Chapter 18

What percentage of cells of the body are white blood cells?

1

Which of the following is NOT a common, long-term consequence of diabetes?

Decrease in infections

Which of the following dietary components is thought to have an inverse correlation to colon cancer?

Fiber

Which of the following statements represents current thought in the development of cancer?

Food additives play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cance

Which of the following describes a known association with cardiovascular disease?

In men, blood cholesterol levels early in adulthood strongly correlate with cardiovascular disease later in life

Which of the following is NOT among the recommendations issued by health professionals to reduce cancer risks?

Increase intake of foods high in iron

What is the term given to the factors that enhance the development of cancer after it has been initiated?

Promoters

To lower a high blood cholesterol, all of the following are recommended EXCEPT

decrease the carbohydrate intake to 50% of total energy

Gangrene is a common complication in primarily people with

diabetes

On average, the progression from HIV infection to AIDS takes about

10 years

Which of the following blood pressure readings signifies a diagnosis of hypertension?

140 over 90

Of the ten leading causes of illness and death, how many are associated directly with nutrition?

4

At what age do men and women begin to show the same incidence of cardiovascular disease?

45

How many million people in the United States are believed to have hypertension?

50

A person with diabetes is most likely to develop

strokes and heart attacks

The diseases most common today include all of the following EXCEPT

tuberculosis

Initial confirmation of HIV infection after exposure to the virus takes about

6-12 weeks

Which of the following is a known relationship between alcohol intake and risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

>Moderate alcohol intake raises HDL cholesterol and inhibits formation of blood clots

Among the following, which should be the first action taken to lower blood cholesterol?

Achieve and maintain appropriate body weight

What is ayurveda?

A Hindu system for enhancing the body's ability to synthesize its own healing substances

Which of the following statements describes a relationship between salt intake and high blood pressure?

A high salt intake is not a risk factor for the development of high blood pressure

What type of exercise is considered best to strengthen the heart and blood vessels?

Aerobic exercise

Immunoglobulins are produced primarily by

B-cells

What type of lymphocytes are most affected by infection with HIV?

CD4+

Which of the following is currently accepted as a medical treatment in the United States?

Cancer radiation therapy

Which of the following describes the actions of a carcinogen?

Cancer-initiating substance

Which of the following is NOT among the recommendations by health professionals to treat hypertension?

Decrease intake of dairy products to avoid sodium

Among the following herbs, which is known to show the severest side effects?

Ephedra

Antioxidant substances that are believed to help protect against cancer include all of the following EXCEPT

EDTA

Which of the following is known to speed up the passage of bile through the large intestines, thereby decreasing exposure time to microorganisms?

Fiber

What is the term given to mounds of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium that develop in the artery walls?

Fibrous plaques

What is the primary reason for increased urine output in uncontrolled diabetes?

High levels of blood glucose spill into the urine drawing water with it by osmosis

Which of the following is NOT considered a diet-related risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

High sugar intake

Which of the following illustrates an association between physical activity, dieting, and HDL?

In women, weight loss due solely to dieting appears to lower HDL concentrations

Which of the following risk factors for disease may be modified by diet?

Low HDL level

How does obesity increase the risk for development of hypertension?

Obesity frequently is associated with high blood insulin levels which signal the kidneys to retain sodium, which increases blood pressure<

Which of the following leading causes of death in the United States does NOT bear a relationship to diet?

Pneumonia and influenza

All of the following disorders are influenced strongly by genetics EXCEPT

diverticulosis.

Insulin stimulates the actions of all the following metabolic activities EXCEPT

fat release

As far as is known, those minerals that may significantly affect elevated blood pressure include all of the following EXCEPT

aluminum

The ballooning out of an artery wall at a point where it has been weakened by deterioration is called a(an)

aneurysm

Risk factors for atherosclerosis that can be minimized by behavioral change include all of the following EXCEPT

heredity.

Direct contributors to the metabolic syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT

high sodium intake.

Why might the French have a lower incidence of heart disease than Americans even though risk factors are similar?

The French drink more wine

Risk factors for sodium or salt sensitivity include all of the following EXCEPT

being white.

In which of the following conditions would the pancreas be unable to synthesize insulin?

Type I diabetes mellitus

Which of the following conditions is characterized by insulin resistance of fat cells?

Type II diabetes mellitus

What term identifies the involuntary loss of more than 10% of body weight?

Wasting syndrome

Anyone who is medically advised to lower blood cholesterol should

achieve appropriate body weight.

A disease in which cells multiply out of control, forming masses that disrupt normal functioning of one or more organs, is called

cancer

Traditional medicine and alternative medical therapies in Europe are commonly linked together into a practice called

complementary medicine

Diabetes is known to lead to all of the following EXCEPT

increased resistance to infections

Improvement in cardiovascular health by regular aerobic exercise results from all of the following EXCEPT

increasing fat tissue while decreasing lean tissue

Diuretics act to lower blood pressure by

increasing fluid loss.

Being obese is known to increase the probabilities of contracting all of the following diseases EXCEPT

kwashiorkor

Blood pressure appears to be affected by intake of all of the following minerals EXCEPT

phosphorus

Tiny, disc-shaped bodies in the blood that are important in clot formation are called

platelets

The excessive thirst experienced by a diabetic is known as

polydipsia.

All of the following are among the symptoms of diabetes EXCEPT

polysaccharidosis.

The frequent urination experienced by a diabetic is known as

polyuria

Functions of the T-cells include all of the following EXCEPT

production of antibodies

Factors that favor the development of cancer once the initiating event has taken place are called

promoters

Risk factors that predict the development of hypertension include all of the following EXCEPT

salt intake

A cancer that originates from bone is a

sarcoma

Chelation therapy is purported to work by ridding the body of

toxic metals

Which of the following describes a relationship between sodium/salt and high blood pressure?

Sodium restriction lowers blood pressure less effectively than body weight loss

Which of the following defines the association between nutrition and chronic disease?

Diet can influence the time of onset of some chronic diseases

What blood cholesterol carrier is of greatest concern in atherosclerosis?

LDL

What is the name of the substance first extracted from the bark of old Pacific yew trees (and now synthesized in the laboratory) and found effective in treating cancer?

Paclitaxal

Which of the following best describes the term peripheral resistance?

Resistance to flow of blood through tiny arteries and capillaries

A significant reduction in blood flow to the brain is termed

a stroke

About 90% of U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes have

obesity

All of the following are characteristics of diabetes mellitus EXCEPT

the two major forms are variations of the insulin-dependent type.