in order to hold France together. b. The multitude of dead bodies from the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre would have to be avenged before the Wars of Religion could end. c. The entirety of Paris was worth only an hour of his time. d. He would amass a fortune by building a palace at Versailles and charging admission.

By means of land-labor grants called __________, Spanish entrepreneurs were entitled to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit natural resources in the New World. a. Encomiendas. b. Haciendas. c. Cabildos. d. Criollos.

Colonial cities and Jesuits in Portuguese Brazil repeatedly clashed over the slave raids of the _________, or "pioneers/slave traders," in village territories. a. bandeirantes b. entradas c. mocambos d. quilombos

Copernicus began his studies at the University of __________, the only eastern European school to offer courses in astronomy. a. Kraków. b. Warsaw. c. Wittenberg. d. Prague.

Descartes concluded that a person, including himself, was composed of two radically different substances, a material substance that can be understood with the senses and another that consisted of: a. The thinking mind. b. The eternal soul. c. The social contract between mind and body. d. The biological instincts of animal nature.

From Quebec, the French embarked on an exploratory and fur-trading mission south into the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi valley and the Mississippi delta, claiming these lands as part of their Canada-Mississippi- _________ territory. a. Louisiana b. Georgia c. Carolina d. Alabama

Having laid waste to Cuzco, Pizarro founded a new Andean capital at __________ in 1535. a. Lima. b. Santiago de Chile. c. São Paulo. d. Cartagena.

Important weapons in the Aztec arsenal included: a. Bows and arrows, three-foot obsidian-spiked broadswords, thrusting spears, dart throwers, and slings. b. Clubs, maces, axes, and four-foot obsidian-spiked broadswords. c. Slingshots, clubs, rapiers, and dart throwers. d. Four-foot obsidian-spiked rapiers, broadswords, darts, and slings.

In 1498, _________reached India by way of Africa, becoming the first European to sail directly from Europe to India. a. Vasco Da Gama b. Ferdinand Magellan c. Christopher Columbus d. Bartolomeu Dias

In an effort to deal a definitive blow to the Ottoman naval threat, the Holy Christian League was formed consisting of _________. a. Spain, the Pope, Venice and Genoa b. Spain, the Pope, Venice and Portugal c. Spain, the Pope, Venice and England d. Spain, the Pope, Genoa and Portugal

In the formulation of his "law of falling bodies", Galileo systematically combined imagination with empirical research and ___________. a. Experimentation. b. Biblical authority. c. Newspaper articles. d. Royal Society funding.

Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over the ____________ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior. a. Slave raids. b. Tax evasion. c. Scientific discoveries. d. Silver mining.

Since the Portuguese had pioneered a direct route from Europe to India via Africa, the _________became another front of confrontation between Christians and Muslims in the race to gain dominance over the lucrative spice trade. a. Indian Ocean b. Atlantic Ocean c. South China Sea d. English Channel

The Aztec foundation myth has all of the following elements EXCEPT: a. Their hunter/warrior patron god ordered them to show their gratitude by the sacrifice of virgin maidens at the beginning of each lunar cycle. b. The first Aztec was one of seven brothers born on an island or in a mountain cave. c. Their putative ancestors left their mythical homeland as foragers dressed in skins, lacking agriculture and urban civilization. d. The patron god Huitzilpochtli guided them to a land of plenty, signaling their arrival by an eagle perched on a cactus.

The English and French colonies of North America, lacking a sustainable native industry at first, moved further south in order to develop an agricultural base following the plantation system for growing _________, thus joining the Spanish and Portuguese exploitation of America's sub-tropical agricultural resources. a. indigo and rice b. potatoes c. oranges d. wheat

The Spaniards would not take full control of the Inca Empire until________. a. 1572 b. 1535 c. 1600 d. 1550

The Spaniards' primary justification for their conquest of the New World was: a. Christ's command to covert the heathen populations in the newly discovered lands b. the search for mineral wealth c. territorial expansion d. scientific exploration

The _________ Sarayi or "Palace of the Gun Gate," begun in 1459, incorporated a royal residence, an imperial administrative school for the training of bureaucrats, barracks for the troops of Janissaries, an armory and a hospital, and it became an object of both fear and fascination for the Sultan's subjects. a. Topkapï b. Aynalikavak c. Dolmabahçe d. Maslak

The alliance between the Ottomans and the __________ horrified western Europe in 1534 because it indicated that the Ottoman Empire was a player in European politics. a. French. b. Habsburgs. c. Papal States. d. English.

The following is the correct chronological order: a. End of Teotihuacán; Late Maya kingdoms in Yucatán Peninsula; Chichén Itzá; Inca Empire. b. Chichén Itzá; End of Teotihuacán; Inca Empire; Late Maya kingdoms in Yucatán Peninsula. c. Inca Empire; Late Maya kingdoms in the Yucatán Peninsula; End of Teotihuacán; Chichén Itzá. d. Late Maya kingdoms in Yucatán Peninsula; Chichén Itzá; End of Teotihuacán; Inca Empire

The framing device of Cervantes' Don Quixote, the figure of Cide Hamete Benengeli who chronicles the novel's 74 episodes, suggests that: a. The narrator may be lying, since he is a perfidious Muslim. b. As Don Quixote's wife, she has a reason to exaggerate his chivalrous behavior. c. The giants Don Quixote claimed to see while tilting at windmills were, like Cide, real. d. Sancho Panza may have been a double for this figure and the real narrator.

The incursion of ______ into Ottoman territory bought time for the Byzantine emperors in the early fifteenth century. a. Timur the Great. b. Mehmet II. c. Ivan the Terrible. d. The Yongle Emperor of China.

The large trade network in which the Toltecs participated can be characterized by the following: a. It was based on the exchange of goods, such as gemstones, obsidian, cacao, vanilla, and bird feathers. b. It led to the diffusion of silk weaving techniques. c. It facilitated the transmission of agricultural techniques, for instance, the cultivation of rice producing two or more crops per year. d. It was based on the use of military might to protect merchants and to force other societies to enter into formal trading agreements with the Toltec.

The majority of the Jewish population in Granada was forced to emigrate in __________. a. 1492. b. 1517. c. 1481. d. 1497.

The most original contribution of Sinan to Ottoman architecture was: a. To adapt the dome-over-a-square concept from Roman designs. b. To use stained glass and flying buttresses to distribute weight. c. To incorporate pre-Islamic pyramids, in defiance of the strictures of Islamic law. d. To use up to eight slender pillars as hidden internal supports of the dome.

The purpose of the Spanish Inquisition, as appointed by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1481, was to: a. Ferret out any people whose beliefs were contrary to Church teachings. b. Convert the Portuguese to Catholic belief. c. Counteract a reappearance of bubonic plague in the Iberian Peninsula. d. Convert the Taíno people that Columbus had discovered in the New World.

The sale of these colonial offices ultimately led to all but one of the following: a. a reduction in the military cost of protecting Spain's New World possessions b. a decline in the competence level of office holders c. the emergence of a Creole elite able to bend the Spanish administration increasingly to its will d. the decentralization of the decision-making processes

Their conquest of the Balkans made the Ottomans the owners of the largest precious metal production centers prior to the Spanish Habsburg acquisition of the _________mines in the mid-1500s. a. Mexican and Andean b. Andean and Filipino c. Andean and Caribbean d. Mexican and Caribbean

To support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government ___________ the development of agricultural estates (haciendas). a. Encouraged. b. Suppressed. c. Heavily taxed. d. Dismissed as impractical.

Under Süleyman "the Magnificent" most of the Janissaries were stationed in barracks in and near the _____________. a. Topkapı Palace. b. Austrian border. c. Hagia Sophia. d. Shehzade Mosque.

Under difficult conditions during the Thirty Years' War, Maria Cunitz wrote a treatise on ___________ that corrected the calculations of previous scholars but, given its controversial nature, had to be published privately. a. Astronomy. b. The vacuum. c. Biology. d. The Latin New Testament.

Unlike his counterparts like Isabella and Ferdinand, the Ottoman sultan: a. Could prevent noble sons from inheriting lands from their fathers. b. Was forced to provide a detailed account of his expenditure to a parliament of nobles. c. Found a decentralized monarchy the most efficient—and safest—form of government. d. Found his finances were precarious, even though he squeezed colonial holdings for revenue.

The Great Enclosure of the Zimbabwe may have been all of the following

A 36-feet-high circular wall. Plastered or painted on the inside. Densely packed with houses.

The Harshacarita is:

A biography of Harsha Vardhana by the poet Bana

All of the following Chinese cultural influences could be found in the kingdom of Koguryo by the fifth century CE

A bureaucracy determined by examinations. A land tax and conscription system. Confucian ethical and political thought.

Sikhism could be described in all of the following ways

A faith that emphasized a direct emotional experience with the divine. An attempt to combine elements of Hinduism and Islam. A faith that was persecuted by both Hindus and Muslims.

The threat of ripping an enemy's heart out on top of the Tenochtitlán pyramid was:

A fear-inducing tactic that was an innovation in Aztec imperialism

Pulque was:

A fermented drink made from the pulp of the maguey plant

Gunpowder was originally used as:

A medicine for skin irritations

The Zagwe kingdom was synonymous with "Ethiopia" or___________.

Abyssinia

To its neighbors, the Zagwe kingdom was 'Ethiopia' or '_________', names rooted in the Hebrew and Christian Bibles.

Abyssinia

When Buddhism became the state religion of Yamato in 594, followers of Shinto _________

Accommodated Buddhist principles into a fused religious tradition

Neo-Confucianism holds that one cannot sit passively and wait for enlightenment, as the Buddhists do, but must __________.

Actively 'seek truth through facts.'

In regard to the military uses of gunpowder, the Mongols:

Adapted the Song's use of gunpowder weapons to their own use

Employing ________, researchers have revealed a huge area in the Purus region of the Amazon rainforest that was home to perhaps 60,000 inhabitants in the thirteenth century.

Aerial photography

The Korean language may be distantly related to the __________ family of languages, which include Turkish, Mongolian, and Manchu.

Altaic

Problems arising during the Heian period in Japan include all of the following

Although supported by the elite, rapid social change was unwelcome to peasants, artisans, and merchants. The bureaucracy weakened as the rural uji began reasserting power. Revenues dropped to dangerous levels as much of the land, such as elite clan estates and Buddhist monasteries, became tax exempt.

Later Muslim historians reinterpreted the pact made after a battle between Nubians and Arabs in 652 as:

An admission of Nubian submission to Islamic hegemony

Potable water was made available in Tenochtitlán by means of:

An aqueduct that arrived on one of the western causeways

The Christian hierarchy in Nubia was:

Appointed by and responsible to the patriarch in Alexandria

Tang efforts to control military outposts along the Silk Road brought the empire into conflict with ______________by the early eighth century.

Arab expansion

In the eighth century, Tang armies experienced a series of defeats at the hands of all of the following

Arabs. Tibetans. Koreans.

According to the official foundation narrative, the kings of Aksum were not only the descendants of the Queen of Sheba and the Israelite King Solomon but also the heirs to the Israelite __________________.

Ark of the Covenant

All of the following are true of Japan

As an island nation, its relative isolation—like that of Great Britain - led to a much greater sense of security. It consists of many islands, with the main four islands varying greatly in climatic conditions. The rugged landscape of Japan has supported development of politically isolated, culturally united communities.

It is possible that imperial propaganda machines in the Aztec and Inca Empires, similar to those of the __________ and Mongols in Eurasia, attempted to intimidate their enemies through tales of brutal treatment.

Assyrians

If a promising young man attained the rank of shengyuan, he was enabled to __________ and to draw a small stipend.

Attend a government-sponsored academy

"Intendants" were: a. Judges sent by the French crown to assure that provincial courts were operating in the best interest of the peasants. b. Representatives of the French crown who kept an eye on provincial office holders. c. Members of the French nobility who attended the King and his Queen at Court. d. Judiciary members who served as provincial judges.

After its fall to the Ottomans, Constantinople became known as _________. a. Byzantium b. Istanbul c. Izmir d. Bodrum

After the sack of Rome in 1527, Leo Africanus (otherwise known as Al-Hasan Ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan): a. Was executed by the forces of Charles V. b. Disappeared from Rome, and presumably returned to North Africa. c. Compiled an Arabic-Hebrew-Latin dictionary for the new Pope Julius II. d. Served as translator for a Christian Crusader army in the Holy Land.

All of the following are true of Galileo Galilei, EXCEPT: a. He was able to bring geometry, algebra, and Archimedean physics together. b. Using mathematics, he was able to prove that Archimedes was wrong in his theory of falling bodies. c. A first-rate astronomer, he was one of the first to use a telescope. d. He was condemned to house arrest and (at least publicly) repudiated heliocentrism.

All of the following is true of the period called "The Renaissance," EXCEPT: a. There was wide dissemination of translations of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman intellectuals whose work had not been previously known in Western Europe. b. Byzantine, or Eastern Orthodox, Christianity became more influential in Western Europe, weakening the Roman papacy and leaving it vulnerable to Protestant incursions. c. The European intellectuals and artists of the period saw themselves as having broken away from the scholasticism of the Middle Ages. d. Renaissance artists were strongly influenced by Greek and Hellenistic-Roman culture.

All of the following is true of the technology used in developing scientific instruments EXCEPT: a. It produced improvements in such instruments as telescopes, microscopes, thermometers and barometers, all of which had practical applications. b. It established a hierarchy of production, with engineers at the top and theoretical scientists a bit below. c. It inspired an exchange of knowledge between engineers and scientists. d. It inspired craftsmanship and experimentation that ultimately led to such innovations as the steam engine.

All of the following persons and/or institutions determinedly worked to popularize science EXCEPT: a. The Royal Society of London and the Paris Academy of Sciences. b. Protestant churches and Sunday schools. c. Textbook authors and itinerant lecturers. d. Coffeehouses and salons.

All told, some _________moriscos would be expelled from Spain during the next five years. a. 1,000,000 b. 300,000 c. 50,000 d. 100,000

Among the English colonists in North America, the first to demand participation in the colonial administration were _________. a. New England lumber dealers b. Virginia tobacco growers c. Georgia cotton growers d. Pennsylvania wheat growers

An early indicator of the significance of the money economy in the Ottoman Empire was the military institution of the _________, troops of conscripted Christian boys who received salaries from the central treasury. a. Sipahis b. Janissaries c. Timariots d. Akinci

As colonial Brazil grew, the Portuguese created a council in Lisbon to deal with all New World appointments and established a high court for all judicial affairs in the city of _________ in northern Brazil. a. Rio b. Bahia c. Ouro Preto d. Olinda

As part of the complex hierarchical administrative system established by the Spaniards in the New World, the municipal councils, or _________, were set up in towns and cities to serve as elective bodies under the supervision of appointed inspectors. a. aduanas b. cabildos c. repartimientos d. audiencias

At about the same time, _________, a relative of Cortés, conceived of a plan to conquer the Andean empire of the Incas after hearing rumors about an empire of gold and silver to the south. a. Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca b. Francisco Pizarro c. Pedro de Valdivia d. Juan Ponce de León

Between _________, it is estimated that Spanish America produced 150,000 tons of silver (including gold converted into silver weight), corresponding roughly to 85% of the world production and underlying the extraordinary role of American silver in the money economies of Spain, Europe, the Middle East and Asia, especially China. a. 1492-1500 b. 1550-1750 c. 1500-1550 d. 1550-1650

By the late 13th and early 14th centuries, native shipwrights and their teachers from Genoa teamed up in the port of _____________ to develop new ships suited to the stormy Atlantic. a. Venice. b. Lisbon. c. Constantinople. d. Dublin.

