Chapter 17: Climate (6-17-22)

a climatic event that involves the tropical pacific ocean and the atmosphere -Normally: strong winds, push warm water west, cold water forced upwards -*In this: winds weaken, warm water flows east, cold water isn't forced upwards >Triggers heavier than normal precipitation

El Niño

periodic warming and cooling of a huge mass of sea-water

El Niño and La Niña

The combined ocean and atmospheric cycle that results in weakened trade winds across the Pacific Ocean is called ___ ___/___ ___

El Niño, Southern Oscillation

__ __ is a(n) ___-___ climate change that is the result of changes in wind patterns across parts of the pacific ocean

El Niño, short-term

Classifying Climate -There are __ main climate types -they are based on regional: ___, ___, and ___ -they are: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___

5, temperature, precipitation, vegetation, polar, dry, continental, tropical, mild

True or False? Global climate models are difficult to confirm

False

True or False? Only a small amount of global warming is the result of human activities

False

True or False? The greatest climate warming in recent times has occurred in Antarctica

False

True or False? The rise in carbon dioxide in the air is mainly the result of natural events

False

Name two examples of microclimates:

Forests/Hilltops

Which numbers provide information about climate changes long ago? 1. ice cores drilled from ice layers in glaciers and ice sheets 2. growth rings of trees 3. records of prevailing winds 4. ocean depths 5. fossilized pollen 6. ocean currents

1, 2, 5

Destruction of forests

Deforestation

Hot summers, cooler winters, very low precipitation

Dry Climate

Match the result with the effect (ex. 1a): 1. Warmer temperatures cause more water to evaporate from the ocean surface 2. Increasing temperatures cause glaciers and ice sheets to melt. 3. Higher temperatures melt the frozen soil in the arctic 4. Extreme weather events are becoming more common as temperatures increase a. This causes sea levels to rise which could flood coastal regions. Glaciers also won't reflect heat. b. This would result in a less stable infrastructure and create mudslides. c. More evaporated water leads to more frequent and severe weather (this distributes more water in one area compared to another) d. This leads to more droughts or excess rainfall depending to the area

1c, 2a, 3b, 4d

How many years ago was our last ice age?

2 million

When did the most recent ice age being?

2 million years ago

What is the current interglacial period called?

Holocene Epoch

Human Activities >___ ___ affect the air- burning __ __ and removing ___ increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (contributes to warming as it's a greenhouse gas) -Burning ___ ___- when natural gas, oil, and coal are burned for energy >Released carbon + atmospheric oxygen = __ __ -___- destroying and cutting down trees >Trees grow, take in carbon dioxide for wood/leaves, when trees are cut carbon is __ back into the atmosphere >Burning trees produces even more ___

Human activities, fossil fuels, vegetation, fossil fuels, carbon dioxide, Deforestation, released, CO2

Global Warming: >In 2014, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (_ _ _ _), an international ___ created to study global warming, concluded that most of this temperature increase is due to ___ activities >These activities include the release of increasing amounts of greenhouse ___ into the atmosphere through burning __ __ and deforestation -Although many scientists agree with the IPCC, some scientists propose that global warming is due to natural climate cycles

IPCC, organization, human, gases, fossil fuels

A period of extremely cold temperatures when part of the planet's surface was covered with massive ice sheets

Ice Age

method for studying climate change by drilling cores in ice caps and glaciers that have build up over thousands of years

Ice Cores

Ice ages and Interglacials >Earth has experienced many major atmospheric and climate changes in history. __ __ are cold periods lasting millions of years when glaciers cover much of Earth. *The last major ice age was __ million years ago; the maximum extent of the ice sheets was 20,000 years ago. >Glaciers and ice sheets advance during cold periods, called __, and retreat during __- the warm periods that occur during ice ages. There have been at least __ major ice ages in Earth history. The current interglacial period is the __ __.

