Chapter 17 fossils

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What is a widely distributed fossil or narrow range in time, regarded as characteristic of a given geological formation used especially in determining the age of related formations?

Index fossils

What is rare for soft organisms?

It's ra for them to become fossilized

In the mid-1600s who used the bible to calculate earths age?

James Ussher

Who published the theory of the earth?

James hutton

What law is it when layers original, extend in all directions until it thinned out to zero or ended against the edge of another structure or deposit?

Law of lateral continuity

What law says that unless disturbed by an unusual process, younger layers will be on top of older layers?

Law of superposition

What type of environments also have a lot of dissolved oxygen?

Many under water environments

What type of fossils are found in rock that indicate deposition in a marine environment?

Marine fossils

How do most fossils form?

When living things die and are buried by sediment over time then the sediment hardens into rocks and preserve the shape of the organism

When is there near perfect preservation?

When organisms are trapped in tar pits

What can form if a hard part of an organism like a shell is buried in sediment?

A mold can form

What is the Earths age?

4.6 billion years old

How many types of fossils are there?

5

What are the 5 types of fossils?

-mold and casts -petrified field fossils -carbon films -trace fossils -tar, ice, and amber preserves

What parts of an organism usually form a fossil?

Bones, teeth, shells, seed, and wood fibers

What is a solid copy of the shape on an organism; the exact opposite of a mold?

Cast

What is formed free a mold is made in sand or other material fills the mold and over times it hardens and creates a replica of the original organism?

Cast

What is the belief that earths landscape developed by great catastrophes?

Catastrophism

What is the recent life?

Cenozoic

In a marine region where shallow or deep water indicates what?

Climate and glaction

What does the geological time scale do?

Divides geological history into units

In unreformed sequence of sedimentary rocks what is the bed sequence?

Each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it

What will a radioactive element release from its nuclei in order to stabilize?

Energy

What are time periods subdivided into?

Epochs

What says that life on earth has gradually changed over last long period of time?

Evolution

What is a collection of fossils that are found together?

Fossil assemblage

What shows that older rocks contain fossils of simpler organisms and younger rocks contain fossils of more complex organisms?

Fossil record

What shows that some organisms are changed, and some have become extinct?

Fossil records

What reveals tropical reef environments?

Fossiliferous limestones

What is it to convert into a fossil; replace organic with mineral substances in the remain of an organism?

Fossilization

What are the preserved remains or traces of living things?

Fossils

What can be used as time indicates to correlate similar ages in different regions?

Fossils

What is our best form of evidence about earths history?

Fossils

What does each radioactive element have?

Half lfe

What is the time it takes for one half of the atoms in a sample to disintegrate?

Half-life

What do sedimentary deposits or lava flow generally form?

Horizontal layers

What do fossils help provide evidence about?

How life has changed over time

What do fossils help scientist figure out?

How the surface of the earth has changed by giving clues about the earth's past enviorment

What can organisms indicate about a region?

If the region was terrestrial or marine

Where do coal beds form?

In tropical environments

What is prices of one rock that is contained within another?

Inclusion

What is a fossil with widespread geographic rage but which is restricted in time to a brief existence?

Index fossil

What is a widely distributed fossil, of narrow range in time, regarded as characteristics of a given geological formation, used especially in determining the age of related formations?

Index fossil

What is the middle life?

Mesozic

What is a hollow area in the sediment in the shape of an organism or part of an organism?

Mold

What is the impression of an organism that is left behind?

Mold

What is the most common fossil form?

Mold and casts

Why do most organism decay quickly?

Most environments are exposed to open air and are in contact with plenty of oxygen so the soft tissues decay quickly

Why is fossilization very rare?

Most organisms will either be eaten by scavengers or decomposed by microorganisms after it dies

What established Stenos law?

Nicolaus Steno

What are the types of Unconformities?

Nonconformity, angular, disconfirm its

How do carbon films form?

Organisms get covered with sediment and all elements but the carbon evaporates leaving behind and thin black carbon film

What might happen in the case of the fossil completely dissolving?

Other minerals replace them

What is the ancient life?

Paleozoic

What is a fossilization process whereby additional minerals are deposited in the pore spaces of originals hard animal parts?

Perminerlization

What is impregnated by mineral matter from the ground, lakes, or oceans?

Plant minerals, bones, and shells

What do marine fossils on the top of mountains indicate?

Plate tectonics and uplift

What type of fossils include organisms that have been covered with tar, sap(Amber), or ice, preserving the organism and protecting the body from decay?

Preserved remains

What is it when an igneous intrusion or fault cuts across other rocks of any type the intrusion is younger than the layers that are cut across?

Principle of cross cutting

What is it when fossils succeed one another in a definite and de terminal order, and therefor any time period can be recognized by its fossil content?

Principle of fossil succession

What is used to accurately determine numbers a, dates?

Radioactivity

What is the process in which a radioactive form of an element is converted into a no radioactive product at a regular rate?

Radioactivity decay

What is essential for preservation?

Rapid burial

Placing rocks and events in sequence means what?

Relative date

What type of rocks are fossils usually found in?

Sedimentary rocks

What part of an organism usually decays?

Soft tissue parts

What does the fossil record lead to?

The belief that life of earth has changed or evolved over time

What might fossils indicate about climate?

The climate at the time of burial

What is the rate of burial and post-Morton environment determined by?

The condition of the fossil

What is Stenos law?

The oldest layers are on the bottom, the youngest layers on on the top

How do you form a petrified fossil?

The organism is covered with sediment and then water rich with dissolved minerals over that sediment, then over time the minerals soak into the cells of the organism then the water evaporates and the stones hardens preservers the organism

What is the key to the past?

The present

What is a fossil of an animals or plant but it not formed from the organism itself?

Trace fossil

What are the activities of ancient organisms captured by?

Trace fossils

What are tracks, trials, burrows, or nests that show activity of an organism?

Trace fossils

What are rare soft tissue fossils preserved by?

Tree sap (from example: Amber tree)

What does petrified mean?

Turned into stone

What is a break in the rocks record?

Unconformities

Why is a theory that rejects the idea that catastrophic forces were responsible for the current conditions on the earth?

Uniformitarianism

How is geological time created?

Using relative dates

When do organisms decompose more quickly?

When they are in contact with oxygen

What type of geography does index fossils have?

Widespread geography

Who came up with the principle of fossil succession?

William "Strata"Smith

Who is the fresh prince of geology?

William "strata" smith

What may dissolve and be replaced by minerals?

Wood fibers and cellulose

What is the age of rocks compared to other rocks?What is the exact age of rocks in years?

relative age absolute age


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