Christopher Columbus hoped to reach ______(and subsequently Jerusalem) by sailing westward across the Atlantic. a. China b. India c. South America d. The Cape of Good Hope

Colonial Brazil did not offer higher education prior to 1800, which is why the earliest universities in colonial Latin America were all in Spanish America. Among these, the oldest were those of Santo Domingo, Mexico City and _________. a. Córdoba, Argentina b. Lima c. Bogotá d. Quito

Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor, _________ after Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. a. Was welcomed into Florence, where he led a group of Greek scholars. b. Died in the general massacre and pillaging. c. Married the daughter of Mehmet II and became an advisor to the sultan. d. Converted to Islam.

Despite his appearance in the city in 1536, it was well into the 1550s before John Calvin's form of Protestantism prevailed in __________. a. Vassy. b. Geneva. c. Paris. d. Edinburgh.

Despite the appearance of his beaming benevolence at Versailles, the "absolutist" rule of ____________ was a complex mixture of centralized and decentralized forces. a. Peter I "the Great." b. Louis XIV. c. Henry IV. d. Ferdinand II.

During the Reconquista, Iberian Christians sought to rid the peninsula of: a. French rule b. Muslim rule c. Roman rule d. Carthaginian rule

Fought in the Eastern Mediterranean in 1571, the Battle of _________ was the first major sea battle in world history to be decided by firepower. a. Trafalgar. b. Lepanto. c. Ragusa. d. Tripoli.

From the middle of the seventeenth century, the pueblos de indios were fully functional, self-administering units, with councils (________), churches, schools, communal lands, and family parcels. a. Zacatecas. b. Cabildos. c. Criollos. d. Pampas.

Governmental auction of the taxes in kind of a particular district to the highest bidder was known as _________. a. tithe b. tax-farming c. timar d. defter

Humanism was an intellectual movement focused on human culture, in such fields as philosophy, philology, and literature, and based on the corpus of ___________ texts. a. Arabic and Latin. b. Greek and Roman. c. Catholic and Orthodox. d. Byzantine and Ottoman.

In 1498, the king of Portugal sent Vasco da Gama on a voyage to __________. a. South Africa. b. India. c. China. d. Mecca.

In a flurry of pamphlets between 1648 and 1650, Gerrard Winstanley argued that the Diggers were: a. Determined to "dig up" King Charles In a flurry of pamphlets between 1648 and 1650, Gerrard Winstanley argued that the Diggers were: a. Determined to "dig up" King Charles I and seek to murder his executioners. b. Merely cultivating public land, which was "the treasure of all people." c. Providing a "digest" of English common law that could be applicable in the Commonwealth. d. Going to the roots of their Catholic identity by eradicating all elements of Protestantism.

In his preface, Cervantes claimed he had written Don Quixote of La Mancha to "ridicule the absurdity" of notions of ___________. a. Religion. b. Chivalry. c. Misogyny. d. Windmill farming.

In the early seventeenth century, the French, English and Dutch started occupying smaller unclaimed Caribbean islands which they then used to launch raids on Spanish colonies in order to disrupt Spain's monopoly on shipping between Europe and its Caribbean possessions, eventually taking some of these Spanish outposts. Most notable among these conquered Spanish outposts was Jamaica, taken by the English, and _________, taken by the French. a. Cuba b. Western Hispaniola c. Puerto Rico d. The Bahamas

Isaac Newton's ___________Principles of Natural Philosophy, published in 1687, was the towering achievement of the New Sciences. a. Cartesian. b. Mathematical. c. Unassailable. d. Selected.

Louis XIV sent salaried, itinerant intendants around the provinces to: a. Measure the rebellious "intentions" of his restive nobles. b. Ensure that governmental activities functioned properly. c. Spy on priests who seemed dangerously attracted to Protestantism. d. "Intensify" loyalty and devotion to the son and heir of the "Sun King."

Luther and Calvin disagreed on all of the following theological matters except: a. Whether moral codes should be enforced, as proof of a believer's "predestination." b. Whether violence should be used against those who rebel against Biblical authority. c. Whether money should be loaned at interest. d. Whether religion should be organized under official state churches or as independent congregations.

Mehmet II besieged and conquered Constantinople within ________ in 1453. a. One year. b. Two months. c. Six months. d. One week.

The Aztec and Inca empires which developed in the early fifteenth century were different from the earlier expanding states in that: a. Previous expansionistic states had to maintain much larger armies to control the surrounding states. b. The Aztec and Incan empires were states with capitals and ceremonial centers, and vastly larger tributary hinterlands. c. The Aztecs and Incas imposed their language and religions on the conquered states, creating a more homogeneous population than seen before. d. The empires of the Americas developed patterns vastly different from any appearing in Eurasia.

The Baroque artistic aesthetic could best be described as: a. Restrained and balanced. b. Voluptuous and dramatic. c. Calvinist and austere. d. Imitative and classical.

The English Civil War (1642-1651) resulted in: a. The separation of church and state in England. b. A short-lived theocracy. c. The restoration of the Plantagenet dynasty. d. Permanent fiscal power vested in Parliament.

The Ottomans benefited from the trade of a new commodity, _____________, which was produced in Ethiopia and Yemen. a. Sandalwood. b. Coffee. c. Tea. d. Oil.

The Shehzade and Süleymaniye mosques in Istanbul and the Selimiye mosque in Edirne were designed by __________. a. Süleyman I. b. Sinan. c. Michelangelo. d. Dev?irme.

The Spaniards established land-labor grants or _________entitling the land grantee the use of forced indigenous or imported slave labor on this land for the purpose of exploiting its agricultural and mineral resources. a. aduanas b. encomiendas c. cabildos d. audiencias

The Spanish quest for the mythical ____________ or "golden city" was fruitless. a. Shangri-La. b. El Dorado. c. El Jefe. d. Del Rio.

The earliest settlement in the northeastern coast of North America was: a. Quebec b. Jamestown c. Plymouth d. Boston

The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world is known as the _________. a. Anglo-Portuguese Exchange b. Columbian Exchange c. Louisiana Purchase Exchange d. Indo-European Exchange

The following is one major difference between the Ottoman and the Spanish Habsburg Empires: a. the cavalry ruling class of the Ottoman Empire was non-hereditary b. the cavalry ruling class of the Ottoman Empire was hereditary c. the Ottomans lacked a cavalry ruling class d. the Spanish Habsburgs lacked a cavalry ruling class

The following kingdom was not inherited from his parents by Habsburg Emperor Charles V: a. Naples b. Hungary c. Burgundy d. Castile-Aragon

The following sequence of events is correct: a. 1) Thirty Years' War; 2) Beginning of Luther's Reformation; 3) "Glorious Revolution" in England; 4) French War of Religion. b. 1) Beginning of Luther's Reformation; 2) French War of Religion; 3) Thirty Years' War; 4) "Glorious Revolution" in England. c. 1) Beginning of Luther's Reformation; 2) Thirty Years' War; 3) French War of Religion; 4) "Glorious Revolution" in England. d. 1) "Glorious Revolution" in England; 2) French War of Religion; 3) Thirty Years' War; 4) Beginning of Luther's Reformation.

The following statement is true of John Calvin: a. He believed that all moneylending should be banned, as it was contrary to the Bible. b. He believed that all humans were predestined for heaven or hell before their birth. c. He believed that a person's behavior was between himself and God alone, and that civic authorities should not intervene unless other people were being harmed or led into sin. d. Although he was Swiss by birth, his primary goal was to proselytize in France and Germany.

The imperial capitals of Mesoamerica and the Andes had all of the following in common EXCEPT: a. Monumental ceremonial centers and palaces. b. Public acts of contrition by rulers designed to appease deities and atone for sins, known or unknown. c. Almost daily ceremonies and rituals to underscore the power of the ruling elite. d. Shamanic and polytheistic heritage, modified to underscore the might of the empire.

The most successful _________ settlement in North America was in the subtropical district at the mouth of the Mississippi River, called "Louisiana", where some 300 settlers and 4000 African slaves founded sugar plantations. a. English. b. French. c. Spanish. d. Dutch.

The oldest city founded by Europeans on the American mainland was the coastal city of _________, established by Hernán Cortés as a base for further inland exploration. a. Progreso b. Veracruz c. Tampico d. Campeche

The portolan (nautical chart) drawn by Pedro Reinel is the earliest known map to include _____________. a. The Americas. b. Lines of latitude. c. Wind directions. d. Compass lines.

The practice of the devșirme contradicted Islamic law, which: a. Permitted only an imam to determine who could be executed for heresy. b. Forbade the enslavement of "peoples of the Book." c. Declared the use of firearms anathema. d. Permitted the payment of taxes in products but never in cash.

The relatively slow pace of the Portuguese conquest in Brazil, compared to the meteoric success the Spaniards enjoyed over the vast Aztec and Inca empires, can be explained by all but one of the following: a. Spanish conquistadors went straight to the top of the imperial pyramid and made full use of their arrogance, bravado and ruthless brutality to secure control b. The Spaniards' use of sophisticated firearms and cannons played a decisive role in combat, especially in close encounters, demonstrating the crucial role of gunpowder technology in bringing down the Aztec and Inca empires c. Both the Aztec and Inca empires were relatively recent creations in which the hierarchical power structure was still divided and contested by enemy factions, thus allowing the Spaniards to form tactical alliances among the subject population and manipulate rival groups against each other d. European-introduced diseases took a devastating toll among the indigenous population ahead of actual military invasion, decimating the locals and thus greatly disrupting and undermining their effectiveness in repelling the Spanish onslaught

Under Sultan Süleyman I, the fiscal-military state of the Ottomans reached its apogee as the sultan was able to finance a massive expansion of the military and bureaucracy and strengthen the centralized role of the _________in this triumvirate. a. clergy b. royal household c. legal system d. educational system

When he gathered his clan and declared himself an independent ruler in 1299, the Turkish warlord Osman was nominally subject to the: a. Pope Boniface VIII. b. Seljuks. c. Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos. d. Egyptian Mamluks.

When the Catholic Reformation drove the New Sciences to northwestern Europe, the Italian-style academies gave way to chartered royal societies, the first of which was founded in ______ in 1660. a. France. b. Britain. c. Sweden. d. Prussia.

When the Portuguese conquered Brazil, the indigenous population was estimated to be nearly _________inhabitants. a. 1 million b. 5 million c. 500,000 d. 10 million

When the city of ___________ was captured in November 1519, the emperor Moctezuma II was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V. a. Campeche. b. Tenochtitlán. c. Veracruz. d. Tlaxcala.

Which of the following was not a theater of confrontation in the Muslim-Christian struggle for dominance? a. Eastern Mediterranean b. North Sea c. Balkans d. Western Mediterranean

With the introduction of gunpowder and firearms, the fiscal-military states of the period starting around ________became much more powerful enterprises which would, in turn, evolve into absolutist and ultimately national states. a. 1200 b. 1450 c. 1600 d. 1800

_________, a former stadium left over from Roman-Byzantine days, was the stage of many royal and public celebrations in the city of Istanbul. a. Leander's Tower b. The Hippodrome c. Hagia Sophia d. The Prison of Anemas

__________ was the first institution of higher learning in North America, devoted to teaching the "correct" balanced Calvinist Protestantism. a. Yale Divinity School. b. Harvard College. c. College of William and Mary. d. Providence College.

Serving as a model for subsequent kingdoms in the savanna of central Africa, the Luba kingdom survived until the arrival of __________ colonialism at the end of the nineteenth century.

Belgian

One of the chief catalysts for printing was the growing popularity of _______ throughout east Asia

Buddhism

Ruling as empress dowager and as regent for her son after the death of her husband in 684, Empress Wu declared ___________ the state religion.

Buddhism

The sixth century was momentous in Japanese social, political, and cultural development in all of the following ways

Buddhism was introduced from the Korean state of Paekche. The Korean kingdom of Silla eliminated the Japanese colony of Kaya. The Chinese Sui dynasty attempted to dominate the Korean peninsula, pushing the levels of emigration from Korea to Japan to high levels.

By 1368, a coalition led by Zhu Yuanzhang, who was both a soldier and a ____________, had driven the Mongols from their capital and proclaimed a new dynastic line, the Ming.

Buddhist monk

A disk made of finely worked steatite was found in a third-century CE ___________ in central Japan, and similar objects have been found in China.

Burial mound

An array of sumptuary laws and a court-directed protocol of ____________ signified to which of the nine official grades a member of the scholar-gentry belonged.

Buttons worn on the hats of officials

All of the following are true

By the twelfth century, Korea developed into one of the world's largest centers of printing. The demand for printed material was fueled by the demand for Buddhist literature. Korean publishers used what may have been the world's first movable metallic type

"Renaissance" thinkers and artists considered their period a time of "rebirth" (the literal meaning of the word in the _______ language). a. Italian. b. Portuguese. c. French. d. Greek.

A form of forced enslavement in direct contradiction to Islamic law, the _________ system was a levy on Christian boys in the Ottoman Empire by which the conquered Christian population was obligated to contribute adolescent males to join the military and administrative classes. a. caste b. millet c. devshirme d. Let do remarkably uniformity in language across the Americas from modern-day Canada to the southernmost tip of Chile.

A mathematician and assistant of Galileo, Evangelista Torricelli experimented with mercury-filled tubes to lay the groundwork for the first ___________. a. Thermometer. b. Steam engine. c. Barometer. d. Telescope.

After being kidnapped by Christian pirates, Al-Hasan Ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan was baptized under the name of Pope _________. a. Julius II. b. Alexander VI Borgia. c. Leo X. d. Paul II.

After staying three months on the first Bahaman island he found, Christopher Columbus returned to Iberia with ________ and a small quantity of gold. a. Medicinal plants to cure malaria. b. Syphilis. c. Seven captured Caribbean islanders. d. A potato.

All of the following are true of Calvinism in France EXCEPT: a. There were about 1200 congregations by the mid sixteenth century. b. Most Calvinist congregations were located in the western French cities. c. Peasants, overtaxed and oppressed, made up the largest segment of French Protestants. d. Calvinism was particularly attractive to literate merchants and craftsmen.

All of the following are true of Maria Cunitz, one of the most remarkable scientific thinkers of the seventeenth century, EXCEPT: a. She spoke six languages. b. She was a Protestant whose family was given refuge in a Catholic monastery. c. She was a nun who lived and studied among the Cistercian monks. d. Two of her major influences were her father, a physician, and Johannes Kepler.

Among most of the countries of Europe, the Netherlands was exceptional in its finances in that: a. Its citizens emigrated to neighboring countries rather than pay its oppressive tax rates. b. Its leaders raised revenue by borrowing from merchants and selling positions. c. Its urban residents were willing to pay higher taxes on manufactures and farming. d. Its nobles actively resisted the absolutist king's demand for new sources of funding.

