Chapter 17 Endocrine Prep

1. Mammary glands in females and interstitial cells in males 2. Almost every cell in the body 3. Thyroid gland 4. Adrenal cortex 5. Ovaries in females and testes in males

1. Prolactin (PRL) 2. Growth hormone 3. TSH 4. ACTH 5. FSH and LH -Adrenal cortex -Almost every cell in the body -Mammary glands in females and interstitial cells in males -Ovaries in females and testes in males -Thyroid gland

1. neurohypophysis 2. target cells 3. reabsorption

1. Referred to as the , the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone into the bloodstream. 2. Circulating through the body, antidiuretic hormone arrives at the of the kidney. 3. Causing an increased of water from the kidney nephron, blood volume is maintained. -Target Cells -secretion -reabsorption -osmodetectors -adenohypophysis -neurohypophsis

1. -Growth hormone-releasing hormone 2. -Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone 3. -Thyrotropin-releasing hormone 4. -Corticotropin-releasing hormone 5. -Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 6. -Prolactin-inhibiting hormone 7. -Prolactin-releasing hormone

1. Stimulates the release of growth hormone 2. Decreases the release of growth hormone 3. Stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone 4. Stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone 5. Stimulates luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone 6. Decreases the secretion of prolactin 7. Stimulates the secretion of prolactin -Growth hormone-releasing hormone -Gonadotropin-releasing hormone -Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone -Thyrotropin-releasing hormone -Corticotropin-releasing hormone -Prolactin-inhibiting hormone -Prolactin-releasing hormone

-hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism

An inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in ___________, which is characterized by weight gain and lethargy, while an excess of thyroid hormone secretion results in ____________, which is characterized by weight loss and rapid pulse. -hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism -hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism

Blood calcium levels will drop.

During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient? -Blood calcium levels will drop. -His kidneys will decrease the loss of calcium in the urine. -He will lose bone mass due to excessive bone erosion. -His blood sugar will increase.

-All of the choices are correct.

Endocrine glands -are ductless glands. -are the organs of the endocrine system. -secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. -help maintain homeostasis. -All of the choices are correct.

-"Synthesis of glucose," "mobilization of fats," and "breakdown of proteins" are all correct.

Glucocorticoid hormones activate genes that are involved in which of the following processes? -Synthesis of glucose -Mobilization of fats -Breakdown of proteins -Both "synthesis of glucose" and "mobilization of fats" are correct. -"Synthesis of glucose," "mobilization of fats," and "breakdown of proteins" are all correct.

-increase; decrease

Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion. -increase; increase -decrease; decrease -increase; decrease -decrease; increase

-The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis. -The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system. -Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.

Identify the ways in which the anterior pituitary differs from the posterior pituitary. Check all that apply. -The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis. -The posterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins. -The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system. -Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary. -Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.

decreases, increases

In most of its target cells, cortisol ________ glucose uptake and _______ protein metabolism. increases, increases increases, decreases decreases, decreases decreases, increases

negative feedback.

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by endocrine dysplasia. negative feedback. positive feedback. neural regulation. somatic regulation.

increase, increase

Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose. increase, increase increase, decrease decrease, decrease decrease, increase

1. -Zona glomerulosa 2. -Zona fasciculata 3. -Zona reticularis

Match the corticosteroid hormone with its most common origin in the adrenal cortex. 1. Mineralcorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Sex steroids -Zona reticularis -Zona glomerulosa -Zona fasciculata

TSH: 1. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone FSH and LH: 2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ACTH: 4. Corticotropin-releasing hormone GH: 3. Growth hormone-releasing hormone

Match the following hypothalamic releasing hormones with the hormone released from the anterior pituitary. 1. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone 2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 3. Growth hormone-releasing hormone 4. Corticotropin-releasing hormone TSH FSH and LH ACTH GH

1. Increased growth in tissues 2. Thyroid hormone secretion 3. Glucocorticoid hormone secretion 4. Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; stimulates sperm production in males 5. Milk production in lactating women 6. Ovulation and progesterone production; stimulates testosterone production in males

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect. 1. Growth hormone 2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone 4. Follicle-stimulating hormone 5. Prolactin 6. Luteinizing hormone

1. Thyroid gland 2. Most tissues 3. Follicles in ovaries; seminiferous tubules 4. Adrenal cortex 5. Ovaries in females; testes in males

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland 1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone 2. Growth hormone 3. Follicle-stimulating hormone 4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone 5. Luteinizing hormone -Follicles in ovaries; seminiferous tubules -Thyroid gland -Ovaries in females; testes in males -Adrenal cortex -Most tissues -Melanocytes in the skin -Fat tissues -Brain

-proteins.

