Chapter 18

A person with type O blood can donate to individuals with which of the following blood types? A, B, or AB only AB or O only A or B only A, B, AB, or O

A, B, AB, or O

Why might a transfusion of Rh+ blood cells into an Rh- individual be dangerous? Blood cells that are Rh+ are toxic to an individual with Rh- type blood cells. An individual with Rh- type blood will produce antibodies against the Rh+ blood cells. The Rh+ blood cells tend to clump together with Rh- blood cells. Individuals with Rh+ blood cells also produce antibodies against Rh negative, and these antibodies may destroy Rh- blood cells.

An individual with Rh- type blood will produce antibodies against the Rh+ blood cells.

When are anti-Rh antibodies developed by the adaptive immune system? The anti-Rh antibodies are developed after injection with RhoGAM. When an Rh+ individual is given a blood transfusion by an Rh- donor. Anti-Rh antibodies are produced after exposure to the Rh antigen. You are born with anti-Rh antibodies.

Anti-Rh antibodies are produced after exposure to the Rh antigen.

Why might a person who contracted a streptococcal disease in childhood be more susceptible to heart disease in later life? Antibodies against some strains of Streptococcus are cross-reactive with heart tissue. Cytotoxic T cells recognize MHC molecules on the surface of heart muscle cells that resemble streptococcal antigens. Streptococcal infections damage the heart muscle directly. During streptococcal infections, mast cells secrete dangerous inflammatory chemicals.

Antibodies against some strains of Streptococcus are cross-reactive with heart tissue

The tuberculin response is mediated by B lymphocytes. mast cells. memory T cells. eosinophils. plasma cells.

C) memory T cells.

Which statement best describes the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that has been shown to cause AIDS in humans? HIV is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus of the type called retroviruses. HIV is a naked, positive single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus of the type called retroviruses. HIV is an enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus of the type called retroviruses. HIV is an enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus of the type of influenzavirus.

HIV is an enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus of the type called retroviruses

What combination of mother/child blood types might develop into hemolytic disease of the newborn? If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, this may lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn. If both the mother and the fetus are Rh+, this may lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn. If the mother is Rh+ and the fetus is Rh-, this may lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn. If both the mother and the fetus are Rh-, this may lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn.

If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, this may lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Which of the following immunoglobulins is produced by plasma cells in response to an allergen? IgA IgG IgD IgE IgM

IgE

The rabies vaccine is made by treating the rabies virus with a chemical to render it non-infective. Based on this, how is the rabies vaccine best characterized?

Inactivated

Neutrophils are "first responders" during an inflammatory response. What is their specific role? Activation of T cells Release of histamine Production of antibodies Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis

Opportunistic infections typical of AIDS but rare otherwise include Pneumocystis pneumonia. Kaposi's sarcoma. tuberculosis. Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma. tuberculosis and shingles.

Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma.

Sally decides to go through the desensitization program recommended by her doctor. What is the overall purpose/goal of this process? The process will eliminate all of the wasp venom-specific IgE from Sally's body. Repeated exposure to wasp venom antigen will increase the amount of IgG produced by Sally's immune system. During the desensitization process, the number of wasp venom-reactive mast cells will decrease. Desensitization will decrease the overall sensitivity of Sally's immune responses, eliminating its hyperactivity.

Repeated exposure to wasp venom antigen will increase the amount of IgG produced by Sally's immune system.

How does RhoGAM prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn? RhoGAM is an immunosuppressive drug that prevents the mother from developing an adaptive immune response to the antigen. RhoGAM mimics the Rh antigen, which prevents the Rh+ blood cells from being attacked. RhoGAM attaches to Rh antigen, leading to its removal before the mother's immune system mounts an adaptive response. RhoGAM prevents the attachment of antibodies to blood cells.

RhoGAM attaches to Rh antigen, leading to its removal before the mother's immune system mounts an adaptive response.

Individuals with which of the following diseases would be expected to have very low antibody titers overall? SCID DiGeorge syndrome rheumatoid arthritis multiple sclerosis

SCID

The responses observed in type IV hypersensitivities result from the action of inflammatory chemicals. autoantibodies. T cells and phagocytes. IgE antibodies and mast cells. IgG and complement.

T cells and phagocytes.

When might Rh antigens from the fetus be introduced into the mother's blood stream? The Rh+ type blood cells may cross the placenta directly at any time during the pregnancy. During the third trimester, the blood of the mother and fetus are combined. The mother may be exposed during labor or delivery. The Rh-antigens may be passed to from the baby to the mother during breast-feeding.