Ice ages, 2, glacials, interglacials, five, Holocene Epoch

Climate Change >___ ___- when glaciers cover Earth's surface >Past 2 million years, ice ages have alternated with __ periods (shorter) >__ (similar to tree rings) give information about past ice ages >Big events can affect climate over short periods of time (collision/volcanoes)- adds liquid __ to the air >Short and long term changes in ___ output (amount of energy given off by the sun) also affects climate >Also changes in Earth's movement in ___

Ice ages, interglacial, Cores, droplets, solar, space

warm period that occurs during an ice age

Interglacial

True or False? (If wrong correct the stared word) *Monsoons* are warm periods that occur during ice ages

Interglacials

What does IPCC stand for?

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

-may cause droughts (south) or excess rainfall -(northwest)- strong winds, warm water accumulates in west, eastern water is cooler >Simply, stronger winds push warm waters west, and cold water well up strongly in the east which brings cooler/drier weather

La Niña

a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side

Rain-shadow

Tree Rings also tell Earth's recent history: >___ Season- wide ring >___ Season- skinny ring >___ from forest fire- black mark >Early or late growth can also be indicated

Rainy, dry, scar

A type of climate found in the areas just north or south of the equator, where weather is usually hot.

Tropical Climate

Which Climate has abundant precipitation and warm/hot temperatures all year? (also close to the equator)

Tropical Climate

Seasonal Changes -___- not much seasonal change (fairly constant solar radiation near __) >Do experience __/__ seasons

Tropics, equator, dry, rainy

True or False? Aerosols from burning fossil fuels are causing Earth's climate to cool

True

True or False? Planting trees can reduce some of the effects of global warming

True

True or False? (If wrong correct the stared word) *Seasons* are caused by the tilt of Earth's axis as it revolves around the sun

True

True or False? (If wrong correct the stared word) An area with a period of below-average precipitation is having a drought

True

True or False? (If wrong correct the stared word) Ice ages are cold periods lasting from hundreds to millions of years when *glaciers* cover much of Earth

True

True or False? (If wrong correct the stared word) Two natural long-term causes of climate changes are changes in the shape of Earth's *orbit* and changes in the tilt of Earth's *axis*

True

Is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas

Urban Heat Island

Earth's Seasons -__ changes with seasons (due to tilt of Earth on its axis) >___- short periods of climate change caused by changes in the amount of ___ radiation an area receives

Weather, Seasons, solar

Which side of a mountain is this? air rises, cools, and drops its moisture

Windward

Are you ready for the LAST science test of the entire year before we go to high school?

Yes (IF U SAID NO STUDY OR IMMA BE MAD)

During El Niño, ___ over the Pacific Ocean a. trade winds weaken b. upwelling is greater than normal c. winds strengthen and push cold water

a

How do greenhouse gases keep Earth warm? a. they absorb Earth's outgoing radiation b. they reflect excess energy from the sun c. they balance the increase in carbon dioxide levels

a

What causes ice ages? a. changes in Earth's orbit b. el niño/southern oscillation c. increases in carbon dioxide in the air

a

Which description identifies a tropical climate? a. much precipitation, warm all year long b. little precipitation, hot summers and cold winters c. moderate precipitation, cool summers and winters

a

How climate affects living organisms: >Organisms have ___ for the climates where they live -___ trees found in ___ climates, lose their leaves during the winter, which reduces water loss when soils are ___

adaptations, deciduous, continental, frozen

What pollutant reflects sunlight and can cause cloud formation?

aerosols

tiny liquid or solid particles in the atmosphere

aerosols

elevation above sea level

altitude

height above sea level

altitude

What are two reasons two places with the same altitude can't have the same climate?

altitude difference (colder the higher up you go/less air pressure), latitude difference, inland or by water