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore -steroids. -biogenic amines. -proteins. -catecholamines.

-undetectable in the blood sample because the high levels of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary tumor would have suppressed any release of growth hormone releasing factor from the hypothalamus.

Prior to ablation of the tumor, you would expect Adam's level of growth hormone releasing factor to have been -normal as the levels of growth hormone itself and the releasing factor are independent of one another. -quite high as this is the reason for the high growth hormone levels in the first place. -undetectable in the blood sample because the high levels of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary tumor would have suppressed any release of growth hormone releasing factor from the hypothalamus.

-It inhibits osteoclast activity. -It results in decreased blood calcium levels.

Select all that apply to calcitonin. -It stimulates osteoclast activity. -It inhibits osteoclast activity. -It results in increased blood calcium levels. -It results in decreased blood calcium levels.

-negative feedback inhibition.

Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this takes the form of -positive feedback. -direct nervous stimulation. -negative feedback inhibition. -All of the choices are correct.

-half-life.

The amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one-half of what had been secreted originally is called -semi-life. -lifetime. -terminal-life. -half-life.

-the hypothalamus, which discharges the releasing factor for growth hormone into the capillary plexus that flows through the anterior pituitary.

The control for the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary resides in -the hypothalamus, which discharges the releasing factor for growth hormone into the capillary plexus that flows through the anterior pituitary. -the hypothalamus which, releases growth hormone and causes direct stimulation of the release of GHRH. -a direct neuronal connection of the axons of the pars nervosa.

-Adam had an autonomously functioning, growth hormone secreting tumor of the anterior pituitary.

The growth hormone level rose so much and caused a markedly accelerated growth in Adam because -the growth hormone releasing factor in this case was extremely potent, resulting in more than the usual amount of growth hormone being released by the anterior pituitary. -Adam had an autonomously functioning tumor of the hypothalamus that secreted large quantities of growth hormone. -Adam had an autonomously functioning, growth hormone secreting tumor of the anterior pituitary.

-are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive.

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary -are synthesized there and are released upon signals from the anterior pituitary. -are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive. -are synthesized in the anterior pituitary and are transported to and from the posterior pituitary by the primary and secondary plexus. -are synthesized in the posterior pituitary and released by the anterior pituitary by way of the hypophyseal portal system.

-adenohypophysis.

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the -thalamus. -neurohypophysis. -adenohypophysis. -cerebral cortex.

-Type 1 diabetes

The metabolic condition called ___________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response. -Type 2 diabetes -gestational diabetes -beta cell diabetes -insulin-independent diabetes mellitus -Type 1 diabetes

aldosterone; sodium and potassium ions

The principal mineralocorticoid is _____________ that helps regulate levels of _____________ in the blood and body fluids. cortisol; glucose aldosterone; sodium and potassium ions cortisol; sodium and potassium ions aldosterone; glucose

adrenocorticotropic hormone.

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by thyroid hormone. adrenocorticotropic hormone. oxytocin. antidiuretic hormone. luteinizing hormone.

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by -adrenocorticotropic hormone. -the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. -follicle-stimulating hormone. -growth hormone. -thyrotropic hormone.

a = TRH, b = TSH, c = TH

This figure shows an example of regulation of hormone secretion by a negative feedback loop. The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. What hormones are represented by the small boxes labeled a, b, and c? -a = TSH, b = TRH, c = TH -a = TIH, b = TSH, c = TH -a = TRH, b = TSH, c = TIH -a = TRH, b = TSH, c = TH -a = TSH, b = TH, c = TRH

Pancreas

This figure shows the endocrine system. Which structure does number 4 indicate? Adrenal gland Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Pancreas Hypothalamus

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

Thyroid hormone's effects are to -increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. -increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade. -decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. -decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade. -increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning off the G protein, cAMP cascade.

Low blood calcium level

What stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland? Low bone calcium level Low blood calcium level Elevated blood calcium level Low urine calcium level

-No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex? -Corticosteroids -Glucocorticoids -Mineralocorticoids -Gonadocorticoids -No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex

-Pancreas

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions? -Pancreas -Anterior pituitary -Liver -Thyroid gland -Pineal gland

Beta cells : insulin

Which pancreatic islet cell type is correctly matched with its product? Cells : somatostatin Beta cells : insulin Delta cells : glucagon Alpha cells : insulin

-Zona fasciculata

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids? -Zona reticularis -Zona glucosa -Zona papillarosa -Zona fasciculata -Zona glomerulosa

-hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the -hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. -primary plexus. -secondary plexus. -supraoptic portal system.

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem? -Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone -Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone -Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone -Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone -Hyposecretion of calcitonin