Chapter 17 Micro Bio

Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from ______.

breastfeeding

A disadvantage of attenuated vaccines is that they ______.

can cause disease in immunosuppressed recipients

A vaccine that contains bacterial capsular polysaccharide joined to a protein to enhance immunogenicity is called a(n) ____ vaccine.

conjugate

Which of the following vaccines contains polysaccharides linked to proteins?

conjugate

When a critical portion of a population is immune to a contagious disease, the disease is unable to spread through the population as a result of ______.

herd immunity

The process of inducing immunity, called ______, has probably had the greatest impact on human health of any medical procedure.

immunization

Because the attenuated strain replicates in the vaccine recipient, causing an infection with undetectable or mild disease, an attenuated vaccine typically ______.

induces the appropriate type of immune response to the pathogen results in long-lasting immunity

For a routine childhood immunization such as the measles vaccine, the risk of adverse effects is ______ the risk of the disease.

much less than

Attenuated viruses often induce long-term immunity because they _________ in the recipient and stimulate the immune system in a manner that mimics the wild-type strain.

multiply

The difference between attenuated and inactivated vaccines is whether or not the immunizing agent can _______.

multiply

_______ acquired immunity results from normal events (e.g., infection), and _________ acquired immunity results from human-made events (e.g., immunization).

naturally artificially

Two vaccines against polio poliomyelitis have been developed. Sabin Salk

oral administration first polio vaccine developed

A ____ vaccine contains T-independent antigens from bacterial capsules, and so elicits a poor response in young children.

polysaccharide

Which of the following vaccines is only composed of T-independent antigens from bacterial capsules?

polysaccharide

All of the following are true about attenuated agents EXCEPT ______.

they only induce immunity after several doses

A vaccine that contains inactivated toxins which have kept their immunogenicity is called a(n) ______ vaccine.

toxoid

Active immunity can result from ______.

vaccination infection

A preparation of a pathogen or its products used to induce active immunity is a ______.

vaccine

A(n) _______ is a preparation of a pathogen or its products used to induce an active immune response.

vaccine

Match the action with the chance of developing a serious brain inflammation. Child with measles Vaccinating a child against measles

1 in 2,000 chance 1 in 1,000,000 chance

Which of the following has led to a decrease in vaccination rates?

A decline in vaccine-preventable diseases, so that people no longer recognized the risks associated with the diseases.

Match each type of vaccine with the correct statement. Attenuated vaccine Inactivated vaccine

A weakened form of a pathogen that retains the ability to replicate in the vaccine recipient Is immunogenic but unable to replicate in the vaccine recipient

______ immunity results from an immune response elicited by exposure to antigen.

Active

Match each type of inactivated vaccine with the correct description. Whole agent vaccine Toxoids Subunit vaccines VLP vaccine

Contains killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses Inactivated toxins that retain antigenic epitopes Key protein antigens or antigenic fragments of a pathogen Empty capsids

Match each type of immunity with the correct source. Artificially acquired active immunity Naturally acquired active immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity Naturally acquired passive immunity

Exposure to antigen by vaccination Exposure to antigen during infection Injection of another person's antibodies Mother's IgG antibodies crossing the placenta and protecting the fetus

True or false: Routine childhood immunizations are associated with autism.

False

True or false: Vaccines cause autism.

False

Which of the following statements is true about the Sabin vaccine against poliomyelitis?

It is also called the oral polio vaccine (IPV). It is an attenuated vaccine

______ immunity results from the protective action of antibodies produced by other people or animals.

Passive

______ vaccines are composed of only the cellular or viral proteins that are most important in triggering an immune response.

Subunit

Which of the following are inactivated vaccines?

Subunit vaccine Polysaccharide vaccine Toxoid

How do attenuated vaccines often induce long-term immunity following a single dose?

The microbes in the vaccine can replicate in the recipient.

______ vaccines contain inactivated toxins that retain their antigenic epitopes.

Toxoid

True or false: The process of inducing immunity is called immunization, and it has probably had the greatest impact on human health of any medical procedure. True false question.

True

Which carries the greatest risk?

Vaccine-preventable diseases

Immunity to a pathogen that occurs after exposure to antigens from that pathogen is called ______ immunity.

active

Vaccination is an example of _______ acquired _________ immunity.

artificially active

Antiserum injection is an example of ______ acquired ________ immunity.

artificially passive

____ vaccines are generally not advised for pregnant women because of the possibility that the vaccine strain could cross the placenta and damage the developing fetus.

Attenuated

________ immunity is based on the concept that the spread of a disease through a population is likely to be disrupted when large numbers of a population are immune to the disease.

Herd

Match each type of immunity with its definition. Naturally acquired immunity Artificially acquired immunity

Immunity acquired through normal events such as infection. Immunity acquired through unnatural events such as immunization.