An estimated __________ Spaniards emigrated from Europe to the Americas between 1500 and 1800. a. 1,000,000. b. 10,000. c. 300,000. d. 30,000,000.

Another commonality between the Aztec and Inca capitals of the fifteenth century is: a. That they were ruled by direct decrees from rulers and elites, and neither had a system of appeal b. That they were ceremonial centers with little or no economic activity to interfere with religion. c. That they were among the largest cities of the world. d. That their monumental architecture followed identical artistic traditions.

Bowing to the pressure of the Church and against the advice of some Christian landowners, the Crown opted for the expulsion of all moriscos from Spanish territories in 1580, although the actual expulsions would not begin until_______. a. 1590 b. 1600 c. 1609 d. 1650

By 1750, the armies in larger European countries were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. They had begun wearing uniforms. b. Most forward troops were equipped with bayonet-equipped flintlock muskets. c. The pikemen were still the most effective protection for musketeers. d. The size of the armies was growing rapidly in states where they could be supported.

By the early seventeenth century, a powerful elite of Spanish who ___________, called Creoles, was in place to assist the Spanish administrators. a. Had accompanied the conquistadors in the 1510s. b. Had joined a specially created Franciscan order of priests. c. Had been born in the Americas. d. Had been brought across the Atlantic to marry the men and produce children.

Coffeehouses allowed the literate urban public to meet, read __________, and exchange ideas. a. Their fortunes in overturned coffee grounds. b. Royal proclamations encouraging their proliferation. c. Daily newspapers. d. Humanist Biblical translations.

Due to its treatment of minorities, the Netherlands became: a. A Puritanical state that assembled a "New Model Army" and executed its "stadhouder." b. A victim of partition, as its various ethnicities were incorporated into other countries. c. A model of religious tolerance, for Jewish, Protestant, and Catholic groups. d. One of the final countries in Europe to try and execute witches.

During the first three decades of the sixteenth century, which of the following was not a pressing issue plaguing Emperor Charles V? a. revolts in his Iberian realms b. Protestant Reformation in the German states c. war with England d. renewed war with France for control of Burgundy and Italy

Ethnic combinations of Europeans and Native Americans and Europeans and Africans were collectively called castas, or "castes," a term originating out of a desire on the part of Iberian and Creole settlers to draw distinctions among degrees of racial mixture in hopes of counterbalancing the vast masses of Native Americans and Africans. The two most important castes were mestizos (Spanish) /mestiços (Portuguese), born of Iberian fathers and Native American mothers, and _________, born of Iberian fathers and Black mothers. a. moriscos b. sambos c. mulatos d. castizos

Experiments in the _______ with movable metal typeface resulted in the innovation of the printing press. a. 1510s. b. 1480s. c. 1430s. d. 1390s.

Iberian Muslims were known as _________. a. judíos b. conversos c. moriscos d. marranos

In "Patterns Up Close," the author believes all of the following to be true about ritual human sacrifice EXCEPT: a. The survival of traditional blood rituals within polytheism was a pattern that distinguished the early American empires from their Eurasian counterparts. b. 126 skeletons of human sacrificial victims have been excavated at the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlán. c. From first-hand reports and archeological evidence, we can ascertain the exact extent it was practiced by Aztec and Inca societies. d. It is possible that imperial propaganda machines worked in the Aztec and Inca empires to intimidate enemies.

In 1649, a group of 70 mostly landless farmers and day laborers occupied "common" land about 25 miles south of ________ and set up a communal farm there. a. Birmingham. b. St. Petersburg. c. London. d. Berlin.

In the 1540s the Spanish government introduced ___________ called repartimientos, which was a continuation of the mit'a system devised by the Inca for taxation. a. Khipu-calculated tax-tables. b. Apartments for young women. c. Rotating labor assignments. d. Tithe-based church endowments.

In the 1540s, in an effort to transition away from the encomienda system, Spain introduced rotating assignments, or _________, which established an obligation by villagers to send stipulated numbers of people as laborers to a contractor. a. alcabalas b. audiencias c. repartimientos d. aduanas

In the course of his 14-century journeys, Ibn Battuta passed through western Anatolia and Constantinople and was impressed by the rising power of the ____________. a. Byzantines. b. Arabs. c. Ottomans. d. Venetians.

Juana Inés de la Cruz secretly studied Latin, Greek, and _________ in her maternal grandfather's library. a. Hebrew. b. French. c. Nahuatl. d. Mayan.

On St. _______'s Day in August 1572, the Catholic king and aristocracy of France perpetrated a wholesale slaughter of thousands of Huguenots. a. Crispin. b. Valentine. c. Bartholomew. d. Louis.

Philip II was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1575 and sue for peace for the Ottomans in 1580 because: a. The Armada he had sent to attack England had gone down in defeat. b. He had decided to abdicate his throne in favor of his son Charles V. c. He had failed to suppress a ruinously expensive rebellion in the Netherlands. d. He had spent lavishly in his attempt to win the hand of Queen Mary I of England

Stationary theaters with stages, main floors, balconies, and boxes appeared in the main cities of Spain during the ________ century. a. Seventeenth. b. Thirteenth. c. Sixteenth. d. Fourteenth.

The Columbian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants, animals, and ________ between the Americas and the rest of the world. a. Minerals. b. Population. c. Diseases. d. Ideas.

The New Sciences were allowed to flourish in northern Europe, especially in the Netherlands and England, mainly because of: a. The Habsburg monarchs' ban on the collection of botanical samples in the New World. b. A great sympathy for the New Sciences on the part of religious authorities. c. A certain liberty of investigation that other areas lacked. d. The birth of all of the era's important scientists in Protestant lands.

The Ottomans defeated the ____________ and took control of western Arabia, including the pilgrimage city of Mecca, in 1517. a. Latin Crusaders. b. Assassins who had followed Saladin. c. Mamluks. d. Seljuks.

The Ottomans protected Muslim commercial interests in the Indian Ocean by, in part, strengthening the sultan of Aceh on the island of _________. a. Ceylon. b. Madagascar. c. Sumatra. d. Timor.

The Spaniards pioneered silver mining innovations, such as the _________method, which facilitated extraction through the use of mercury. a. "arrastras" b. "magistral" c. "patio" d. "mita"

The Spanish Habsburgs sought to overcome their lack of power over the _________and the weakness of their Spanish tax base by squeezing as much as they could from their Italian, Flemish and New World possessions. a. military b. clergy c. aristocracy d. middle class

The Spanish fiscal-military state reached its mature phase of centralization under the rule of: a. Isabella and Ferdinand b. Philip I c. Charles V d. Philip II

The _______ was a small and slender 60-foot-long ship with a stern rudder, square and lateen sails, and a magnetic compass (of Chinese origin). a. Junk. b. Cog. c. Caravel. d. Round ship.

The _________, a primary target of English privateers, carried silver from Mexico to China annually and returned laden with Chinese silks, porcelain and lacquerware. a. Santa Fe Trail b. Old Spanish Trail c. Acapulco-Manila treasure fleet d. Spanish Main

The _________was a particularly Portuguese or Spanish show trial in which the state, through the holy office of the Inquisition, judged a person's commitment to the Catholic faith. a. Cantigas de Santa María b. passion play c. auto-da-fé d. Mystery Play of Elx

The apogee of the Ottoman Empire was reached under Sultan Süleyman I, also known as: a. the Brave b. the Merciful c. the Magnificent d. the Humble

The city of Tula, originally formed by craftsmen and farmers fleeing the collapsed state of Teotihuacán: a. Developed advanced military techniques and renamed themselves "the Nahuatl." b. Were able to maintain their independence despite repeated invasions by Toltec and Aztec war parties. c. Developed a reputation for producing high quality scrapers, knives, and spear points. d. Were the earliest ironworkers in the Americas.

The expulsion of the Jews from "Sefarad", as Spain was called in Hebrew, was designed: a. To create a Jewish homeland in the Middle East. b. To carry out the demands of the Emperor Charles V. c. To strengthen the "Christian unity" of Iberia. d. To prevent the conversion of Muslims to this form of monotheism.

The great majority of the indigenous of population of Brazil lived in tribally organized temporary or permanent villages based primarily on all but one of the following: a. agriculture b. hunting c. foraging d. fishing

The main goal of Gustavus II Adolphus's intervention in the Thirty Years' War was the creation of a Swedish-_________ centralized state around the Baltic Sea. a. Calvinist. b. Anglican. c. Lutheran. d. Catholic.

The mythical and elusive kingdom of _________, or 'golden city,' became the stuff of legend which would fuel the quest for material riches in the New World in the minds of many a conquistador, though it was never found. a. Saguenay b. Paititi c. El Dorado d. Norumbega

The original English colonies in North America went from being merely English to being part of a "British" empire after the _________. a. War of the Spanish Succession b. English Civil War c. English-Scottish union of 1707 d. Seven Years' War

The outstanding painter of Spain during Philip II's reign was El Greco, who had received his early training in his native _____________. a. Istanbul. b. Cyprus. c. Crete. d. Venice.

The reduced military presence by both Habsburgs and Ottomans to safeguard their spice trade routes across East Africa, India and Southeast Asia paved the way for the________ to ultimately overtake both Portugal and the Ottoman Turks as leaders in this trade. a. Italians b. French c. Dutch d. English

The revivalist _________of the 1730s and 1740s used a literal understanding of Protestantism as one of its main foundations and received its main impulse from the work of the brothers John and Charles Wesley, English Methodist preachers who made quite an impact during their tour of Georgia in 1735. a. "Great Faith" b. "Great Awareness" c. "Great Awakening" d. "Great Order"

The ruler with the longest reign in France was: a. Henry IV. b. Louis XIII. c. Louis XIV. d. Charles IX.

The term "casta" originated in the desire of the Iberian and Creole settlers to draw distinctions among degrees of ___________. a. Wealth and status. b. Commitment to Catholicism. c. Racial mixture. d. Age and establishment of possession.

The work of the German ________ Martin Waldseemüller probably had an effect on the scientific theories of Nicolaus Copernicus. a. Physicist. b. Emperor. c. Cartographer. d. Philosopher.

Toward the first half of the fifteenth century, the Ottoman sultans equipped their Janissaries with cannons and _________. a. Korans. b. Greek fire. c. Muskets. d. Armored horses.

Upon Cortés' arrival at the city of _________, on November 2, 1519, Emperor Moctezuma II was in a quandary over how to deal with these invaders whose depredations neither his tributaries nor his enemies had been able to stop. a. Chalco b. Xochimilco c. Tenochtitlán d. Teotihuacán

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas? a. The European disease of smallpox ravaged the native population, vastly reducing the native labor force. b. The Spaniards succeeded in exploiting internal weaknesses in the natives' power structure. c. The Spaniards significantly outnumbered the native population. d. A three-tiered society developed made up of European immigrants, Native Americans and Black slaves imported from Africa.

_________was the best-known advocate against the cruelty of the land-labor grant system. a. Hernán Cortés b. Christopher Columbus c. Bartolomé de las Casas d. Alonso Ortíz

_________were autonomously-operating Christians or Muslims who pirated ships, confiscated their cargoes and held their crew and travelers for ransom. a. Janissaries b. Moriscos c. Corsairs d. Conversos

Inca weaponry: a. Was much less sophisticated than that of the Aztecs. b. Used all the same techniques, including identical technology in affixing obsidian cutting edges for broadswords and arrow points. c. Was metallurgically superior to Aztec, often including the use of very hard bronze. d. Did not include the use of protective armor, although it appears that some of their enemies did.

C was metallurgically superior

All of the following are true of political organization under the Incan empire EXCEPT: a. It was divided into four regions, which were subdivided into 80 provinces, each of which had an Inca subgovernor. b. Local elites retained some power, subordinate to the Incan governors and subgovernors. c. Care was taken not to disturb local practices, such as burial rituals. d. Local elites oversaw recruiting for the mit'a, or the service obligation of the subjects.

Care was taken not to disturb local practices, such as burial rituals.

Unlike________________, where kings appointed church officials, the Coptic patriarchs of Alexandria appointed the bishops, and these would remain independent from kings.

Catholic Europe

The village headman in Vietnam, the xa troung, was:

Checked by a council made up of the scholar-gentry class

Aztec farmers constructed soil islands in Lake Texcoco called _________ and grew corn, beans, squash, and other vegetables on them.

Chinampas

The Korean phonetic script han-gul, introduced in the fifteenth century CE, was closer to the spoken language than written ___________.

Chinese

A __________ bearing a date around 1505 was found in a burned and collapsed structure in the Great Zimbabwe compound, suggesting that trade routes were still viable at this period.

Chinese porcelain dish

The Kojiki and Nihongi were

Chinese-style imperial histories

The political center of the Indian subcontinent shifted south and, by the latter part of the ninth century, the________ state had consolidated its hegemony over southern India and its control of the trade with southeast Asia.

Choal

With the arrival of the Song dynasty, China would become a religious civilization in which its people reemphasized the indigenous traditions of _______________________, with elements of Buddhism on a more reduced level.

Confucianism and Daoism

"Neo-Confucianism" was the name given to the new synthesis of official beliefs blending the ideas of:

Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism

The Yamato government of the late sixth and early seventh centuries CE made significant moves to

Connect its culture to the Chinese mainland

________ Christianity, centered in Egypt, emphasizes the sole divine nature of Jesus.

Coptic

Nubian churches were outposts of the____________.

Coptic Church

The elites of Heian Japan saw themselves as part of a(n) ____________.

Cosmopolitan world, held together by Confucian and Buddhist principles

The southern Peruvian city-state of _________, with its Inca elite, emerged in the early fifteenth century at the head of a highly militaristic, conquering polity.

Cuzco

A Native American reported an appearance of Our Lady of _________ in 1531, in a place where the native goddess Tonantzin used to be venerated. a. Tlaxcala. b. Acapulco. c. Lourdes. d. Guadalupe.

A crucial factor which aided in the fall of the Incan Empire to the Spaniards was the protracted war of succession between _________and his half-brother Huáscar. a. Mayta Cápac b. Pachacuti c. Túpac Amaru d. Atahualpa

A(n) __________ warrior organization called the Safavids proclaimed 14-year-old Ismail their Hidden Imam in 1501. a. Ottoman. b. Moroccan. c. Sunni. d. Shiite.

Acquiring wealth with the help of money and thereby perhaps gaining a glimpse of one's fate became one of the hallmarks of ____________. a. Lutheranism. b. Catholicism. c. Zwinglianism. d. Calvinism.

After the demise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and in an effort to regain control over Spain's American possessions, the new French-descended Bourbons put into practice a series of reforms aimed at _________. a. diversifying the economic base of its New World possessions to other European markets b. seeking new sources of mineral wealth c. extending the power of Spanish Church officials in the New World d. improving Spain's naval connections and administrative control in the New World

All of the following are true EXCEPT: a. The Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlán and two others successfully rebelled against the reigning city-state in the Mexican Basin in 1428. b. An Aztec leader Izcóatl, together with his successors as well as the rulers of the allied states, began an expansion that eventually resulted in a full-fledged empire. c. The local elites of states conquered by the Aztecs were left in place, but they were required to leave their sons as hostages for good behavior. d. Aztec warrior elite males were forbidden to marry local women, but they took many concubines.