Summer solstice is the day when the a. number of daylight and nighttime hours are the same b. northern hemisphere is pointing directly toward the sun c. southern hemisphere is pointing directly toward the sun

b

What causes seasons to change? a. monsoons b. Earth's tilt on its axis c. changes in the shape of Earth's orbit

b

Which place is NOT a microclimate? a. a forest b. a desert c. a large city

b

____ does NOT add carbon dioxide into the air. a. deforestation b. spraying aerosols c. cellular respiration

b

Two cities are located at the same latitude. Which statement is true? a. the cities would have exactly the same climate b. the city closer to the ocean would be colder in winter c. the city at the lower altitude would be warmer year-round

c

When a polar air mass stays over an area for several weeks, a ___ often develops. a. drought b. monsoon c. cold wave

c

Which climate has warm summers, cold winters, and moderate rain and snow? a. a mild climate b. a polar climate c. a continental climate

c

Which option is NOT used to study ancient climates? a. ice cores b. ocean sediments c. weather patterns

c

Which statement is true of monsoons? a. they only occur in winter b. they bring dry winds into an area c. they bring much precipitation into an area

c

___ is a "positive" effect of global warming. a. melting of sea ice b. shorter heat waves c. longer growing seasons for crops

c

___ is one effect of global warming. a. deforestation b milder weather worldwide c. more evaporation over Earth's oceans

c

(Carbon dioxide/Oxygen), methane, and water vapor are greenhouse gases

carbon dioxide

When fossil fuels are burned, (carbon dioxide/oxygen) enters the atmosphere

carbon dioxide

Name five greenhouse gases:

carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide, ozone (could add CFCs)

Earth has experienced many major atmospheric and ___ changes, such as ice ages and interglacials throughout its history

climate

long-term, average weather of an area

climate

A global ___ model, or GCM, is a set of complex ___ that is used to predict future climates

climate, equations

What two factors contribute to two cities at the same latitude having different climates?

coast or inland, higher or lower altitude

Microclimates: >Roads and buildings in cities have more ___ than surrounding rural areas >The concrete ___ solar radiation, causing ___ temperatures than in the surrounding countryside >The result is a common microclimate called the ___ ___ ___ >Other examples of microclimates include ____, which are often cooler and less windy than the surrounding countryside, and ___, which are windier than nearby lower land.

concrete, absorbs, warmer, urban heat island, forests, hilltops

the large-scale cutting and/or burning of forests

deforestation

A(n) ___ is a period that has below-average precipitation

drought

Latitude and Climate -Regions at the ___ receive the most solar radiation >___- a measure of distance north or south of the equator (affects climate) >___: region between latitudes 23.5°N and 23.5°S --Receives the most solar radiation because __ shines almost directly over these areas --___ Zones: 66.5°N and 66.5°S latitude to the poles ----___ radiation hits these zones at a low angle, spreading energy over a __ area (never warm)

equator, Latitude, Tropics, sun, Polar, Solar, large

Climate and society: >Warmer temperatures cause more __ and can cause a change in rain ___ worldwide -More severe storms in certain areas and also __ in others >Melting glaciers and ice sheets cause sea levels to __ and therefore less __ for people to live and farm -People are displaced from where they live and there won't be enough ___ produced >Warmer temperatures melt frozen ___ in the Arctic

evaporation, patterns, droughts, rise, land, food, soil

True or False? (If wrong correct the stared word) Earth's climate has varied between *Southern Oscillations* and interglacials throughout its history

glacials

a set of complex equations that are used to predict future climates

global climate model

Most GCMs predict that ___ ___ is closely related to greenhouse gas emissions

global warming

The rise in Earth's average surface temperature during the past 100 years is often referred to as

global warming

the rise in Earth's average surface temperature during the past 100 years

global warming

Global Warming: >The rise in Earth's average surface temperature during the past 100 years is often referred to as __ __ >Scientists have been studying this change and the possible causes of it -Most scientists believe it to be the result of __ activity, but some believe it to just be ___ climate cycles

global warming, human, natural

Many scientists believe that global warming is caused by the enhanced (greenhouse effect/Southern Oscillation)

greenhouse effect

GCMs include the effects of ____ ____ and oceans in their calculations

greenhouse gases

gases in the atmosphere that absorb Earth's outgoing infrared radiation

greenhouse gases

A period of unusually high temperatures is called a(n) ___ ___

heat wave

__ __ and ___ occur when hot air masses linger over a region for several weeks or months

heat waves, droughts

True or False? (If wrong correct the stared word) An area with unusually *low* temperatures is having a heat wave

high

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate CHange concluded that most of Earth's temperature increase is due to (human activities/natural causes).

