Chapter 17 MC

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for.

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?

Increased interactions with Christians occurred as rabbinic controls diminished.

How did the governments respond to the new science?

States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.

What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

How did the scientific revolution affect the economy in the seventeenth century?

The new science had few practical economic applications.

In Persian Letters, what did the Baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny?

The oppression of women in a Persian harem

How did the philosophes evade the work of censors?

They filled their writings with satire and double meanings.

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

Madame du Châtelet

believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa

regulated the church more closely

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority.

Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments

was opposed by both nobles and peasants.

Rousseau believed that

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.

All of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science except

women were forbidden from publishing learned treatises.

What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?

To discover what did occur in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur.

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to.

popularize the findings of the scientific revolution.

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

rococo.

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually.

The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

"change the general way of thinking."

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Copernicus's hypothesis?

Calvin and Luther condemned Copernicus, while Catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared his hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all of the following reasons except

France had the highest literacy rates in Europe.

Why did scientists find that Protestant countries were more conducive to their work, especially after 1640?

Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or suppressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine.

How did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

Newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.

In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.

The scientific revolution drew on all of the following for its origins except

efforts to prevent a recurrence of the Black Death.

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

a military coup.

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that He believed that all knowledge came from experiences.

human development is determined by education and society.

The enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except

freeing the Prussian serfs.

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism.