Chapter 17 Multiple Choice

What determined the age of marriage for many people in Europe? Select one: a. Local traditions b. The occupation of the husband c. The approval of the church d. Securing license to marry from the government e. Access to real property

e

The growing commercialization of Western Europe's economy most negatively impacted the (A) rulers and bureaucracy. (B) aristocracy and the ruling elite. (C) churches and religious establishments. (D) merchants. (E) peasants, serfs, and the working poor.

e

Which of the following reasons suggests why common people supported the Lutheran Reformation?

b. Lutheranism sanctioned money-making and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did traditional Catholicism.

What was Isaac Newton's work published in 1687 that drew various theories together into a framework of natural laws?

b. Principia Mathematica

Which of the following statements most accurately describes a change in popular mentality as a result of the Protestant Reformation?

b. Protestants and Catholics considered the family in more positive terms, not simply as an institution necessary because of human lust.

Adam Smith's economic theory advocated

b. that governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces.

Mercantilism differs from capitalism because mercantilism (A) discourages colonies and overseas adventures. (B) encourages skilled workers to demand better pay and benefits. (C) does not encourage state or government intervention in the economy. (D) allows imports and exports without tariffs and barriers. (E) promotes the wealth of a national economy at the expense of free trade.

e

The Renaissance was largely influenced and financed by (A) Roman Catholic church monasteries. (B) medieval institutions. (C) popular culture and the lifestyle of the masses. (D) scientists and the Scientific Revolution. (E) the urban environment and the commercial economy.

e

Which of the following was a Western response to the commercial revolution of the 16th century that was proletarian in outlook?

e. A wave of popular protests resulting in uprisings caused by social tensions

Which of the following statements concerning mid-18th-century Western society is most accurate?

e. Agricultural changes, commercialism, and manufacturing had combined to produce a rapidly growing population in the West.

Which of the following was NOT a participant in the 15th-century Italian Renaissance?

e. Giotto

Which of the following lists the major developments of Western civilization in proper sequence?

e. Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of manufacturing in the later 18th century?

e. The 18th century witnessed a rapid spread of household production of textiles and metal products, mostly by rural workers who alternated manufacturing with some agriculture.

Which of the following areas was NOT successfully defended by the Catholic Reformation?

e. The Netherlands

The theological foundation of Jean Calvin's Protestantism was

e. predestination.

John Harvey was responsible for what discovery during the Scientific Revolution Select one: a. The circular movement of blood in animals b. The mathematical formulae for gravity c. Oxygen and its role in breathing d. The mathematical calculus e. Radiation of heat by fire and the sun

a

The monarch most associated with absolute monarchy was Select one: a. Louis XIV of France. b. Frederick William of Prussia. c. Joseph II of Austria. d. Charles I of England. e. William of Orange of the Netherlands.

a

How did agriculture change in the late 17th century? Select one: a. New technology and better stock-breeding methods resulted in higher productivity. b. More people worked on farms than ever before due to the higher wages being paid. c. Tomatoes were introduced from the Americas and rapidly became a major food source in western Europe. d. Western Europe continued to rely largely on the methods and techniques characteristic of the Middle Ages. e. The practice of fallowing was introduced to restore fertility of fields.

a

How did the Western view of science compare with that of other civilizations? Select one: a. The West was not alone in developing crucial scientific data, but its thinkers were the only ones to see science in broader philosophical terms as central to intellectual life. b. In China, science was based on practical, empirical advances. c. In the West, science was seen as separate from religion leading to a more religious outlook in the long run. d. The West was the only civilization to develop scientific and technological expertise. e. Islam remained vastly ahead of the West in terms of scientific knowledge, despite the clear advances made during the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries.

a

In Early Modern Europe, in order to secure their predominant political positions within their states, rulers of west European states had to (A) limit the rights of nobles and privileges of their institutions. (B) replace the Christian clergy. (C) restrict the power and influence of the military. (D) discourage economic and entrepreneurial incentives. (E) limit the rights of ethnic and religious minorities.

a

Which of the following changes associated with treatment of children was associated with the Enlightenment? Select one: a. Parents became more interested in freer movement and greater interaction for young children. b. Childhood became a period of time where the labor of the children was freely available to the family. c. Childhood was no longer perceived as a stage for learning and growth. d. Physical discipline of children to encourage their development became more common. e. Swaddling of infants continued as a means of protecting infants from injury.

a

Which of the following was NOT typical of the commercial revolution of the 16th century? Select one: a. Significant reduction in prices encouraging consumer spending b. Stimulation of manufacturing c. Substantial imports of American bullion d. Formation of great trading companies e. New goods became available

a

What was the political impact of Calvinism?

a. Calvinists sought the participation of all believers in church administration, which encouraged the idea of a wider access to government.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the reason Luther picked up widespread support among the German elite?

a. German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories.

Who is generally credited with initiating the Protestant Reformation in 1517?

a. Martin Luther

What was one of the primary differences between the Northern and Italian Renaissances?

a. Northern humanists focused more on religion than their Italian counterparts.

What was the European-style family pattern that emerged in the 15th century?

a. Nuclear families, late marriage ages

Besides France, where else did absolute monarchy develop during the period 1450 to 1750?

a. Prussia

Which of the following states fell back from European ascendancy following the religious wars?

a. Spain

Inflation and commercialization in the West produced a group of people without access to producing property called the

a. proletariat.

All of the following were typical of 16th century absolute monarchy EXCEPT

a. the destruction of provincial councils.