human activites

Cold periods lasting from hundreds to millions of years, when glaciers cover much of the earth, are called ___ ___

ice ages

List four types of evidence used to study ancient climates:

ice cores, ocean sediment, tree rings, and fossils of vegetation

Warm periods that occur during ice ages are ____

interglacials

Distance north or south of the equator

latitude

distance north or south of the equator

latitude

List five things that affect climate:

latitude, altitude, large bodies of water, coastlines or center of continents, buildings/concrete

Ice ages are ___-___ climate changes that occur when Earth's ___ is more ___ than it is today

long-term, revolution, circular

What are some positive effects of global warming?

longer seasons for growing crops, more water for human consumption (in some areas), less energy consumption to warm cold places

The calculations are displayed as ___

maps

What are some negative effects of global warming?

melting glaciers, unpredictable/severe weather, flooding, droughts, heat waves, food and water shortages, rising sea levels

a localized climate

microclimate

A(n) ____ is a wind circulation pattern that changes direction with the seasons

monsoon

A(n) ___ is a(n) ___-___ climate change that is caused by changes in temperature over land and the nearby ocean

monsoon, short-term

True or False? (If wrong correct the stared word) Two climate patterns that result from interaction between the *land* and the atmosphere are El Niño/Southern Oscillation and monsoons

ocean

El Niño/Southern Oscillation and monsoons are two climate patterns that result from interaction between the ___ and the ___

ocean, atmosphere

The shape of Earth's ___ changes in cycles of approximately 41,000 years and influences climate

orbit

Geological Time: Sediment Cores >Fossilized pollen cores and ocean sediment cores are used to gain information about climate changes in the ___. Each layer contains ___ material like pollen/peat or ___ like ash/sand from more arid conditions. >These layers tell the story of the ___ of the region over thousands of years. >These cores can tell scientists if there was plant life or dry desert-like environments. These cores also contain carbon that can be dated using ___ dating.

past, plant, sediment, climate, radiometric

GCMs combine mathematics with the laws of ___ to predict temperature, amount of ___, wind speeds, and other characteristics of ___

physics, precipitation, climate

What are some ways that we can reduce the carbon dioxide levels?

planting trees, stop burning fossil fuels (renewable energy), walk/bike instead of driving, electric cars, etc.

Crustal Plate Movement -Movement of Earth's crustal ___ also an explanation for climate changes -Movement of continents/___ affects the transfer of __ on Earth (affects ___/precipitation patterns)

plates, oceans, heat, wind

List the five main climate types:

polar, dry, continental, tropical, and mild

The ___ regions are expected to warm more than the ___ regions

polar, tropic

High Latitudes >During the year the ___ have great temp. differences and daylight hours -___ days about same length all year

poles, Equator

dry area on the side of a mountain

rain shadow

A ___ ___ is the area of a mountain with ___ rainfall (hot/dry), as the slope of the mountain ___ prevailing winds. Simply, rain shadows are caused by mountains lying parallel to moist/coastal areas. Prevailing winds move inland, cool, and are forced to ___ over the mountain. The ___ carried by the wind, fall on slopes facing the wind; so when the wind moves over the mountain, they are very __.

rain shadow, low, blocks, rise, moisture, dry

Ice Cores: >Much of our knowledge about past climates comes from natural ___ of climate. >Scientists study __ __ drilled from ice layers in glaciers and ice sheets. >The ice cores contain ancient ash and gas molecules that get trapped in the ice when the snow falls and can be used as ___ of climate change >Scientists use the information to compare present day climates to those that occurred many thousands of years ago.