All of the following are true of the development of "New Science" and the Enlightenment EXCEPT: a. They involved England, France, the Netherlands, and parts of Germany. b. During the period 1500-1750, the impact was limited to a small percentage of the population of each involved society. c. The acceptance of the ideas was complicated by the impact of the religious Reformation. d. From 1450 until after 1750, the ideas of the Enlightenment and New Science were the major force shaping policies of the rulers of Western Europe.

All of the following is true of Chichén Itzá EXCEPT: a. It was the most prominent of the small Maya states that survived the central collapse. b. In many places, the only viable economic pursuit was the production of salt. c. There were no rivers, so water had to be transported from sinkholes. d. Because of the dearth of available resources, Chichén Itzá could not develop merchant groups or participate in regional trade.

All of the following is true of Peter the Great of Russia EXCEPT: a. He was interested in importing skills from Western Europe. b. He decreed that soldiers should shave their traditional beards and wear European uniforms. c. He was determined to building Russia's fleet in the Baltic Sea. d. He often rewarded western technical experts by giving them estates and serfs in the Balkans.

All of the following statements are true of Martin Luther EXCEPT: a. He was an Augustinian monk, an ordained priest, and a professor of the New Testament in northeastern Germany. b. He had a strong sense of sin, confessing daily and performing extensive penance. c. He wrote a letter to his archbishop itemizing practices he considered contrary to scripture. d. His written communications to Church officials were usually in vernacular German.

Among the gifts of submission presented to Cortés on the Mexican mainland was _________, the daughter of an Aztec lord and someone who would go on to play a crucial role in securing the success of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. a. Huitzilxotzin b. Llancueitl c. Xiuhcuetzin d. Malinche

An expedition sent out the Portuguese king ___________ the Navigator captured the city of Ceuta on the North African coast in 1415. a. João. b. Pedro. c. Carlos. d. Henry.

As a proponent of Copernican heliocentrism, Galileo seemed to contradict the passage in the Hebrew Bible's Book of ___________, in which God stops the sun in the sky for a day. a. Genesis. b. Jonah. c. Ezekiel. d. Joshua.

As part of his reforms, Tsar Peter I "the Great" ______________ the remaining free farmers outside the estate system of the aristocracy. a. Emancipated and ennobled. b. Collectivized and educated. c. Recruited all of his naval officers from. d. Classified and taxed as serfs.

Brazil produced a total of 1000 tons of _________ in the eighteenth century, a welcome bonanza for Portugal at a time of low agricultural prices. a. Sugar. b. Indigo. c. Silver. d. Gold.

By the second half of the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was a vast multiethnic and multireligious state of some ______________ inhabitants. a. 30 million. b. 5 million. c. 15 million. d. 50 million.

England differed from other states of Europe (such as Prussia, France, Spain, and Austria, for instance) in all of the following EXCEPT: a. After 1688, the English Parliament controlled state finances. b. The interests of the nobility and the urban merchants converged. c. The ruling classes of the cities and the landed aristocracy were not generally perceived as being in conflict. d. Parliament had no interest in creating or maintaining a centralized bank, believing that it would exert too powerful an influence on laissez faire economics.

Habsburg Spain enlarged its revenue from 1521 to 1536 via the royal _________share of the Aztec and Inca gold and silver treasure to which it was entitled. a. one-half b. one-third c. one-fourth d. one-fifth

Ignorant of Hinduism when he arrived in India, Vasco da Gama mistook the Indian religion for: a. The surviving remnants of the "Ten Lost Tribes" of Israel. b. A variant of Islam that was practiced in Safavid Persia. c. A form of proto-Christianity that had been spread by St. Thomas, Jesus's disciple. d. The Christianity of "Prester John."

In order to ensure the preservation and continuation of Habsburg global hegemony, Charles V decided to divide his western and eastern territories between his son Philip II and his brother _________. a. Maximilian I b. Philip I c. Charles II d. Ferdinand I

In order to support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government encouraged the development of agricultural estates or _________. a. reducciones b. paradores c. estancias d. haciendas

In the opinion of most scientists, the transition between hominins and modern humans: a. England and France. b. Poland and Russia. c. Spain and Italy. d. France and Russia.

In the presence of the German emperor Ferdinand III in 1672, Otto von Guericke demonstrated that: a. Blood circulates from the heart through pulmonary capillaries and back again. b. The heliocentric theory was valid beyond any reasonable doubt. c. The political theory of absolute rule would produce the best state. d. A vacuum could be created by pumping the air out of two sealed spheres.

Leading a motley force of about 530 Spanish men, _________defeated a much larger indigenous force at Tabasco in 1518. a. Francisco Pizarro. b. Minas Gerais. c. Alonso Ortíz. d. Hernán Cortés.

Martin Luther protested the sale of indulgences in ________ with 95 theses addressed to his archbishop. a. 1525. b. 1546. c. 1501. d. 1517.

Of the approximately 144,000 estimated Native Americans in New England in 1600, fewer than 15,000 remained by ______. a. 1607. b. 1690. c. 1776. d. 1620.

Philip II built the massive palatial complex of _________, incorporating a royal residence, a monastic school and a royal necropolis, a very short distance away from the then small provincial city of Madrid. a. Aranjuez b. Riofrío c. La Granja d. El Escorial

Resources of the Andean region around Lake Titicaca included all of the following EXCEPT: a. Freshwater fish for food. b. Reeds for the construction of boats and roofs. c. Food staples such as potatoes and quinoa. d. Rich fields of corn at the highest elevations

Spain refused to recognize the "United Provinces of the ____________ Republic" until 1648. a. Belgian. b. English. c. Catalan. d. Dutch.

The "Newtonian synthesis" was: a. A fusion of the fields of mathematics, astronomy, physics, and theology. b. A reconciliation of Biblical references and scientific observation. c. An amalgamation of Descartes's system of coordinates and Leibniz's calculus. d. A unification of the fields of physics and astronomy.

The "conquistadors" Francisco Pizarro, Hernán Cortés, and Alonso Ortíz all originated in the Spanish region of __________. a. Catalonia. b. Granada. c. Valencia. d. Estremadura.

The Danish mariner Peter von Sivers rose to the position of admiral in the _________ fleet. a. Swedish. b. French. c. British. d. Russian.

The El Escorial palace complex was built by Juan Bautista de Toledo in _____________. a. Rome. b. Toledo. c. Istanbul. d. Madrid.

The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans was possible through the use of _________bombardment. a. lance b. catapult c. bow and arrow d. cannon

The Habsburg Wars placed a tremendous strain on Spain's revenue base forcing the Crown into repeated bankruptcy and ultimately leading to the sale of _________in the New World to the highest bidder. a. academic offices b. ecclesiastical offices c. military offices d. administrative offices

The Jewish community of ___________ excommunicated Baruch Spinoza for heresy, since he seemed to make God immanent in the world. a. Lisbon. b. London. c. Frankfurt. d. Amsterdam.

The Karagöz was a: a. Harem reserved to the Sultan. b. Tax-collector. c. Commander of the Janissaries. d. Shadow puppet theater.

The Ottoman army carried all wages, gunpowder, weapons, and the majority of its food in its wagons and barges because: a. The sultan feared that the converted Christian Janissaries would revert to their own religion. b. The soldiers did not know how gunpowder worked, and they needed experts in the baggage train. c. The force was rendered smaller and more mobile as a result of these precautions. d. Soldiers were not permitted to provision themselves from the belongings of villagers.

The Ottoman-Habsburg struggle of the sixteenth century can be seen as yet another chapter in the long history of competition that began when the _________Empire expanded into the Mediterranean and was resisted by the Greeks in the middle of the first millennium B.C.E. a. Neo-Babylonian b. Neo-Assyrian c. Sasanid Persian d. Achaemenid Persian

The Ottomans and the _________dominated Islamic civilization in the early modern period of 1450-1600. a. Safavids b. Songhay c. Egyptian Mamluks d. Indian Mughals

The Seven Years' War in the New World was ultimately won by the superiority and tactical maneuvering of _________over the French forces. a. Great Britain's European allies b. Great Britain's Indian allies c. the British Army d. the British navy

The Toltec state introduced all of the following military innovations EXCEPT: a. Short wooden swords with inlaid obsidian edges. b. Obsidian daggers with wooden handles. c. Establishing colonies and having troops accompany traders. d. Wheeled chariots that were used to terrify the enemy.

The central objective of the "Glorious Revolution" in Britain was the: a. Implementation of Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan as official governmental policy. b. Execution of the Catholic King James II. c. Prevention of a female monarch, given the negative example of Elizabeth I. d. The offering of a joint monarchy to the Protestant William III and Mary II.

The following sequence of events is correct: a. 1) First formulation of the heliocentric system; 2) Newton's unification of physics and astronomy; 3) Discovery of the elliptical paths of planets; 4) First steam engine. b. 1) Discovery of the elliptical paths of planets; 2) First formulation of the heliocentric system; 3) Newton's unification of physics and astronomy; 4) First steam engine. c. 1) Newton's unification of physics and astronomy; 2) First formulation of the heliocentric system; 3) Discovery of the elliptical paths of planets; 4) First steam engine. d. 1) First formulation of the heliocentric system; 2) Discovery of the elliptical paths of planets; 3) Newton's unification of physics and astronomy; 4) First steam engine.

The innovations of Desiderius Erasmus helped lay the foundations for modern: a. Mechanical physics. b. Political theory. c. Optical theory. d. Critical textual research.

The largest of the Atlantic port cities in the British colonies of North America was _________, followed closely by New York. a. Boston b. Savannah c. Newport, Rhode Island d. Philadelphia

The lasting achievement of the Marquise de Châtelet was: a. Her composition of Voltaire's "philosophical tale" Candide. b. Her sponsorship of the scientific work of Evangelista Torricelli. c. Her design for the gardens at the Palace of Versailles. d. Her translation of Newton's Mathematical Principles from Latin into French.

The naval Battle of _________was the culminating victory of this Holy Christian League over the Ottoman Turks and one that would dangerously sap the Ottomans' supply of experienced naval manpower. a. Preveza b. Mohács c. Djerba d. Lepanto

The pattern of settlement in North America in the seventeenth century followed the trail of French, English and Dutch _________who grew their own food and traded with the local natives for furs. a. Catholic missionaries b. bounty hunters c. Protestant missionaries d. merchant investors

The primary mining centers in colonial Spanish America were _______in southeastern Peru (today's Bolivia) and Zacatecas and Guanajuato in northern Mexico. a. Santa Cruz b. Sucre c. Oruro d. Potosí

When the moriscos were driven out of Spain in the early seventeenth century, they: a. Were compensated by the crown for their losses of property and household items. b. Were forced to leave behind an account of their farming techniques. c. Were transported to the New World. d. Were forced to leave all their possessions behind in Spain.

_________ inherited Habsburg territories throughout Europe and the Americas when he became Emperor in 1516. a. Vlad III Dracul of Wallachia. b. Philip II. c. Süleyman I "the Magnificent." d. Charles V.

_________was forced to forge a threatening alliance with the Ottoman Turks in an attempt to fend off Habsburg territorial encroachment. a. Portugal b. Italy c. England d. France

_________were American-born descendants of European settlers, primarily of Iberian ancestry. a. Castizos b. Sambos c. Mestizos d. Creoles

With the coming of the Song dynasty, China would become a religious civilization in which people reemphasized the indigenous traditions of Confucianism and __________.

Daoism

Wari and Tiwanaku had certain similarities, such as all of the following EXCEPT: a. They were both expanding states governed by elite clans. b. Despite obvious signs of rebellion, it is clear that the commoners respected and protected temples and temple sculptures. c. Leaders derived their strength from reciprocal patron-client relationships. d. After the year 950, there are signs of intense class tensions in both states.

Despite obvious signs of rebellions, it is clear that the commoners respected and protected temples and temple sculptures.

After instituting their version of the Confucian examinations, Koreans

Developed four basic classes: the high-ranking scholar/gentry; the lower or minor officials; commoners, such as artisans and peasants; and then the lower group, bond slaves, laborers, and prostitutes

The kings of Mapungubwe:

Did not usurp the diviners' powers of summoning spirits

The dramatic changes in Japanese society and political organization during the period between 1250 and 1600 were made possible by:

Dramatic increases in food production

The Incans did all of the following with their mummies (mallquis)

Dressing them in fine clothing. Furnishing them daily meals. Carrying them around to visit mummified relatives.

The onset of ___________ eventually led to the shrinking of the Malian empire by 1450.

Drought

_________________missionaries converted the Nubians to Christianity.

Egyptian

The widow of a ruler in a monarchical or imperial system in which succession is normally through the male line is referred to as a(n) _______________.

Empress dowager

Because any target beyond the range of a four days' march (roughly 40 miles) from Tula was beyond the capabilities of the Toltec army to subdue, they __________ instead.

Established colonies

When one of local chiefs centralized rule in 1137, the new kingdom of ________ unified the highlands and battled the Muslims in the lowlands on the Red Sea coast in the name of a Christian Crusade

Ethiopia

'Nam Viet' was the local name for the Chinese 'Nanyue' ('___________'), as the Qin had called their new province.

Far South

The 'Three Kingdoms' of Korea all seem to have been established in the ____________.

First century BCE.

Adjacent to the main pyramid on the platform at the center of Tenochtitlán was a:

Food market

In Tiwanaku society, llamas were used as transportation animals and as a __________.

Food source

Wari culture seems to have been more active in ________ than its Tiwanaku counterpart.

Founding colonies

Toward the end of the ___________ century, an emerging Aztec elite was firmly integrated with the ruling classes of many of the two dozen or so city-states around the Valley of Mexico.

Fourteenth

Geographically, Korea could be described as:

Generally mountainous in the north and hilly in the south

The Tale of _________, credited to Murasaki Shikibu, is often considered the world's first novel.

Genji

In contrast to their Swahili colleagues, the kings of ______ avoided a combination of traditional notions of kingship with Islam.

Ghana

In many cases, the shoen, or clan estates, were ____________ because of their military contributions.

Given tax-exempt status

From the early 900s, the major export item from Mapungubwe to Swahili cities was:

Gold

The chongjon system of Silla, begun in 722, mandated a(n):

Government-sponsored distribution of land

One of Hongwu's first steps in reshaping the government was to create the ______________, a select group of officials who served as an advisory board to the emperor on all imperial matters.

Grand Secretariat

The ______________was a select group of senior officials who served as an advisory board to the Ming emperor on all imperial matters

Grand Secretariat

The official Wang Anshi (1021-1086) proposed all of the following reforms except:

Greatly increasing the number of bureaucratic positions to aid clan heads

At the head of a cavalry force borrowed from a chiefdom in the Sahel, Sundiata defeated ancient Ghana in 1235 and founded the empire of Mali, with its capital on an upper Niger tributary in modern __________.

Guinea

The most momentous invention to emerge from the Song era was:

Gunpowder

Beginning in the 1990s and on the basis of the study of terra preta, scholars proposed that indigenous peoples in the Amazonian rainforests:

Had employed slash and char techniques, reducing trees to nutrient-rich charcoal

The term Ainu means

Hairy ones

By the fall of the _________ dynasty in 220 CE, we have the earliest remnant examples of woodblock printing.