The mother may be exposed during labor or delivery.

As you have seen, IgE is responsible for allergy, IgM is produced early in a primary response, and IgG is produced early in a secondary response. Based on the diagram provided, which part of an antibody molecule determines differences between an anti-pollen IgE, IgG and IgM? The arm (Fab) The stem (Fc) The variable region of the heavy chain The antigen binding site

The stem (Fc)

When the release of chemicals in an allergic reaction exceeds the body's ability to adjust, a life-threatening condition called (anaphylaxis/autoimmunity/inflammation) may occur.

anaphylaxis

Which of the following OTC medications would provide the best relief of symptoms? aspirin acetaminophen antihistamines antibiotics

antihistamines

Primary immunodeficiency diseases are sometimes caused by severe stress. develop later in life. are detectable close to birth. may be caused by malnutrition. are never associated with genetic defects.

are detectable close to birth

Type I diabetes is a(n) delayed hypersensitivity disorder. immunodeficiency disease. immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity disorder. autoimmune disease. immediate hypersensitivity disorder.

autoimmune disease.

Which of the following parts of the body is associated with multiple sclerosis? blood nervous tissue connective tissue endocrine glands

b) nervous tissue

Jess has A- blood type, has never received a blood transfusion, and never been pregnant. Antibodies against what blood antigens could be present in Jess' blood? O and Rh antigens B antigens B and Rh antigens A antigens O antigens

b. B antigens

Which of the following bind the constant region of IgE? eosinophils mast cells monocytes both mast cells and monocytes both eosinophils and mast cells

both eosinophils and mast cells

The syndrome known as AIDS is characterized by one or more opportunistic diseases and the presence of HIV. by the presence of anti-HIV antibodies. by CTL attack on CD4 T cells. as an opportunistic disease resulting from herpesvirus reactivation. by the presence of HIV.

by one or more opportunistic diseases and the presence of HIV

An individual suddenly experiencing increased stress in his or her life may have a temporary deficiency in which of the following areas of the immune response? the phagocytic response humoral immunity cell-mediated immunity complement activation

cell-mediated immunity

Stress may result in the production of (corticosteroids/leukotrienes/interleukins), which may lead to acquired immunodeficiency disease.

corticosteroids

Which of the following is/are NOT associated with a type I hypersensitivity? mast cells cytotoxic T cells basophils IgE

cytotoxic t cells

What is the underlying problem in most acquired immunodeficiencies? production of autoantibodies anemia declining humoral immunity declining cell-mediated immunity eosinophilia

declining cell-mediated immunity

Julie goes to the hospital for a surgery that will require receiving blood from a donor. She is blood type O, but a mix up in the paperwork results in blood type B entered on her forms. During surgery she received 2 units of blood, type B. After surgery she may experience __________. no symptoms. Her blood transfusion will elevate any surgical discomfort. extreme thirst and dizziness fever, difficulty breathing, nausea, and vomiting anemia and fatigue

fever, difficulty breathing, nausea, and vomiting

When immune complexes in the blood become trapped in the kidneys the resulting disease is known as glomerulonephritis. urticaria. anaphylaxis. hemolytic disease. autoimmunity.

glomerulonephritis.

Transfusion reactions are the result of antibody reaction to plasma proteins. foreign antibodies. glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells. MHC molecules on white blood cells. MHC molecules on red blood cells.

glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells.

Antibody binding to receptors on the thyroid may result in type I diabetes. Graves' disease. autoimmune hemolytic anemia. DiGeorge syndrome. multiple sclerosis.

graves' disease

The destruction of blood cells leads to the release of large amounts of _____, which is then degraded into bilirubin. hemoglobin Rh antigen antibody complement

hemoglobin

Many of the signs and symptoms of inflammation, including redness and itching, are due to the release of (histamines/leukotrienes/proteases) by degranulation of mast cells.

histamines

What is urticaria? hemolysis purpura anaphylaxis hives

hives

HIV may be transmitted person to person through the exchange of bodily secretions. Which of the following activities would generally NOT transmit the virus? blood transfusions kissing, with the exchange of saliva intravenous drug use breast-feeding infants

kissing, with the exchange of saliva

The infection cycle of HIV utilizes a period of dormancy in which the viral genome that is now in a double-stranded DNA form will "hide" in the host cell chromosome. What is this period referred to and what viral derived enzyme is responsible for it? latency; integrase latency; reverse transcriptase persistence; integrase persistence; integration

latency; integrase

Classify the four types of grafts in the figure.