records, ice cores, evidence

Carbon Cycle -Carbon is constantly ___ in nature >Organisms that perform ___ take in carbon dioxide (produce carbon-based food), food is __ by non-photosynthetic organisms, and broken down to release energy (when organisms die or decay the carbon is stored in the __ or goes into the atmosphere) >Some carbon dioxide is dissolved by ___ (algae) but oceans are ___ in more carbon dioxide than they are giving off

recycled, photosynthesis, consumed, soil, oceans, taking

How climate affects living organisms: Desert Plants/Camels >Many animals that live in deserts have adaptations for surviving hot, dry conditions. Some desert plants have extensive shallow __ systems that collect __. Camels also have adaptations.

root, rainwater

The tilt of Earth's axis as it revolves around the sun causes ___

seasons

Causes of Long-Term Climate Cycles: >As the amount of solar energy reaching Earth changes, Earth's climate also changes. -One factor that affects how much energy Earth receives is the ___ of its ___. The shape of Earth's orbit appears to vary between ___ and ___ over the course of about 100,000 years. When Earth's orbit is more ___, Earth averages a greater distance from the Sun. This results in ___-average temperatures on Earth. >Another factor that scientists suspect influences climate change on Earth is changes in the __ of Earth's __. The tilt of Earth's axis changes in 41,000-year cycles. -Changes in the angle of Earth's tilt affect the range of ___ throughout the year. For example, a ___ in the angle of Earth's tilt could result in a decrease in temperature differences between summer and winter. Long-term climate cycles are also influenced by the slow movement of Earth's ___, as well as changes in ocean ___.

shape, orbit, elliptical, circular, circular, below, tilt, axis, temperatures, decrease, continents, circulation

Seasons are ___-___ climate changes hat result from Earth's ___ on its ___

short-term, tilt, axis

Earth's Movements >Earth's movement in ___ can affect climate >___ changes about every 41,000 years >Maximum tilt = __ changes between summer/winter >Changes in tilt also affects ___ >Earth's __ also changes

space, Tilt, greater, climate, orbit

Energy from the Sun -Earth gets energy from the ___ radiation -Varied output = change in climate >Some can be related to ___- dark spots on the surface of the sun

sun's, sunspots

Scientists use powerful ____ to solve complicated mathematical equations

supercomputers

A region's climate depends on average ___ and ___

temperature, precipitation

Classifying Climates What is the climate of any particular region on Earth? -This can be a difficult question to answer because many factors affect climate -1918: Koppen developed a system by studying the Earth's ___, ____ and ____ ____ >Native vegetation is often limited to particular climate conditions. For ex) you would not expect to find a cactus growing in the Arctic. Tropical Climates: tropical wet, tropical wet/dry.

temperature, precipitation, native vegetation

How climate affects living organisms: Humans >Climate also influences humans in many ways. Average ___ and ___ in a location help determine the type of ___ humans grow there. -Thousands of orange trees grow in Florida, where the climate is mild. Wisconsin's continental climate is ideal for growing cranberries. >Climate also influences the way humans design ___... -In polar climates, the soil is frozen year-round--a condition called ___. Humans build houses and other buildings in these climates on __. This is done so that thermal energy from the building does not ___ the permafrost.

temperature, rainfall, crops, buildings, permafrost, stilts, melt

By the year 2100, ___ are expected to rise by between 1 degrees celsius and 4 degrees celsius

temperatures

List four factors that can change Earth's climate:

tilt of Earth's axis, shape of Earth's orbit, movement of continents, changes in ocean circulation

Adaptations -Type of climate in an area determines the type of __ that's found there -All organisms ___ to their environments >Adaptation- any structure pr behavior that helps an organism survive in its environment -___ Adaptations (inherited) >Some organisms have body structures to help them survive in certain climates -___ Adaptations- some organisms display behavioral adaptations that help them survive in a particular climate >Ex) Hibernation: when body temperature drops and body processes are reduced to a minimum (winter) >-As a result of cooler temperatures, shorter days, and lack of adequate food

vegetation, adapt, Structural, Behavioral

What are three ways carbon dioxide can naturally increase?