Han

The Temple of Literature in _________ was the first national academy for Confucian training in Vietnam, founded in 1076.

Hanoi

Among the inhabitants of Tiwanaku, a wooden foot plow with perhaps a bronze blade seems to have been the main farming implement, but:

Hard archaeological proof remains elusive

According to the Chachnama, Ibn Qasim died after:

He was sewn up into a stifling raw leather sheath by his cousin's order

The northern sultanates, such as the regime of Ala-ud-din of the Tughluqs, supported their economies through __________.

Heavy taxation, including the jizya tax on non-Muslims

The northernmost of Japan's four main islands is:

Hokkaido

Like the codes of chivalry current in Europe at the time, daimyo and samurai prided themselves on acting according to a strict system of ____________ called 'bushido'.

Honor and loyalty

Sometime after 250 CE, Japan's first fully evolved state, Yamato, centered on the Kanto Plain near modern Tokyo, emerged and absorbed its weaker rivals on the island of __________.

Honshu

The most famous travel accounts of the Yuan era, those of the Venetian Marco Polo and ___________, who lived and traveled throughout the Mongol Empire, are testament to the powerful impact of Mongol rule on ease of travel.

Ibn Battuta

When the Spanish arrived in Mexico, the Nahuatl-speaking residents of Tlaxcala were:

In revolt against the Aztec core and supplied soldiers to the Spanish

All of the following were true of Tenochtitlán EXCEPT: a. Iron workers and blacksmiths were segregated because of the heat their labor generated. b. The primary market day could attract as many as 40,000 people. c. A number of causeways crossed it and linked it with the lakeshore. d. Professional water carriers took fresh water to commoners in various quarters of the city.

Iron workers and blacksmiths were segregated because of the heat their labor generated.

Vietnam's relatively unobstructed natural border with southern China had all of the following results

It assured continual contact and often led to ethnic blending. There is some evidence that a degree of ancestor veneration was also transmitted, although not nearing the degree found in Han China. It fostered the transmission of Buddhism, leading to Vietnam's development of vibrant art motifs and temples.

Which of the following is true of Sikhism

It came about as an interchange between Muslim and Hindu religious traditions. It emphasized a direct emotional experience with the divine. It has been at odds with various Indian governments, even to the present.

Tang rulers opened diplomatic relations with __________, which in 645 announced the Taika (Great Reform), a wholesale adoption of Tang imperial institutions, record keeping, and Buddhism.

Japan

The works of a handful of very literate Japanese women such as Murasaki Shikibu were often written in:

Kana script

These new kings sponsored the composition of an elaborate foundation narrative, the______________, aimed at legitimizing their dynasty.

Kebra Negast

Coastal East African villagers, having adapted themselves to long-distance trade with the_______________, eventually evolved into an urban society, with religious scholars, sailors, fishermen, and farmers based in small port cities.

Khariji dissidents

In the 970s, the mysterious Queen Gudit or Judith:

Led several destructive campaigns in which churches were burned

______________was the most famous ruler of Mali and a staunch promoter of Islamic culture, science, and religion, especially in the city of Timbuktu.

Mansa Musa

The kingdoms of ________________ and Great Zimbabwe represent the high points of southern African kingship.

Mapungubwe

Under the Yuan Dynasty, China became part of a much larger empire, and its culture was widely diffused throughout Eurasia, most notably through the accounts of:

Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta

The epic of Sundiata demonstrates that:

Marginal figures in village life can cut across the established social order.

Archeologists and anthropologists believe that:

Matriarchal and matrilineal clans dominated prehistoric society in Japan

The ___________ Wong Kon (d. 943) subdued the crumbling kingdom of Silla and reconstituted it as Koryo, from which comes the name 'Korea'.

Merchant

The Qutb, built next to Delhi's first mosque, is said to still be the world's largest _________.

Minaret

The ____________ cast doubt on the impression created by the Spanish conquerors of the magnitude of human sacrifice among the Aztecs.

Minuscule numbers of victims' bodies found at Tenochtitlán

Sungbo's Eredo is a ___________ combination up to 70 feet deep/high and 100 miles long.

Moat and rampart

By 1400, Swahili city-states included all of the following

Mogadishu. Zanzibar. Kilwa.

In 1231, ________ forces laid siege to Kaesong, and perhaps 250,000 Koreans were deported as slave laborers after the city had fallen.

Mongol

The ____________ traveler Ibn Battuta (1304-1369) claimed to see a combination of Islamic and pre-Islamic customs in the royal court of Sheikh Abu Bakr in Mogadishu.

Moroccan

Swahili cities were characterized by a central open square containing a __________, the main city well, and the tombs of saints.

Mosque

___________________is the man credited with founding the Muslim state of Delhi, which would later survive under the name of the "Sultanate of Delhi."

Muhammad of Ghur

Perhaps the most remarkable ruler of the Tughluq rulers between 1320 and 1413 was Muhammad Ibn Tughluq, nicknamed:

Muhammad the Bloody

The Water Margin (or All Men Are Brothers) is a representative example of a:

Multiauthored adventure novel

Among the scurrilous accusations made against Empress Wu was that she had:

Murdered her child in her quest to achieve political power

During the period 600-1450, the Swahili people emerged as an indigenous African population of:

Muslims

Ghana came to resemble the states on the Swahili coast and their hinterlands, where only the rulers and merchants were ____________.

Muslims

Around 900, migrants speaking the language __________ arrived in the vicinity of the collapsed Teotihuacán.

Nahuatl

In the fourteenth century, the highly centralized governmental structure of the Ming was echoed in Choson, and the adoption of ____________ slowly began to drive out older local customs.

Neo-Confucianism

With a professional army of more than 1.5 million men, the Song emperors:

Nevertheless found it difficult to overpower invading nomadic groups

The Aztecs created an imperial polity from the Pacific to the Gulf, from Tarasco 200 miles to the northwest, to __________, over 500 miles to the south.

Oaxaca

All of the following statements are true about the status of Vietnamese women

Obtaining a divorce seems to have been relatively easy for both parties. During the first millennium BCE, women occupied official and bureaucratic roles, such as diplomats and small-business operators. During the first millennium, villages and clans were often organized on a bilateral basis.

Tlatelolco was:

One of the islands formed in the Valley of Mexico

At present, there is too little evidence to demonstrate that the Tiwanaku and Wari states, like the late Maya kingdoms, disintegrated due to:

Overpopulation and environmental degradation as a result of over-farming

It may seem strange that an avowedly _________ creed like Zen Buddhism came to be adopted by the Japanese warrior nobility.

Pacifistic

Entry into the Tang government's bureaucratic service was possible only after:

Passing a series of examinations

The "____________," a nickname given to Zhu, took the imperial name of "Hongwu" and spent much of his time driving the remaining Mongols out of his empire.

Pig Emperor

The development of Sikhism resulted, in great measure, from the:

Presence of refugees from Mongol raids in the Muslim sultanates

Toward the middle of the fifteenth century, Aztec rulers set up a military school system for the sons of the elite plus those commoners who were to become __________.

Priests

A ruling in the mid-800s by an Egyptian Muslim judge allowed Nubian Muslims to acquire __________

Private property

Chinese cultural diffusion:

Proceeded more quickly in Japan than on the Asian mainland, perhaps because they were voluntary and not imposed from the outside

The Inca city of Cuzco was:

Protected by walls built with stone blocks weighing up to 100 tons

The religious heritage of the Solomonids still lives on in Ethiopia, and among the _________, who form a small minority in Jamaica and are associated with Bob Marley

Rastafarians

Among the golden objects found among the items of the royal dynasty of Mapungubwe, signifying the power and magic of the kings, was a ____________.

Rhinoceros

The farming of _______ caught on only much later in the southern part of the Korean peninsula, where rainfall and the terracing of hillsides made it feasible.

Rice

In the mid-1400s, Ethiopian kings adopted a Christianized version of _______________ law, The Law of the Kings (Fetha Nagast) from the Egyptian Copts.

Roman

Interaction with the______________ allowed Nubia to adapt itself to the Christian institutions of sacred kingship.

Roman Empire

The Solomonid kings continued to embrace their Christian identity in legal matters, adopting a Christianized version of ____________, called The Law of the Kings or Fetha Nagast.

Roman law

The regularization of a trans-Saharan trade by the __________ in the mid-500s had a profound effect in the Sahel.

Romans

A pattern of regional trade, urbanization, and chiefdom formation was also characteristic for the _______ and savanna of West Africa from the middle of the first millennium CE onwards.

Sahel

Southeast Asia is crossed by several major river systems, including all of the following

Salween. Irawaddy. Mekong.

A practitioner of Zen Buddhism aims to transcend the self, reaching a state in which one is able to apprehend through extreme 'mindfulness' the ultimate insights that bring the flash of enlightenment or __________.

Satori

__________descent is the possession of genealogy going back to the Prophet Muhammad.

Sharifian

______ means 'the way of the gods', and Japanese mythology recognized a staggering array of deities

Shinto

Wealthy Swahili merchant families came to associate themselves with the capital of the Shiite dynasty of the Buyids in __________.

Shiraz

The chief military official of Japan was called a _____________, and the office would become hereditary in the Tokugawa period (1603-1867).

Shogun

At its height between 1250 and 1505, the kingdom of Great Zimbabwe ('the great house built of stone boulders' in the __________ language), represents the culmination of the southern African kingdoms.

Shona

In the Malian epic told about his life, Sundiata prevails over his enemies thanks to a discovery made by his ___________.

Sister

The final provinces added to the Inca Empire, in the __________ century, were in northern Ecuador as well as on the eastern slopes of the Andes.

Sixteenth

In 1270, a new dynasty of kings, the_____________, emerged some 300 miles south of Aksum, in the region of today's capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.

Solomonids

The Pueblo cultures, in today's ____________ were based on sophisticated irrigated farming systems and are known for their distinctive painted pottery styles.

Southwestern United States

The city of Cahokia (650-1400) was a ceremonial center for the Mississippi cultures of North America, and it was located near modern __________.

St. Louis

The Incas built tens of thousands of _________ everywhere in their empire, requiring subjects to supply the nearest one in their vicinity.

Storehouses

The Empire of Mali was founded by Malinke King_____________.

Sundiata

Some of the later rainforest kingdoms achieved great feats of engineering, including elaborate moats and ramparts, the most famous of which is Ijebu´s:

Sungbo's Eredo

Neo-Confucianism holds that one cannot sit passively and wait for enlightenment, as the Buddhists do, but must actively "seek truth through facts" in order to understand the relationships of form (li) and substance (qi) as they govern the constitution of the totality of the universe or "_________________" (taiji).

Supreme Ultimate

Features of the late Maya States in the Yucatán included all of the following EXCEPT: a. Maya culture's final period was about 650-900. b. There were massive attempts at agricultural expansion, involving terracing and other innovations. c. Surprisingly, there was little if any centralization of political authority. d. In some, the population density was greater than that of any contemporary European states.

Surprisingly, there was little if any centralization of political authority.

At the height of the __________ dynasty, Buddhist influence at the imperial court made China a Buddhist empire

Tang

Introduced from China by the Zen monk Eisai (1141-1215), ___________ in Japan became widely adopted as an aid to discipline and meditation among monks in the twelfth century.

Tea drinking

The unification of various Mongol groups under________, also known as Genghis Khan, led a steady invasion on China which, under his grandson Khubilai Khan, would ultimately bring an end to the Song Dynasty.

Temujin

Growing to a city of 30,000 inhabitants by the seventh century, Wari enlarged its agricultural base through the expansion of __________.

Terrace farming

According to the Kebra Negast, the kings of Aksum were the descendants of a union between the queen of Sheba and Solomon, as well as the heirs to ______________.

The Ark of the Covenant

________________is one of the earliest written histories in sub-Saharan Africa.

The Glorious Victories of Amda Seyon

All of the following are true of the Mongol conquests on the Korean peninsula

The Mongols used weapons such as rockets and bombs in the siege of Kaesong. About 250,000 Koreans were deported by the Mongols to be used as slave labor. The benefits of protected trade routes and easy travel and transport were useful, but were far outweighed by the cruelty of the Mongol conquest.

Built in the early 1200s, the Laibela monoliths were probably a reaction to:

The Muslims' recovery of Jerusalem in 1187

Ancient Vietnamese relationships with China are accurately described by all of the following statements

The Qin dynasty occupied northern Vietnam in the third century BCE, as did the Han in the second century BCE. The occupation of parts of Vietnam did much to develop and solidify a sense of a Vietnamese identity. Two women, the Trung sisters, became national symbols because of their fierce rebellion against the Han dynasty.

Around 600, two groups arrived in the Peruvian Andes as conquerors: a. The Inca and the Wari. b. The Tiwanaku and the Inca. c. The Tiwanaku and the Wari. d. The Chontal and the Inca.

The Tiwanaku and the Wari.

Korea's final imperial dynasty was:

The Yi

Sericulture is:

The art of raising silkworms to produce raw silk

The stability of the Ashikaga Shogunate was undermined by court intrigue in Kyoto and by ________.

The concentration of power in the countryside

One of the signs of the conversion of Nubians to Christianity in the 500s was:

The conversion of pagan temples into churches

A Mongol armada was smashed by a typhoon in 1281, known ever after by the Japanese as kamikaze, '_______'.

The divine wind

All of the following is true of the first Korean state

The first Korean state predated Korean contact with China. Was named Choson, meaning "The Land of the Morning Calm." Extended far into the area of what is now southern Manchuria.

Scholars have concluded that Tiwanaku emigrants established colonies some 200 miles to the west of their settlement on the basis of:

The goods that were exchanged between the villages and the Tiwanaku capital

The authors of the textbook consider the influence of China in northeast and southeast Asia to be analogous to:

The influence of the Greek-Hellenistic and Roman cultures in Europe

Debates on Neo-Confucianism in China centered on ___________.

The interpretations and approaches to understanding its core teachings

The following events/circumstances were important in the development of the Yamato regime

The introduction of Chinese writing systems and imperial histories. The Soga clan was overthrown and Fujiwara No-Kamatari emerged as advisor to the new emperor. A 17-article constitution, modeled on Confucian and Buddhist precepts, was adopted

Neo-Confucianism resulted from a synthetic social and political formation, a pattern in which:

The most durable opposing elements of two traditions merge into a compatible whole

All of the following were true of the Incan empire EXCEPT: a. It emerged in the southern Peruvian city-state of Cuzco, as a highly militaristic society. b. The name of the empire, "Tawantinsuyu," means "Land of Warriors." c. It extended into the tropical upper Amazon region as well as the western Argentinean steppes. d. Its foundation myth is similar to that of the Aztecs.

The name of the empire, "Tawantinsuyu," means "Land of Warriors."