A nation-state differs from an empire or many medieval states because it (A) grants rulers absolute rights to govern. (B) rules a state with one dominant people, government, language, and culture. (C) limits the power of monarchs and rulers. (D) has many large and different ethnic groups under a common government. (E) is democratic and representative of the people's wishes.

b

By 1750, the strands of commercial, cultural, and political changes in Europe had combined to create Select one: a. rapid adaptation not found in other civilizations. b. an unusual version of an agricultural civilization. c. proof of the innate superiority of Western civilization. d. a truly socialistic society based on Marxian principles. e. an unstable political environment that would eventually regress backwards.

b

In 1733, John Kay of England introduced Select one: a. double-entry bookkeeping to western Europe. b. the flying shuttle to automate weaving. c. the cotton gin. d. the potato to European agriculture. e. the steam engine.

b

The Protestant Reformation in Germany was equally a religious and political revolution because it challenged all of these authorities EXCEPT: (A) the papal position as head of the western church. (B) the noble and aristocratic class structure within society. (C) the influence of the Emperor as head of the Holy Roman Empire. (D) the church's ownership of land in Germany. (E) the influence of the Roman church and Italy in Germany

b

The average Western peasant or artisan owned about how many times more "things" than his or her counterpart in southeastern Europe? Select one: a. 10 b. Five c. Four d. Three e. Eight

b

The relationship between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment is (A) that the Scientific Revolution's rational approach was rejected by the Enlightenment. (B) that Enlightenment philosophies were founded on the rational approach of the Scientific Revolution. (C) that both embraced Christian mysticism. (D) that both rejected the empirical approach to the truth. (E) that Enlightenment ideas formed the basis of the Scientific Revolution.

b

What new religious order was associated with the Catholic Reformation? Select one: a. Cistercians b. Jesuits c. Franciscans d. Calvinists e. Benedictines

b

Which of the following states stood apart from the trend toward absolute monarchy in the 17th century and retained a parliamentary regime?

b. Britain

The cause of the massive inflation in 16th century Europe was the (A) Renaissance rulers' increased demand for art. (B) Reformation's challenge to trust in the economy. (C) extensive importation of gold and silver from overseas colonies. (D) religious warfare that destroyed the economic structures. (E) trade between Europe and the Muslim world.

c

The religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation led generally to Select one: a. the establishment of Protestant dominance. b. the end of the involvement of the state in religion. c. a limited acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism. d. the restoration of Catholic unity. e. a monolithic Protestantism in Europe.

c

Who used astronomical observation and mathematical calculation to disprove the Hellenistic belief that the Earth was the center of the universe? Select one: a. Francis Bacon b. Galileo c. Copernicus d. Vesalius e. Isaac Newton

c

What monarch is associated with the establishment of enlightened despotism in Prussia in the middle of the 18th century?

c. Frederick the Great

Which of the following accounts in part for the decline of the Italian Renaissance circa 1500?

c. French and Spanish monarchs invaded the peninsula, cutting down on political independence.

Which of the following statements concerning Italian humanism is most accurate?

c. Humanists focused on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor.

Which of the following was NOT a basic principle of the Enlightenment?

c. If people were not controlled, general social decline was inevitable.

Which of the following descriptions most accurately defines mercantilism?

c. Mercantilism held that government should promote the internal economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations.

Which of the following was NOT a religious proposition advanced by Martin Luther?

c. Priests should practice celibacy.

Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Renaissance on politics and commerce?

c. Under humanist influence, wars among Italian city-states became less frequent and violent.

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the view of Deists?

c. While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion.

Johannes Gutenberg was responsible for

c. the invention of movable type in the West.

By the 16th century, at what age did most Europeans marry? Select one: a. 16-19 b. 20-22 c. 23-24 d. 28-29 e. 25-27

d

In characterizing the period from 1450 to 1750 in the West, which of the following statements is NOT accurate? Select one: a. Government powers had expanded as nation-states began to evolve. b. The idea of Christian unity started to decline, which led to religious wars. c. The popular outlook, including ideas about personality and family as well as concepts of nature, had shifted. d. What was once an agricultural society had become a predominantly manufacturing economy. e. Science came to form the centerpiece of Western intellectual life.

d

In western Europe following the religious wars in the 16th and 17th centuries, (A) the popes reestablished their dominant religious and political positions. (B) Christian unity was restored, but the pope was no longer head of the church. (C) full religious freedoms were granted to practice one's faith. (D) the different Christian sects accepted a limited toleration of other groups. (E) Europe abandoned religions totally because they promoted social divisions.

d

The 17th century Scientific Revolution in western Europe was heavily influenced by (A) the work of Muslim scientists. (B) Hindu mathematics. (C) Chinese mystical Daoism. (D) Greek rational philosophies and classical scientists such as Aristotle. (E) Christian theology

d

The Edict of Nantes, issued in France in 1598, Select one: a. decreed the abolition of Protestantism in France. b. led to the Thirty Years War between France and Sweden. c. established Calvinism as the state religion of France. d. granted tolerance to Protestants and helped end the French civil wars of religion. e. declared war against the Lutheran princes of Germany.

d

The aftermath of the Scientific Revolution spilled over into a new intellectual movement in the 18th century called the Select one: a. Baroque Era. b. Renaissance. c. Risorgimento. d. Enlightenment. e. Great Awakening.

d

Which of the following statements about the Renaissance is NOT accurate? Select one: a. The Renaissance challenged medieval intellectual values and styles. b. The Renaissance was largely an artistic movement that began in Italy. c. The Renaissance was built on a more commercialized economy. d. The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization. e. The Renaissance had a southern and northern phase.

d

Which of the following was NOT a result of the Thirty Years War? Select one: a. The war established the principle of territorial toleration. b. The population of the German territories was reduced by almost 60 percent. c. The treaty that ended the war granted political independence to the Protestant Netherlands. d. The treaty that ended the war established Spain as the principal power of western Europe. e. It reduced German prosperity and power for a full century.

d

What was the church established by Henry VIII in England?

d. Anglican