volcanoes, forest fires, breathing

The burning of fossil fuels releases aerosols, which can (cool/warm) the climate

warm

Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can have a (cooling/warming) effect on the climate

warming

Water heats up and cools down more slowly than land -Large bodies of ___ can affect the climate of __ areas (absorbing and radiating heat) -Ocean __ also affect coastal climates >Begins at ___ and flows to higher altitudes, __ regions on the way, and then flowing back to the equator once it __ which cools nearby air >Coastal areas have __ climates (wind blowing from sea are moister) >Climate is colder in mountains --Radiation from sun is absorbed by Earth which ___ the surface → the air is ___ with more altitude → less molecules to absorb __ --Mountains affect regional climates ---___ side- air rises, cools, and drops its moisture ---___ side- air descends, heats up, and dries the land (deserts are common) >Large ___ affect local climates (air pollution raises temperature)

water, coastal, currents, equator, warming, cools, wetter, heats, thinner, heat, Windward, Leeward, cities

True or False? (If wrong correct the stared word) El Niño/Southern Oscillation is the combined ocean and atmospheric cycle that results in the *strengthened* trade winds across the Pacific Ocean

weakened

Daily changes in atmospheric conditions

weather

True or False? (If wrong correct the stared word) A monsoon is a(n) *ocean* circulation pattern that changes direction with the seasons

wind

What is the expected global human population by the year 2050?

10 billion

the long-term average weather conditions that occur in a particular region

Climate

What is Climate? >____ is the long-term average weather conditions that occur in a particular region >A region's climate depends on average ____ /____, as well as how these variables change throughout the year >Ex) Temperatures in Antarctica are rarely above 0°C, even in the summer. Areas in Africa's Sahara, have temperatures above 20°C year-round.

Climate, temperature, precipitation

___- the pattern of weather that occurs in an area over many years >It determines the ___ of plants & animals that can survive & influences how people live >Determined by averaging the ___ of a region over a long period of time (measure temperature, precipitation, air pressure, humidity, and number of days of sunshine)

Climate, types, weather

Classifying Climates -___- people who study climates >___ is determined by averages of temperature/precipitation of different regions >Also by relating types and distribution of native ___ -Climate is separated into six groups: tropical, mild, dry, continental, polar, and high elevation (further separated into types)- only need to know 5

Climatologists, Climate, vegetation

The climate of the centers of continents, with cold winters and warm or hot summers

Continental Climate

Which climate has cool winters and hot summers (no water to regulate temperature)?

Continental Climate

Greenhouse Gases: >___ in the atmosphere that absorb Earth's outgoing infrared ___ are greenhouse gases -Greenhouse gases help keep temperatures on Earth __ enough for living things to survive. Recall that this phenomenon is referred to as the ___ ___. >Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature on Earth would be much colder, about -18oC. >Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapor (H2O) are all greenhouse gases. Levels of CO2 have been ___ for thousands of years. Higher levels of greenhouse gases create a __ greenhouse effect.

Gases, radiation, warm, greenhouse effect, increasing, greater

A set of complex equations that predict future climates

Global Climate Model

Computer-based climate model that produces future forecast of weather and climate conditions for regions of the Earth or the complete planet. Uses complex mathematical equations and physical relationships to determine a variety of climate variables in a three-dimensional grid.

Global Climate Model (GCM)

___ ___ ___- they are a set of complex equations used to predict future climates. >Most GCMs predict further global warming as a result of greenhouse gas emissions. By the year 2100, temperatures are expected to rise by between 1oC and 4oC.