The stripes on the faces of some Ife figures are believed to distinguish one lineage from another or to represent:

The passage from youth to adulthood

The Shogunate era in Japan refers to:

The time when real power was vested in a hereditary military dictator, with the emperor largely acting as a figurehead

All of the following are generally accurate about the institutions governing Vietnamese politics, labor, and trade

The village headman and the institutions of the court provided the basic structures. Local leadership was elective, but the choice had to be approved by the imperial court. The headman had considerable power, collecting taxes and sitting with a council of notables, composed of members of a scholar-gentry class.

Mongol armies had all of the following advantages over their opponents

Their successful tactics of feigned retreat. Their skill and horsemanship and archery. Their ability to fire arrows at pursuers while galloping away from them.

All of the following are true of the use of khipu by the Incas

They were used in the Andes long before the Incan empire appeared. They seem to have been used for keeping records. Officials passed them upward from level to level in the imperial administration

In the first century BCE:

Three Kingdoms -- Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla -- developed

A revolt among enslaved East Africans at the mouth of the __________ River between 868 and 883 led to the suppression of large-scale agricultural slavery in the region.

Tigris

Mansa Musa established the city of ________ as a center of learning, focusing on Islamic law but also offering courses in a wide variety of sciences

Timbuktu

In 1398, one of the last great invasions of central Asian nomads under the leadership of ______, descended on northern India and southwest Asia.

Timur

Scholars have explained the purpose of Sungbo's Eredo as being all of the following

To facilitate the collection of tolls. To mark boundaries for ancestral lands and their spirits. To protect against enemies and elephants.

After conquering a city-state,After conquering a city-state, the Incas instituted a decimal system of population organization to provide the necessary numbers for the mit'a, or '__________'.

To take a turn

Poets like Nguyen Thuyen and Ho Quy Ly used chu nom ('southern characters') to _________

Translate Chinese works

Like the Romans, and despite the fact that they lacked wheeled transport, the Incas were well aware of how crucial paved and well-supplied roads were for ___________.

Transporting soldiers

During the second half of the fifteenth century, the Incas: a. Turned from conquest to consolidation. b. Increased the scope of their military draft, using people who would otherwise have been left in their own villages. c. Pulled back toward the administrative center to avoid the costs of constant warfare on the borderlands. d. Faced foreign armies, often as well armed as the Incas, which led to a greater cohesion among the Incan elite aristocracy.

Turned from conquest to consolidation.

In the Song period, China:

Turned inward and broke off contacts with the Buddhist world

The problems identified in the textbook as leading to the deterioration of the late Mayan states included all of the following EXCEPT: a. Torrential downpours washed away the topsoil from the newly built hillside terraces. b. The area experienced uncontrollable population growth, as was true in China. c. The fertility of many fields decreased due to the depletion of nutrients in the topsoil. d. Malnutrition began to reduce the labor force

Uncontrollable population growth, as was true in China.

All of the following statements are true of Vietnamese agriculture

Vietnam has been one of the world centers of wet rice cultivation from the time the grain was domesticated. Vietnamese rice yields ran as high as 25 bushels per acre. During the long rainy season of the summer, vegetables and commercial crops such as hemp would be cultivated.

A new Hindu state emerged in 1336 with the founding of the city of ___________, which was deemed fabulously wealthy by the first Portuguese traders in the sixteenth century.

Vijayanagar

After several centuries of southward expansion by Muslim sultanates in north and central India, a new Hindu state emerged in 1336 with the founding of the city of____________ or "City of Victory."

Vijayanagar

The need for bureaucratic and socioeconomic reform spurred the Song official ________________ to propose a series of initiatives aimed at increasing state control over the economy and reducing the power of local interests.

Wang Anshi

All of the following societies occupied parts of Mesoamerica EXCEPT: a. Teotihuacán b. Wari c. Toltec d. Maya

Wari

Ruler of the Delhi Sultanate between 1236 and 1240, the sultan Raziya:

Was a woman who dispensed with the veil and wore male attire on the battlefield

Nubian kingdoms prospered in large part as the result of the rapid spread of the animal-driven ________ (saqiya) invented in Egypt in the first century CE.

Waterwheel

After his visit to Harsha's kingdom, Xuan Zang pronounced it:

Well run, wealthy, and justly administered

Like their counterparts in Korea and Japan, the new Vietnamese literate elites ____________.

Were incorporated into the far-flung world of Chinese civilization

Systematic Chinese attempts to transform Korea:

Were initiated after the Han conquest in the second century BCE

The examples of Murasaki Shikibu and Sei Shonagno reveal that:

Women could develop a highly influential cultural world, despite being sequestered

Under the shoguns, the Japanese warrior class witnessed the union of bu and bun, the 'dual way' of the sword and __________.

Writing brush

The most extraordinary example of the contradictory Tang trends towards both greater restrictiveness and wider latitude in personal behavior was the Tang Empress____________.

Wu Zetian

The Amnokkang, better known as the _________ River, and Kangnam Mountains form the present dividing line between the Korean peninsula and Manchuria.

Yalu

The following are in the correct chronological order:

Yayoi period; Yamato period; Koryo kingdom; dynasty of Le Loi

The earliest of the rainforest village clusters to urbanize, Ife was the spiritual center of the _________ ethnic group and its oral traditions.

Yoruba

Perhaps the most important mit'a obligation which subject households owed to the Inca in the conquest phase of their empire was the service of ____________.

Young men between 18 and 30 years of age in the military

In 1280 Khubilai Khan proclaimed the_________ dynasty.

Yuan

At the very end of the period of Teotihuacán, Maya, and Toltec expansion, the three cultural traditions finally merged in the ____________, but the merger did not last long.

Yucatán Peninsula

Many small rivers open into the Indian Ocean, but only the _________ River in the south was large enough to allow longer-range water traffic and the building of inland towns

Zambezi

There is reference to the kingdom of Choson, 'The Land of the Morning Calm', in _________.

Zhou Chinese annals

The __________________ of southern Africa was the first region of the interior where a pattern of increasing wealth and population density became visible, during the period 600-1505.

Zimbabwean Plateau

The Battle of Manzikert (1071) was: a. A miserable failure for Byzantine forces, even though they were numerically superior to the Seljuks. b. The Seljuks' final victory in Anatolia, and the Byzantines quickly recovered from the blow. c. Considered unimportant in Western Europe and its legacy quickly forgotten. d. The cause for the abandonment of the Crusader kingdoms in the Middle East.

a. A miserable failure for Byzantine forces, even though they were numerically superior to the Seljuks.

The vestiges of Charlemagne's empire were invaded in the 9th century by all of the following groups except: a. Angles. b. Muslims. c. Vikings. d. Magyars.

a. Angles.

St. Thomas Aquinas: a. Argued, in his Summa Theologica, that it was possible to compromise between or to synthesize faith and reason. b. Believed that human reason was too imperfect to understand evidence of God's existence. c. Believed that Aristotle, a pagan, could add nothing to human understanding of the divine will. d. Was captured and castrated by the uncle and other relatives of a young woman with whom he had become involved.

a. Argued, in his Summa Theologica, that it was possible to compromise between or to synthesize faith and reason.

The 'trivium' that formed the foundation for the 'liberal arts' included all of the following except: a. Arithmetic. b. Logic. c. Grammar. d. Rhetoric.

a. Arithmetic.

The Hanseatic League was a trade network of allied ports along the North and ______ Sea coasts, founded in 1256. a. Baltic. b. Black. c. Mediterranean. d. Irish.

a. Baltic.

After overcoming armed resistance, Muhammad founded the "umma" (__________) of Muslims, who believed that in one God having Muhammad as his Prophet. a. Community. b. Church. c. Empire. d. Nation-State.

a. Community.

In 596, Pope Gregory I dispatched a group of monks under the leadership of Augustine to __________. a. Convert the Anglo-Saxons of southern England. b. Eradicate institutionalized slavery in Christian England. c. Represent church interests in the dispute between King Henry II and Thomas Becket. d. Launch a missionary effort in pagan-dominated Ireland.

a. Convert the Anglo-Saxons of southern England.

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), a philosopher of history and a political theorist, _________. a. Found philosophy and speculative theology incompatible with religion. b. Made a public renunciation of Islam and converted to Judaism. c. Considered philosophy the discipline of logical concepts and religion its equivalent in images. d. Created the decimal system of "Arabic" numerals.

a. Found philosophy and speculative theology incompatible with religion.

Among the surviving Arabic palaces, the best preserved is the Alhambra of __________ (ca. 1350-1450), with its exquisite honeycomb-style decorations. a. Granada. b. Damascus. c. Cairo. d. Baghdad.

a. Granada.

The following order of events is correct: a. Gregory I's papacy; Reign of Charlemagne; Crusades to the Holy Land; Black Death. b. Crusades to the Holy Land; Black Death; Gregory I's papacy; Reign of Charlemagne. c. Reign of Charlemagne; Crusades to the Holy Land; Black Death; Gregory I's papacy. d. Black Death; Reign of Charlemagne; Crusades to the Holy Land; Gregory I's papacy.

a. Gregory I's papacy; Reign of Charlemagne; Crusades to the Holy Land; Black Death.

Windmill technology, borrowed from _________ during the twelfth century, helped significantly to increase food production in medieval Europe. a. Islamic Iran. b. Song China. c. Ancient Romans. d. Muslim Spain.

a. Islamic Iran.

The medieval economy profited from several innovative financial and legal instruments, like the commenda, which were devised to facilitate ____________. a. Long-distance trade. b. New agricultural technologies on manors. c. The king's acquisition of new estates. d. The payment of crusaders in the Holy Land.

a. Long-distance trade.

Local Persian military lords and Arab settlers rose up against the Umayyads under the banner of a "rightly guided" leader (____, or Messiah) in 750. a. Mahdi. b. Imam. c. Ulama. d. Caliph.

a. Mahdi.

Problems faced by fourteenth-century Europeans included all of the following EXCEPT: a. Muslim invasions. b. Dramatic climate change. c. The Black Death. d. A shortage of arable land, leading to famine.

a. Muslim invasions.

In the fourteenth century, the 'Merton Calculators' of Oxford University argued that: a. Objects of different weights fall at a uniform level of acceleration. b. There was no such thing as a vacuum in space, in spite of Aristotle's claims. c. 'Arabic' numerals were more useful in establishing valid calculations than Roman numerals. d. Aristotle's treatises had been so badly translated from Arabic documents that they were impossible to decipher.

a. Objects of different weights fall at a uniform level of acceleration.

The first attempt to open up gloomy Romanesque interiors—and an early expression of the new Gothic style—was made at the abbey church of St. Denis near ________ in 1144 under the guidance of Abbot Suger. a. Paris. b. Canterbury. c. Ravenna. d. Aachen.

a. Paris.

In the 7 and 8 centuries, provincial life in Anatolia became increasingly _________. a. Poor for its Christian inhabitants. b. Prosperous, given the importation of agricultural innovations from Umayyad Damascus. c. Precarious, given the raiding parties of Byzantine "themes" or mercenary troops. d. Pacified, with Muslim forces in retreat and consolidating their forces in Northwest Africa.

a. Poor for its Christian inhabitants.

In 1055-1059, Seljuk rulers ended the Buwayhid regime in Baghdad and assumed power under the title "sultan" (from the Arabic for "______"). a. Power. b. Holy. c. Temporary. d. Intelligence.

a. Power.

The 'Cathars', or '_________', rejected orthodox church doctrines and the sacraments of Eucharist and baptism, while also railing against the abuses of the clergy. a. Pure Ones. b. Poor Ones. c. Free Lovers. d. Fire Lovers.

a. Pure Ones.

A "Muslim" would come to be defined as a believer who _________ the will of God (Allah). a. Submits to. b. Rebels against. c. Drinks in. d. Ascends to.

a. Submits to.

The 'investiture controversy' erupted between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV over the issue of: a. The appointment of clergy members. b. The rate of church investment in imperial properties. c. The vestments worn by members of the church hierarchy. d. The vestiges of pagan culture in books that were sanctioned by the emperor.

a. The appointment of clergy members.

One of the most important religious disputes to wrack the Byzantine Empire was the iconoclasm controversy, which concerned: a. The removal of all religious images from churches and monasteries. b. The demotion of the emperor from a semi-divine status to a human being. c. The precise nature of Jesus Christ. d. Whether the language of church administration would be Greek or Latin.

a. The removal of all religious images from churches and monasteries.

During the period between the ninth century and the year 1300: a. There was a period of chaos, out of which grew a new model of well-run, centralized governments. b. A series of strong men tried to consolidate power in specific areas, but they were never successful. c. Germany and Italy were able to consolidate power and develop strong central governments. d. France and England each tried to consolidate power in their respective realms, but were not able to do so until much later.

a. There was a period of chaos, out of which grew a new model of well-run, centralized governments.

As a result of his bold stance against the Mongols, Ibn Taymiyya ______. a. Was imprisoned by the Mamluks and died in jail. b. Was named caliph in Cairo. c. Converted the Mongol king Ghazan to Sufism. d. Stayed in Mongol territory and taught Arabic literature and theology to its inhabitants.

a. Was imprisoned by the Mamluks and died in jail.

____________ is defined as the removal and destruction of all religious images from churches and monasteries. a. iconoclasm b. aniconism c. iconodulism d. iconolatry

a. iconoclasm

In the 400s, Nubian chiefs established three small kingdoms that prospered in large measure as a result of the rapid spread of ________________.

animal-driven waterwheels

The Catholic Pope in Rome and the Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other in _________. a. 1204. b. 1054. c. 325. d. 1453.

b. 1054.

After many full-scale assaults and episodes of mob violence against Jewish communities, England expelled Jewish people in __________. a. 1492. b. 1290. c. 1066. d. 1144.

b. 1290.

The designation of time Anno Domini ('in the year of the Lord') was introduced by the Roman monk Dionysius Exiguus in (A.D.) __________ but popularized during Charlemagne's reign. a. 800. b. 532. c. 325. d. 33.

b. 532.

The "investiture controversy" was: a. A petition condemning the luxurious living conditions of bishops and cardinals. b. A power struggle between popes and emperors. c. A disagreement about the rule of clerical celibacy. d. A treatise vesting the pope with the right to excommunicate kings.

b. A power struggle between popes and emperors.

All of the following are indications of new intellectual trends from the eleventh century through the fourteenth century, EXCEPT: a. Leadership of the Church was increasingly taken on by councils of bishops. b. Abandonment of the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle in favor of a literal interpretation of scripture. c. Challenges to Church dogma such as those by John Wycliffe and John Huss. d. Increasing literary expression in the vernacular (language of the people, such as Italian or French) instead of Latin.

b. Abandonment of the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle in favor of a literal interpretation of scripture.

The first signs of a religious orientation within the Arab Empire occurred during the reign of ___________, the third Umayyad ruler. a. Muhammad al-Shaybani b. Abd al-Malik c. Muhammad II d. Saladin

b. Abd al-Malik

John Wycliffe was famous for doing all of the following except: a. Overseeing a translation of the Bible into Middle English. b. Advocating the papacy's relocation to Avignon in 1305. c. Railing against the wealth and abuses of the higher clergy. d. Challenging church doctrine on sacraments like the Eucharist.

b. Advocating the papacy's relocation to Avignon in 1305.