look it up

Identify the major processes of a transfusion reaction leading to hemolysis.

look it up

The non-leukocyte tissue cells known as ________ produce leukotrienes and prostaglandins in response to allergen binding. mast cells monocytes neutrophils lymphocytes basophils

mast cells

Hypotheses explaining the development of autoimmune disease include molecular mimicry. molecular mimicry and vaccines. overuse of vaccines. molecular mimicry and genetic factors. genetic factors.

molecular mimicry, genetic factors

Which of the following groups of individuals is most susceptible, in general, to autoimmune diseases? younger women younger men older women older men

older women

Graft rejection can be reduced by epinephrine. preventing B cell activation. antihistimines. preventing T cell proliferation. antiphagocytic factors.

preventing T cell proliferation.

Of the following events in a type I hypersensitivity reaction, which one would be expected to occur LAST? dilation of local blood vessels release of histamine by mast cells binding of allergens to IgE molecules release of leukotrienes by eosinophils

release of leukotrienes by eosinophils

Which of the following is both a hypersensitivity disorder and an autoimmune disorder? rheumatoid arthritis hemolytic disease of the newborn anaphylaxis glomerulonephritis graft rejection

rheumatoid arthritis

What is the function of the kinins released when mast cells degranulate? activation of the complement system increased vascular permeability smooth muscle contraction chemotactic factors increased production of tears and saliva

smooth muscle contraction

The onset of AIDS will leave the patient open to a secondary, opportunistic infection. All of the following are associated with opportunistic infection of AIDS patients EXCEPT which one? shingles due to Varicellovirus syphilis due to Treponema pallidum infection toxoplasmosis due to infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma Kaposi's sarcoma due to human herpesvirus 8 infection

syphilis due to Treponema pallidum infection

If a person has a positive result to the Mantoux test, this would indicate __________. the person is now immune to tuberculosis. the person has an active M. tuberculosis infection the person has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or has received the vaccine for tuberculosis. the person has a high M. tuberculosis titer

the person has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or has received the vaccine for tuberculosis.

A person with type B blood can receive blood from individuals with which of the following blood types? type B or O type B or AB type AB or O type B only

type B or O

A reaction to an allergen is a ________ hypersensitivity. type II type III type I type V type IV

type I

Antigen-antibody complexes trapped in tissues and triggering complement activation or mast cell degranulation are characteristic of type I hypersensitivity. graft rejection. type III hypersensitivity. autoimmunity. type II hypersensitivity.

type III hypersensitivity.

Which hypersensitivity disorder is the result of cell-mediated response? type I type II type III type IV both type I and II

type IV

Which of the following is an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction? immune complexes accumulation in the kidneys destruction of red blood cells after an incompatible blood transfusion farmer's lung watery eyes after exposure to animals the tuberculin response

watery eyes after exposure to animal dander

What effect might a buildup of bilirubin have on a fetus? A buildup of bilirubin may lead to severe neurological damage or death. An increase in the bilirubin concentration in the blood could lead to hemolysis. Excessive bilirubin may lead to the production of anti-bilirubin antibodies. Increased levels of bilirubin cause damage to the liver.

A buildup of bilirubin may lead to severe neurological damage or death.

Which of the following mediators are involved in anaphylactic reactions? Select all that apply. B cells IgE mast cells basophils T cells IgM

-basophils -IgE -mast cells

An Rh- mother has an Rh- baby. What is the risk of her next baby developing hemolytic disease of the newborn? 0% chance 50% chance 85% chance 100% chance

0% chance

Arrange the following statements in the order that best represents the chronological order of events in generating an anaphylactic reaction.

1. IgE molecules bind to mast cells and basophils. 2. Antigen molecules cross-link adjacent IgE molecules. 3. Degranulation occurs. 4. Chemical mediators such as histamine are released. 5. Capillary permeability and smooth muscle contractions increase. 6. Neutrophils and eosinophils move to the site.

A person identified as a universal recipient has ________ blood type. A AB O Rh-negative B

AB

Which of the following is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency disease? Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia SCID AIDS DiGeorge syndrome

AIDS

Which of the following would be useful as part of the drug cocktail ART taken to treat HIV infections? penicillin, a cell wall synthesis inhibitor erythromycin, an inhibitor of protein translation zanamivir, a neuramidase inhibitor AZT, a nucleoside compound

AZT, a nucleoside compound

Which of the following statements concerning rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is TRUE? The symptoms are due to damage caused by cytotoxic T cells. It occurs in humans and animals. There is no genetic influence on the likelihood of developing RA. Accumulations of antibody complexes lead to inflammation in and destruction of the joints. The onset of disease is clearly correlated with having been infected with a specific microbe.