Global Climate Models

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

Global Warming

Global Warming >__ __- increase in global temperature (0.6 degrees celsius) >Carbon dioxide related to increase >Rising temperatures cause glaciers to ___ = rise in __ levels (flooding coastal areas) >___ waters- corals are dying due to fast rise in water temperature (no time to ___)

Global warming, melt, sea, Tropical, adapt

Climate Changes Today >___ ___- natural heating process that occurs when certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat >Sun's radiation strikes Earth/warms it, and some of this heat is ____ back towards space- greenhouse gases __ some of that heat and radiate it back towards Earth, keeping it ____ than normal

Greenhouse Effect, radiated, absorb, warmer

a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation

Greenhouse gas

How climate affects living organisms: Arctic Animals >__ __ have thick ___ and a layer of fat that helps keep them warm in the Arctic >This snowshoe hare adapts to the changing environment by ___ its summer hair to prepare for winter. The length of daylight triggers snowshoe hares to ___ from brown to white in the fall and white to brown in the spring. The molting process takes between 70 and 90 days to complete.

Polar bears, fur, shedding, molt

What Affects Climate? 1) The ____ of a location 2. Large bodies of ___, such as lakes and oceans, influence the climate of a region by ___ it down 3) Along ___, weather is more ___ throughout the year >The sea breeze/land breeze cycle helps circulate the warm/cool air and keep it ___ 4) Hot summers and cold winters typically happen in the ___ of continents >The land heats up and it's not cooled down or heated up by the water 5) The ___ of an area affects climate >Higher altitude = ____ temperature >Mountains block prevailing ___, and have ___ rainfall in a rain ___ area on a downwind slope of the mountain (dry/hot): desert-like). On the slope that contacts the winds much rain falls. 6) ___ /___, which retain solar energy, cause temperatures to be higher in urban areas. this creates a special climate in a small area.

Latitude, water, cooling, coastlines, constant, balanced, center, altitude, lower, winds, low, shadow, Buildings, Concrete,

Which side of a mountain is this? air descends, heats up, and dries the land (deserts are common)

Leeward

__-__ cycles - takes much longer than a lifetime to complete >Weather and climate have many ___ >In most areas on Earth, temperatures ___ during the day and decrease at night. >Each year, the air is warmer during the __ and colder during the winter. But climate also changes in cycles that take much longer than a lifetime to complete.

Long-term, cycles, increase, summer,

a localized climate that is different from the climate of the larger area surrounding it

Microclimate

warm summers, mild winters, high precipitation, humid

Mild Climate

El __ and La __- periodic warming and cooling of a huge mass of sea-water >El ___- a climatic event that involves the tropical pacific ocean and the atmosphere -Normally: __ winds, push __ water west, ___ water forced ___ -El Niño years: winds ___, warm water flows __, cold water __ forced upwards -Triggers heavier than normal ____ -Simply, strong ___ keep warm surface waters contained in western Pacific while cooler water wells up to the __ in eastern Pacific- in el niño winds ___ and warm waters in the western pacific move eastward, preventing ___ water from upwelling (REGULAR: cold water rises, NINO: cold water prevented from rising) -Affects weather __ (pressure, precipitation, and wind) >La ___ (opposite of El Niño): may cause __ (south) or excess rainfall (northwest)- __ winds, warm water accumulates in west, eastern water is cooler -Simply, stronger winds push __ waters west, and __ water well up strongly in the east which brings cooler/__ weather

Niño, Niña, Niño, strong, warm, cold, upwards, weaken, east, isn't, precipitation, winds, surface, weaken, cold, patterns, Niña, droughts, strong, warm, cold, drier

Compare/Contrast temperatures in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres: -___: more land masses = more __ (higher temperatures) -___: less land/more ___ = steady temperature

North, heat, South, ocean

Atmospheric Solids and Liquids >___ can affect climates- small and liquid particles always present in Earth's atmosphere -Can be entered naturally or by ___ >*Big events such as meteorite collisions put a lot of particles into the atmosphere which ___ solar radiation which ___ the planet >Particles as pollution can change the ___ climate in cities (less rainfall/more wind)

Particles, pollution, blocks, cools, local

permanently frozen layer of soil

Permafrost

A type of climate found in the areas around the north and south pole, where the weather is cold.

Polar Climate