The following issues can be considered a part of the inspiration for the Crusades EXCEPT: a. A new wave of Christian enthusiasm sweeping across Europe. b. An attempt to protect European trade routes to southeastern Asia. c. A perception that Muslim control was vulnerable because of squabbling between factions. d. A drive to reconquer lands that had been lost to Muslim armies in the eighth century.

b. An attempt to protect European trade routes to southeastern Asia.

Throughout the Muslim world, autonomous dynasties recognized the Abbasid caliphs in _______, but for all practical purposes they were independent. a. Damascus. b. Baghdad. c. Medina. d. Jerusalem.

b. Baghdad.

To simplify the central administration of the Byzantine Empire, Heraclius replaced Latin with Greek as the language of the bureaucracy and the multiple Latin titles of the emperor with the single Greek title of "king" or _______. a. Augustus. b. Basileus. c. Caesar. d. Imperator.

b. Basileus.

The model for monastic life was established by St. _________ (ca. 480-543), whose Holy Rule governed the rhythms and rituals of a monk's day. a. Augustine. b. Benedict. c. Gregory. d. Dominic.

b. Benedict.

The founder of the Merovingian dynasty was: a. Otto I b. Clovis c. Charlemagne d. Charles Martel

b. Clovis

At some point in his reign, perhaps in 498, ____________ adopted ('orthodox') Christianity, which gave him the backing of Christian bishops in Gaul. a. Pepin 'the Short.' b. Clovis. c. Merovech. d. Boniface.

b. Clovis.

All territories within France controlled directly by the king, as in the case of the lands controlled by Hugh Capet between 987 and 996 were called his ___________. a. Seigneurie. b. Demesne. c. Province. d. Duchy.

b. Demesne.

Pope Gregory I is credited with all of the following EXCEPT: a. Making the papacy powerful in Western Europe. b. Dispensing with papal armies and military retainers. c. Laying the foundation for the Papal States in Italy. d. Allying with Frankish kings in order to strengthen both the Church and the developing Frankish kingdom.

b. Dispensing with papal armies and military retainers.

In gratitude for his putting down disturbances and protests against the church in the 10 century, Otto I of Saxony was proclaimed '__________' by Pope John XII. a. Defender of the Faith. b. Emperor of the Romans. c. Holders of the Keys of St. Peter. d. King of the Germans.

b. Emperor of the Romans.

The "Crusade of the Three Kings" was led by: a. Bernard I of Clairvaux, King Louis IX of France, and Gustav VI of Norway. b. Frederick I of Germany, Philip II of France, and Richard I of England. c. Holy Roman Emperor William I, Louis V of France, and George II of England. d. Philip II of France, George II of England, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.

b. Frederick I of Germany, Philip II of France, and Richard I of England.

Which of the below correctly identifies the "liberal arts" as taught in the monasteries? a. Reading, Latin, arithmetic, chemistry, engineering, music, and astrology. b. Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. c. Calligraphy, philosophy, mathematics, geology, geometry, music, and astrology. d. Aristotelian philosophy, arithmetic, solid geometry, architecture, algebra, literature, and music.

b. Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.

Pope Gregory I did all of the following EXCEPT: a. He sent a group of monks to Britain to aggressively promote the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. b. He recalled St. Boniface to Rome for his failure to convert the Irish. c. He encouraged the conversion of the German kings to Christianity. d. His actions contributed to the increasing independence of Latin Christendom from the Eastern Church at Constantinople.

b. He recalled St. Boniface to Rome for his failure to convert the Irish.

All of the following contributed to cross-Mediterranean trade and commerce EXCEPT: a. Innovations suggested by observation of Islamic and Byzantine merchants. b. Improvements in astrological tables. c. Stern-mounted rudders, in use as early as 1180. d. The lateen sail, adapted from those used by Muslim sailors.

b. Improvements in astrological tables.

In spite of the innovative nature of scholasticism, the Aristotelian logic upon which it was based was suspected of being: a. Incomplete when compared with Islamic medical technology. b. Incompatible with Christian doctrine. c. Intelligible only to those who could read the original Greek. d. Inconsistent with dominant Neo-Platonic philosophy.

b. Incompatible with Christian doctrine.

Between 1096 and 1099, European Crusaders returned Nicaea to Byzantium and captured_________. a. Aleppo b. Jerusalem c. Cairo d. Baghdad

b. Jerusalem

Saladin [Salah ad-Din], the _______ successor of the Fatimids in Egypt and Seljukids in Syria, nearly ended the crusader kingdom in 1187. a. Turkish. b. Kurdish. c. Moroccan. d. Mamluk.

b. Kurdish.

In eighth-century Iran, local Persian military lords and Arab settlers revolted, expecting a "rightly guided" leader or _______to arrive and establish a realm of justice on earth. a. Imam b. Mahdi c. Hadith d. Umma

b. Mahdi

Scholars surmise that the _____________________set off the spread of the Black Death in the mid-fourteenth century. a. Umayyad conquest of Iberia. b. Mongol invasion of Vietnam c. fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks d. Muslim invasion of Egypt

b. Mongol invasion of Vietnam

Among a group of delegates, only Ibn Taymiyya had the courage to stand before the _________ ruler and accuse him of being an infidel, lecturing him sternly on his Muslim duties of adherence to Islamic law and peace. a. Byzantine. b. Mongol. c. Chinese. d. Mamluk.

b. Mongol.

The combined body of the legal verses of the Quran, the prophetic Sunna, and the legal commentaries of the 800s and 900s came to be called ___________. a. Mihna. b. Sharia. c. Dar al-hikma. d. Madrasa.

b. Sharia.

_________is a minority faith among Muslims, making up about 10% of the total, although they are in the majority in contemporary Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon. a. Sunnism b. Shiism c. Sufism d. Tariqism

b. Shiism

Representative assemblies developed in two areas: a. The Estates-General established in France under Louis IX and the Parliament established in England under Richard III. b. The Estates-General established in France by Philip IV and the Parliament established in England during the reign of John. c. The Parliament established in 11th-century Hungary and the General Estates in 14th-century Germany. d. Congresses developed in England and France after the example of the American Continental Congress.

b. The Estates-General established in France by Philip IV and the Parliament established in England during the reign of John.

Charlemagne's empire did not long survive his death for all of the following EXCEPT: a. It was plagued with external wars and internal strife. b. The Pope withdrew his support for the resulting kingdoms and principalities as punishment for disobedience. c. Charlemagne's eldest son, Louis the Pious, divided the empire among his three sons, reducing the strength of each. d. The Norsemen began marauding the coastlines and navigable rivers, the Magyar horsemen terrorized East Frankland, and the French coast of the Mediterranean was vulnerable to Muslim pirates.

b. The Pope withdrew his support for the resulting kingdoms and principalities as punishment for disobedience.

A compromise between religion and state became codified in Abbasid society, with caliphs executing the laws and the ulama responsible for: a. Leading soldiers into battle. b. The implementation of Sharia in the judicial system. c. Passing pieces of legislation that were passed to the Grand Mufti for review. d. Managing protocol at the caliph's court.

b. The implementation of Sharia in the judicial system.

All of the following were true of medieval Jews EXCEPT: a. They sometimes served as diplomats or bankers. b. They lived in integrated neighborhoods among non-Jews in most European cities. c. As a group, they developed a wide knowledge of geography and languages. d. Violence against them increased steadily between 1096 and the early 1400s.

b. They lived in integrated neighborhoods among non-Jews in most European cities.

While China fortified its borders and reinstated political systems that had been dismantled by the Mongols, it also had to contend with a sharp drop in population due to warfare and the lingering effects of ______________that ravaged the country in the 1340s.

bubonic plague

In 845, despite official Tang sponsorship, the government forcibly seized all _________ holdings, although followers were allowed to continue their religious practices.

buddhist

Joan of Arc's victory at Orleans in _________ inspired the French to one success after another (even though Joan was burned at the stake two years later). a. 1346. b. 1415. c. 1429. d. 1453.

c. 1429.

Alms-giving is a small donation or tax given to the poor, generally in the amount of ____ percent. a. 10. b. 25. c. 2.5. d. 7.5.

c. 2.5.

All of the following contributed to a more advantageous economic atmosphere in Europe after 1000 EXCEPT: a. An increasing population, based on improvements in the European diet. b. An increasing demand for consumer goods. c. A greater supply of trade items that were in high demand across Asia. d. More efficient watermills.

c. A greater supply of trade items that were in high demand across Asia.

Scholasticism was: a. A drive to encourage young aristocrats to attend universities, such as the University of Paris. b. A field of study that focused on astrophysics, philosophy, and Christian theology. c. A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic. d. A technique of learning derived from application of the Socratic dialectic.

c. A medieval method of determining theological and philosophical truth by using Aristotelian logic.

In 971 the Byzantines crushed the _________ and reintegrated their realm into the empire. a. Venetians. b. Ottoman Turks. c. Bulgars. d. Abbasid caliphs.

c. Bulgars.

The Eastern Roman Empire would ultimately survive under the name of____________. a. Constantinople b. Istanbul c. Byzantium d. Sigeion

c. Byzantium

The founder of the western Christian Carolingian Empire, ___________, beat back Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours and Poitiers in 732/3. a. Charlemagne. b. Clovis I. c. Charles Martel. d. Gregory of Tours.

c. Charles Martel.

Comprised of merchants and artisans who lived in 'burghs' (or _________) the bourgeoisie made their livings from producing and selling goods for commercial exchange. a. Castles. b. Monasteries. c. Cities. d. Cooperative farms.

c. Cities.

Boccaccio's Decameron and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales were both: a. Composed in Latin, in emulation of their ancient Roman models. b. Created in the 13 century, just when new forms of literature were being introduced. c. Constructed from bawdy and erotically themed stories. d. Cited by Dante as examples of literature that could be found in various circles of Hell.

c. Constructed from bawdy and erotically themed stories.

When Vladimir I converted to Christianity in 988, he received a Byzantine princess in marriage but was also asked to: a. Contribute to an armed force that would attack the Catholic church in Rome in 1000. b. Send an embassy to the king of Georgia to persuade him to convert to Christianity also. c. Contribute 6000 Kievan troops against internal rebels in the Byzantine Empire. d. Select a Russian to be appointed as the Patriarch of the Orthodox church in Constantinople.

c. Contribute 6000 Kievan troops against internal rebels in the Byzantine Empire.

Manorialism was primarily a(n) __________ system that came to dominate medieval life in the wake of the Carolingian empire's collapse. a. Military. b. Political. c. Economic. d. Religious.

c. Economic.

Henry II of England reformed the judicial system by making his royal courts the _____________. a. Only ones that could call on the services of jurors. b. Subordinates of courts convened by bishops. c. Final courts of appeal. d. Elected representatives of the three social 'estates.'

c. Final courts of appeal.

The following order of events is correct: a. Magna Carta, England; St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica; Foundation charter of the University of Paris; Council of Constance. b. St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica; Foundation charter of the University of Paris; Council of Constance; Magna Carta, England. c. Foundation charter of the University of Paris; Magna Carta, England; St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica; Council of Constance. d. Council of Constance; Magna Carta, England; St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica; Foundation charter of the University of Paris.

c. Foundation charter of the University of Paris; Magna Carta, England; St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica; Council of Constance.

In contrast to western art, both Byzantine Christians and Muslims retained the ________ for rulers, even applying it to ordinary humans. a. Crown b. Scepter c. Halo d. Beard

c. Halo

In contrast to western art, both Byzantine Christians and Muslims retained the ________ for rulers, even applying it to ordinary humans. a. Crown. b. Scepter. c. Halo. d. Beard.

c. Halo.

Charlemagne was grandson of Charles Martel, who stopped the Muslim armies at Tours. In his general policies and political preferences, all of the following are valid EXCEPT: a. He represented the first full synthesis of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultural elements. b. He forged a distinctive Western cultural identity and raised its status. c. He was able to severely limit the Church's influence so they could not pull political power from him. d. His imperial status was recognized by the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, Harun al-Rashid.

c. He was able to severely limit the Church's influence so they could not pull political power from him.

Which of the following statements is false? a. In the visual arts, Arabs and early Muslims continued to create paintings and sculptures in the hybrid style that had become common in the Mediterranean and Middle East during the 300s. b. The Umayyad and early Abbasid caliphs loved frescoes with hunting, drinking, and dancing scenes. c. Islamic law does not prohibit painting and sculpture, unlike Byzantine iconoclasm. d. The rulers of Granada in the 1400s enjoyed scenes of courtly love in their royal chambers.

c. Islamic law does not prohibit painting and sculpture, unlike Byzantine iconoclasm.

The Arabic word ________ literally meant the "struggle for the path of God (fi sabil Allah)", and this could range from a personal struggle for faith to war in the name of Islam. a. Mahdi. b. Amir. c. Jihad. d. Hijra.

c. Jihad.

After the __________were pushed back to Iraq and Iran and converted to Islam, the Mamluks were able to terminate the Crusader Kingdom in 1291 with the conquest of Acre. a. Seljuks b. Marinids c. Mongols d. Fatimids

c. Mongols

________ Islam, or Sufism, was an outgrowth of meditative thought and practices developed from the Christian, Zoroastrian, and Greek philosophical heritages interacting within the Muslim world. a. Scientific. b. Literary. c. Mystical. d. Intellectual.

c. Mystical.

Apart from the conquest of Byzantine Sicily by a dynasty in Tunisia, the only active jihad activities in the 10 century were the campaigns of the Turkish palace guards __________. a. Against the Hindus in India. b. Against the Mamluks in Egypt. c. On the Anatolian border with Byzantium. d. On the border with the Kievan Rus at Chechnya.

c. On the Anatolian border with Byzantium.

In the early medieval period, the concept of Latin Christendom provided a common identity for those living under the primacy of the ________________. a. Frankish king. b. Holy Roman Emperor. c. Pope. d. Byzantine Emperor.

c. Pope.

Which of the following is not one of the five religious duties which identify a Muslim? a. Profession of faith b. Prayer c. Repentance d. Fasting

c. Repentance

_________ was the Kurdish-descended successor of the Fatimids in Egypt nearly ended the Crusader Kingdom in 1187. a. Al-Aziz Tariq b. Al-Afdal c. Salah al-Din d. Al-Malik Hattin

c. Salah al-Din

The entirety of the Islamic moral and legal code, completed by the mid-900s, is known as the________. a. Quran b. Sunna c. Sharia d. Hadith

c. Sharia

Illustrations in the medical literature translated from Greek and Syriac into Arabic, dating to the 1110s, _________. a. Never incorporate drawings of bodies, as a violation of the prohibition against "graven images." b. Were based on dissection of cadavers made available by Umayyad caliphs. c. Show great similarities with Byzantine icons. d. Were submitted to imams for approval.

c. Show great similarities with Byzantine icons.

All of the following are true of the Hundred Years' War EXCEPT: a. It lasted (with a few breaks) from 1337-1453, spanning a period of roughly 116 years. b. In one phase, a young peasant girl led the French to an astonishing victory. c. Since it was fought primarily on French soil, it caused no harm to the English. d. It contributed to religious, economic, and political instability across Western Europe.

c. Since it was fought primarily on French soil, it caused no harm to the English.