Accumulations of antibody complexes lead to inflammation in and destruction of the joints.

Which of the following is true regarding systemic anaphylactic reactions? Select all that apply. A. Systemic reactions are commonly associated with injected antigens. B. Systemic reactions can be treated only with an injection of epinephrine. C. A systemic reaction can be fatal in only a few minutes. D. Systemic reactions can result in a dramatic decrease in blood pressure. E. Systemic reactions are commonly associated with antigens that are ingested or inhaled. F. Systemic reactions always involve the respiratory system.

C, A, D -A systemic reaction can be fatal in only a few minutes. -Systemic reactions are commonly associated with injected antigens. -Systemic reactions can result in a dramatic decrease in blood pressure.

he HIV virion attaches to ________ on the surface of lymphocytes. IL-2R IgG CD3 MHC II CD4

CD4

A student develops allergic contact dermatitis after being exposed to formaldehyde in the laboratory. She tries to treat the condition by taking an antihistamine, but the drug has little or no effect. Which of the following treatments should she consider using instead? corticosteroids RhoGAM immunotherapy epinephrine

Corticosteroids

Failure of thymus development may result in DiGeorge syndrome. Grave's disease. chronic granulomatous disease. type I diabetes. Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia.

DiGeorge syndrome.

Which of the following statements concerning the Rh factor is CORRECT? Rh antibodies are more abundant than the ABO antibodies. The Rh antigen is on white blood cells. Eighty-five percent of humans are Rh positive. Eighty-five percent of the human population is Rh negative. Preexisting antibodies occur in 85% of the population.

Eighty-five percent of humans are Rh positive.

Predict which of the following outcomes would result from taking an antihistamine. Select all that apply. A.decreased mucus secretions B. decreased permeability of blood vessels C. decreased stimulation of mast cells D. decreased contraction of respiratory smooth muscles E. increased breakdown of the histamine molecule F. decreased histamine-based stimulation of cells

F, A, B -decreased histamine-based stimulation of cells -decreased mucus secretions -decreased permeability of blood vessels

Which of the following is a virulence factor specific to Gram-negative pathogens? The preiplasmic space Secreted exotoxins Lipid A A polysaccharide capsule

Lipid A

Why are blocking IgG antibodies so effective at protecting Sally from another anaphylactic response to wasp venom? View Available Hint(s) The IgG molecules bind to mast cells and prevent IgE molecules from binding, thereby preventing degranulation. The IgG antibodies bind to the circulating IgE and block their binding to the mast cells. The IgG molecules bind to the mast cells; but when wasp venom binds, IgG blocks degranulation. The blocking IgG antibodies "outnumber" the IgE antibodies and bind to wasp venom before the IgE antibodies can bind

The blocking IgG antibodies "outnumber" the IgE antibodies and bind to wasp venom before the IgE antibodies can bind.

What is hemolysis? The generation of red blood cells. The volume percentage of red blood cells in the whole blood. The destruction of red blood cells. The clumping of red blood cells.

The destruction of red blood cells.

The condition known as graft-versus-host disease may result after a mismatched blood transfusion. any type of allograft procedure. a bone marrow allograft. a plasmapheresis procedure. a bone allograft.

a bone marrow allograft.

When the wasps stung Sally, the injection of venom initiated a type I hypersensitivity reaction called anaphylaxis. Which of the following best describes a hypersensitivity reaction? an immune response that results in an overproduction of IgG a reaction that occurs in a sensitized individual resulting in tissue damage rather than immunity an immune response characterized by an overproduction of T cytotoxic cells a hyperactive immune response generated upon initial exposure to antigen

a reaction that occurs in a sensitized individual resulting in tissue damage rather than immunity

Multiple sclerosis is a genetic birth defect of the nervous system. a type IV hypersensitivity disease in which cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheath of neurons. the formation of antibodies against transplanted tissue. a neurological disease due to the accumulation of immune complexes in nerves. a type II hypersensitivity to the myelin of neurons.

a type IV hypersensitivity disease in which cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheath of neurons.

Patients with which of the following types of grafts would require the most intensive therapy with immunosuppressive drugs? a xenograft an isograft an autograft an allograft

a xenograft

Treatment with glucocorticoids to suppress type IV hypersensitivity may result in autoimmune disease. primary immunodeficiency. acquired immunodeficiency. DiGeorge syndrome. anaphylaxis.

acquired immunodeficiency.