_________is a mystical and meditative devotion to faith, expressed in the form of prayer, ecstasy, chanting, or dancing. a. Ismailism b. Alawism c. Sufism d. Ibadism

c. Sufism

________ came to be identified as the paradigmatic "path" of Muhammad's traditions which, if trodden by believers, would lead to salvation. a. Shia. b. Dhimma. c. Sunna. d. Haditha.

c. Sunna.

Some of the changes of the eleventh and twelfth centuries included: a. The abandonment of urban life, in reaction to the Black Death. b. The growth of barter as a means of exchange. c. The appearance of the military as a new social class. d. The strengthening of the feudal economy, as the use of coinage diminished.

c. The appearance of the military as a new social class.

The five-times daily prayer of Muslims requires all of the following except: a. The performance of a sequence of bodily motions and prayers. b. The physical enactment of one's submission to the will of Allah. c. The consumption of a communal meal. d. The washing of hands and feet for ritual cleanliness.

c. The consumption of a communal meal.

All of the following is true of the Benedictine monasteries EXCEPT: a. Their model was established by St. Benedict. b. The guidelines govern such matters as the times for rising, praying, eating, and retiring. c. They were supported by offerings from the peasants around them in exchange for their prayers for a bountiful harvest. d. They established a hierarchy, overseen by an abbot and regulated by a series of "offices."

c. They were supported by offerings from the peasants around them in exchange for their prayers for a bountiful harvest.

The dispute between St. Anselm and Peter Abelard hinged on whether: a. One must be consecrated by the church in order to be a university professor. b. Women could be educated in the formal precincts of a university. c. Understanding a concept is necessary for belief in it. d. God's existence can be proven from reading Aristotle's Metaphysics.

c. Understanding a concept is necessary for belief in it.

Feudalism consisted of powerful landed aristocrats (lords) who assembled small private armies consisting of dependents (___________) in order to meet military emergencies. a. Serfs. b. Fiefs. c. Vassals. d. Minuscules.

c. Vassals.

Key to Charlemagne's effort of educational reform was the appointment of Alcuin of ______________ as master of the palace school. a. Aachen. b. Baghdad. c. York. d. Jarrow.

c. York.

At the top of the Mamluk state was the______, who controlled the annual purchases of slaves and commanded the largest cavalry regiment a. imam b. mullah c. sultan d. raja

c. sultan

Ancient Ghana emerged in the 600s as the strongest group of ___________ between the Niger inland delta in the east and the Senegal valley in the west.

chiefdoms

By 1200, Sunni authorities had: a. Declared a jihad on Sufis. b. Attempted to purge Sufism of the jahiliyyah elements contained within it. c. Dissolved their theological schools in favor of Sufism. d. Adapted Sufism to popular practice in the form of congregational brotherhoods in lodges.

d. Adapted Sufism to popular practice in the form of congregational brotherhoods in lodges.

Parallel to the compilation of the Quran, traditions (______) about Muhammad's life were gathered and put into the form of encyclopedic collections as well as biographies. a. Umma. b. Sharia. c. Dhimma. d. Ahadith.

d. Ahadith.

The ___________is the best preserved example of an Islamic palace in the world. a. Topkapi Palace b. Taj Mahal c. Hagia Sophia d. Alhambra

d. Alhambra

All of the following innovations contributed to the revitalization of European economy during the fifteenth century EXCEPT: a. Smaller markets, bringing about increased competition among merchants. b. New accounting techniques such as double-entry bookkeeping. c. The introduction of insurance for maritime ventures. d. An increased demand in India and Asia for European manufactures.

d. An increased demand in India and Asia for European manufactures.

During the coronation of Pepin III 'the Short', the pope included the ceremony of unction (used earlier by the Visigoths), in which the newly crowned person was ______________. a. Declared the Holy Roman Emperor. b. Converted to Orthodox Christianity. c. Allowed to drink the sacramental wine. d. Anointed with holy oil.

d. Anointed with holy oil.

Relationships between lords and vassals were maintained by all of the following except: a. Grants of land to the vassals, known as fiefs. b. Concepts of loyalty and honor. c. An understanding of hierarchy, with the king at its apex. d. Arbiters drawn from the class of urban merchants, when disputes arose.

d. Arbiters drawn from the class of urban merchants, when disputes arose.

Heraclius (r. 610-641) was able to save the Roman Empire and beat back the Sasanids due to his: a. Forced conversions of many inhabitants of the Levant to Christianity. b. Maneuvering Khosrow II onto the Sasanid throne. c. Incorporation of the stirrup in his cavalry units. d. Borrowing huge sums of money to fund an army.

d. Borrowing huge sums of money to fund an army.

A large civilian bureaucracy could be found in ________, composed of Muslim, Coptic Christian, and Jewish scribes and accountants, staffing the three main ministries. a. Damascus. b. Baghdad. c. Constantinople. d. Cairo.

d. Cairo.

In Gothic architecture, pointed arches, _____________, allowed for higher vertical thrusts in weight distribution, resulting in soaring church naves. a. Despite being prone to collapse during the construction process. b. Originally sketched out in a treatise by Abbot Suger. c. Flattened out over a distance of 100 feet on average. d. Copied from Islamic architecture through contact with Sicily and Spain.

d. Copied from Islamic architecture through contact with Sicily and Spain.

As a result of _____________ in 732, Charles Martel, 'the Hammer', emerged as not only the most powerful man in Frankland but also the leader of the most powerful force in Latin Christendom. a. Leading an expedition to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims. b. Instituting new metallurgical and tool-making skills among the Franks. c. Deposing the last Merovingian king. d. Defeating advancing Muslim armies at the Battle of Tours.

d. Defeating advancing Muslim armies at the Battle of Tours.

Pressured by popular demand, the Byzantine emperor in 842, like the Abbasid caliph a few years later, ________. a. Ordered the destruction of all graven images and human figures in houses of worship. b. Pledged only to recruit soldiers that were adherents of other religions. c. Resigned all of his titles and went into retirement. d. Ended his control over religion and law in his domains.

d. Ended his control over religion and law in his domains.

The following statements are true of feudalism EXCEPT: a. While the term describes a practice or groups of similar practices, it has no underlying philosophy which would allow it to be considered a true "system." b. It is generally based on an expressed or implied agreement between those who govern and those who serve. c. Its hierarchal structure set Europe on the path toward well-organized kingdoms, headed by a monarch, supported by aristocrats who governed peasants. d. Feudal organization was more frequent and commonplace in southern Europe than in France or Germany.

d. Feudal organization was more frequent and commonplace in southern Europe than in France or Germany.

The need for reform of the Western Church during the period 1000 to 1300 seems to have arisen: a. From the nobility exercising too much control over the appointment of priests. b. Primarily in urban parishes at first. c. Largely from the commercialization of monasteries. d. From a long period of decentralization and decline of learning.

d. From a long period of decentralization and decline of learning.

Due to its borrowing of the Muslim lateen, a(n) ______________, Italian ships were able to sail into the westerly winds that had previously prevented their sailing through the Straits of Gibraltar into the Atlantic Ocean. a. Iron plate firmly mounted to the ship's stern. b. Magnetic compass. c. Narrower and more swift-moving vessel. d. Front-mounted triangular sail.

d. Front-mounted triangular sail.

________ were associations of merchants and artisans intended to protect and promote affairs of common interest. a. Manors. b. Wergilds. c. Fiefs. d. Guilds.

d. Guilds.

Shiites are the minority of today's Muslims, comprising about 10 percent of the total population, but they make up the majority in contemporary _____, Iraq, and Lebanon. a. Egypt. b. Afghanistan. c. Indonesia. d. Iran.

d. Iran.

The tradition of Husayn's martyrdom near _______ in Iraq at the hands of the Sunni Umayyads is central for all Shiites and is commemorated during one of the months of the Muslim calendar. a. Tikrit. b. Erbil. c. Falluja. d. Karbala.

d. Karbala.

All of the following rebellions resulted from the Black Death except the: a. Jacquerie. b. Peasants' Revolt. c. Ciompi. d. Magna Chartists.

d. Magna Chartists.

Turkish military slaves from the Russian steppes and dominant in the armies of Saladin´s successors, the ____________established their own regime in agriculturally rich Egypt from 1250 to 1517. a. Mongols b. Ilkhanids c. Seljuks d. Mamluks

d. Mamluks

Education in the 'vernacular' language was especially popular in the city-states of _________, where the emphasis was on educating students for productive careers in the secular world. a. Southern France. b. Eastern Germany. c. Central England. d. Northern Italy.

d. Northern Italy.

The largest cities in medieval Europe could be found in _________. a. The ports-of-call for the Hanseatic League. b. Southern England. c. The Low Countries. d. Northern Italy.

d. Northern Italy.

When he was informed of the existence and the beliefs of the Cathars, Pope Innocent III _____________. a. Formed them into a new religious order of 'friars' ('brothers'). b. Sent them on a crusade against the Orthodox Christians in Constantinople. c. Incorporated them into Cluniac monasteries and encouraged them to devote themselves to "God's work." d. Ordered a crusade against them that was brutal, even by medieval standards.

d. Ordered a crusade against them that was brutal, even by medieval standards.

In 1295, King Edward I convened the so-called Model _________, comprised of an upper house of nobles and a lower house of 'knights of the shires and burgesses of the towns'. a. Estates-General. b. Convention. c. Concordat. d. Parliament.

d. Parliament.

The Academy of Florence (in Italy) invited Byzantine _________ scholars to help in the recovery of the texts of this philosopher. a. Aristotle. b. Avicenna. c. Epicurus. d. Plato.

d. Plato.

Abd al-Malik may have built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem because he saw himself as the true "________" (Caliph) vis-à-vis the Byzantine basileus. a. Angel of Allah. b. Warrior of Allah. c. Son of Allah. d. Representative of Allah.

d. Representative of Allah.

When the young, energetic emperor Alexius I Comnenus sent an embassy to ________ in 1095, he found a sympathetic ear. a. Constantinople. b. Paris. c. Antioch. d. Rome.

d. Rome.

_______ is the paradigmatic "path" of Muhammad's traditions which, if trodden by believers, will lead to salvation. a. Imam b. Umma c. Jihad d. Sunna

d. Sunna

The Fourth Crusade is notable because: a. The knights wanted to ride the land route and avoid all sea travel. b. The knights wanted to ride the land route and avoid all sea travel. c. Prince William IV, who led the crusade, became ill and died before they left Europe, and the leaderless army wandered into Russia. d. The crusaders attacked another Christian city, so angering the pope that he excommunicated the entire army.

d. The crusaders attacked another Christian city, so angering the pope that he excommunicated the entire army.

The real breakthrough in the Christian 'reconquest' of Spain occurred in 1085 when ______ was liberated from Muslim control, resulting in almost half of the country returning to Christians. a. Madrid. b. Majorca. c. Granada. d. Toledo.

d. Toledo.

The most popular collection of short stories was the Maqamat, about an impersonator telling tall stories to gullible listeners, collecting money for his tales, and ________. a. Living another night at the Sultan's pleasure. b. Performing a Sufi dance to illustrate the concepts raised in the tales. c. Taking down notes on those who did not laugh, in order to inform the Sultan. d. Traveling from city to city in ever-new disguises.

d. Traveling from city to city in ever-new disguises.

Under siege by the_______________, the old Eastern Roman Empire had retreated to Anatolia and parts of the Balkans. a. Berbers b. Nasrids and Almohads c. Almoravids d. Umayyads and Abbasids

d. Umayyads and Abbasids

In spite of an excommunication pronounced by Pope Innocent III, crusaders from _______ plundered Constantinople in 1204. a. Florence. b. Zara. c. Naples. d. Venice.

d. Venice.

In 988, Grand Prince __________ of Kiev (r. 980-1015) decreed the conversion of his subjects to Christianity. a. Ivan IV. b. Mikhail II. c. Nicholas I. d. Vladimir I.

d. Vladimir I.

A system for collecting taxes and rents from the population in which the state grants the right of collection to private individuals is referred to as____________. a. carucage b. taillage c. tithing d. tax farming

d. tax farming

Power remained largely decentralized after the unification of the three Nubian kingdoms, with a dozen vassal rulers an appointed official called a(n) ______________.

eparch

The following was a characteristic feature of Tang poetry:

five-character eight-line regulated verse

Which of the following was a characteristic of Mongol rule in China???????

forced labor

After selection for the service, an Incan female would generally spend _____________ years within the 'Houses of Chosen Women'.

four

Mali's supply of _________ enjoyed an increased demand in the Islamic realm on the other side of the Sahara.

gold

Elegant white and celadon (a shade of __________) porcelain vessels were manufactured in great numbers in Song China, often in government-sponsored and -run kilns.

green

The voyages of Zheng He led to an exchange of gifts, including a giraffe, between the emperor Yongle and the king of Malindi in modern __________.

kenya

Like the Tang, the Song instituted a strong central government based on _______ rather than heredity.

merit

The kings of Aksum and the patriarch of the Coptic Church abandoned the capital perhaps as early as the_____________ and reestablished themselves in a modest chiefdom with better agrarian resources farther south.

mid-600s

Ming Emperor Yongle, having inherited a country well on its way to economic recovery, took advantage of this increase in prosperity to launch China's first and last great ___________________under the command of his childhood friend and imperial eunuch, Zheng He, from 1405 to 1433.

naval expeditions

Archaeologists have so far discovered_____________ of a kingdom-wide taxation system in Christian Nubia.

no evidence whatsoever

The chacmool, or __________, can be found in several Mesoamerican sites, as far north as Tenochtitlán and Tula.

offering table

Swahili _____________were Muslims claiming Middle Eastern descent and, by virtue of profiting from long-distance trade with the countries around the Indian Ocean, either ascended to the throne of their cities as kings or governed their cities in a council along with their peers.

patricians

Li Bai (701-762) and Du Fu (ca. 721-770) were famous ______________ in the Tang period.

poets

The East and West African expansion of trade under the impact of Islam may have also indirectly led to a __________ in the interior of Africa.

population increase

Many of these technical advances revolved around the development of luxury items, and the most notable among them was the invention of true___________.

porcelain

Under a king ruling by divine right, Ethiopia was a confederation of:

provincial lords

While China boasted some of the world's largest cities, more than 85 percent of the country remained rural from the period from the Song to the Ming, with the __________________at the top of the local structure of power and influence, a hierarchy reinforced by an array of sumptuary laws.

scholar-gentry

This dynasty, though___________, pulled China into an empire spanning all of Eurasia from Korea to the interior of Poland, and probing as far as Hungary, Java, and Japan.

short-lived

The earliest Muslim merchants in East Africa were primarily interested in the______________, a profitable enterprise in the Islamic empire.

slave trade

The practice of binding girls' feet, in order to make their feet tinier and their marriage prospects more viable, originated in the ___________ period.

song

Initially brought to China from __________, tea quickly established itself as the beverage of choice during the Tang era and vied with silk for supremacy as a cash crop.

southeast asia

Hongwu sought to streamline his newly reconstituted bureaucracy by concentrating power and governmental functions around__________________.

the emperor

Temujin gave himself the title 'Genghis Khan' ('__________') of the united Mongol confederation.

universal ruler

Under the Zagwe kings, the conversion of the peoples in the central and southern highlands to Christianity____________.

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