Chapter 18

What developments in transportation and communication made imperialism easier?

- steam-driven ships allowed europeans to reach distant asian, African, and pacific ports more quickly and predictably and to penetrate interior rivers as well. - the underwater telegraph made possible almost instant communication with far-flung outposts of the empire. - the discovery of quinine, an anti-parasitic drug, prevented malaria, and reduced European death rates in the tropics - breech-loading rifles and machine guns greatly increased European military power.

Why did Europeans view their global expansion as inevitable?

A natural outgrowth of a superior civilization (Europeans were fated to dominate)

Define "imperialism"

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

How did native elites manage to maintain their status after European conquest?

A shortage of European administrators made it necessary for colonial rulers to rely on intermediaries.

What were some of the positive effects of education for native peoples?

Access to better paying jobs in gov, mission organizations, or business firms and exciting imported goods their salaries could afford, social mobility and elite status w/in communities

Give an example of a new or alternative way Europeans began classifying their conquered peoples (not the political or economic classifications most commonly used in Europe).

Apartheid

Explain the term "settler colonies" and give an example of a settler colony.

Australia, conquest was accompanied by large scale European colonization.

Review: syncretism = the blending of religious beliefs and practices. Give an example of syncretism in African Christianity.

Backsliding, believed in old gods

Which two European countries seem to be acquiring the most territory in Africa and Asia?

Britain and France

List the "Western" countries that were involved in colonizing Asia and Africa in the 1800's (19th century).

Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Russia, and America

Describe the causes and outcomes of the Indian rebellion.

Causes: new cartridges smeared in animal fat (a cartridge is like a container to hold something, but it is designed for insertion into a mechanism) Outcomes: greatly widened the racial divide, and eroded british tolerance for natives who betrayed their trust

What were some of the attractions of Christianity in the colonial world?

Christianity was associated with modern education. The old gods were defeated. more freedom for the oppressed.

What is the difference between colonialism and imperialism?

Colonialism is where one nation assumes control over the other and Imperialism refers to political or economic control, either formally or informally.

What arguments could be made to support the argument that African culture was distinct from European culture?

Communal, cooperative, egalitarian culture (Africa) vs individualistic, competitive, and class ridden societies (Europeans)

What were the most difficult places to subdue and why?

Decentralized societies, they couldn't negotiate or make a decisive win (decentralized means that it is controlled by several local offices or authorities rather than one single one)

How did cash crop production affect the environment?

Destruction of forests and swamplands, dikes and irrigation channels depleted soiled in deltas of major river systems, methane gas contributed to global warming (very bad)

Describe the forced labor of natives in Indonesia under Dutch colonial rule.

Double burden. To state and landlords required to cultivate and grow crops to sell at low prices to contractors

Explain why a common "African identity" evolved as a result of European colonialism?

Educated African thinkers sought to mirror the success in India, with a Pan-African tradition. Intellectuals and ordinary ppl forged new ways of belonging to upheavals of colonial life

Explain "social Darwinism"

European dominance required the displacement or destruction of backwards people "survival of the fittest"

What was the "scramble for Africa"

European powers partitioned Africa in 25 years (fought amongst themselves)

List some of the challenges and opposition Christianity faced in Africa?

Female nudity, polygyny, female circumcision

How was the second wave of European conquests different than the first wave in the following categories:

Focus: asia and africa Countries involved: Germany, Italy, Belgium, US, and Japan

Initially, how did European perceptions of others change in the 19th century?

Imperialism caused derogatory views of others (used to define others in religious terms, them= religiously superior)

What military and diplomatic methods did the Europeans employ in order to build their empires?

Informal control. mostly economic with little military. organization, drill and practice and command structure. firepower from rifles and machine guns

How were women's roles affected in cash-crop producing colonies?

It increased their workload. they were to manage the local economy (diverged from those of men)

Why were Ethiopia and Siam able to avoid European control?

Military and diplomatic skills. They made concessions to the Europeans, and rivalries of imperialists all contributed to exceptions to rule of colonial takeover in East Africa and southeast Asia

Despite your opinion on whether European colonialism had more positive or negative effects on Asian and African development- what 3 things can be seen as effects of European colonialism?

One: colonial rule furthered the integration of African and Asian economies Two: modernizing elements (bureaucracy structures, communication and transportation, products to world markets, and schooling) Three: no modern industrial society in colonies

What are the two ways the Industrial revolution caused the need for Europe to expand and take colonies?

One: need for issues need for raw materials and agricultural products (from American Midwest, S Russia, Argentina, Central Americas, Brazil, W Africa, Ceylon, and S Africa). Two: imperialism, exporting goods (needed to sell its own products)

What was distinctive about European colonial empires of the 19th century?

Prominence of race as a distinguishing factor to determine the ruler and ruled. penetration of the colonial states into the societies that they governed. finally the europeans had a strong habit/need to classify and count their subject people. This classification and counting included gender and race. They contradicted their own values and preferred ruler societies for colonized areas they controlled.

List the reasons for African migration both abroad and within Africa

Reasons to migrate abroad: need for money and loss of land Reasons to migrate within Africa: slave trade diminished

Define "indentured servant"

Receiving free passage and enough money to survive in return for five to seven years of heavy labor

How did increased sales of cash crops affect labor within the colonies?

Shortage of labor led to slavery and a huge influx of migrants to W Africa

What are some examples of women gaining economic opportunities as a result of European colonization?

Small scale trade and marketing, dominate sector of economy by selling food-stuffs, cloth, and inexpensive goods

List some of the responses to European conquest by native peoples.

Some sought their help. Some tried to play off imperial powers against each other. some resorted to military action.

Give an example of a colony that had a large European population that caused a deep racial divide between Europeans and the native population.

South Africa

What happened to the following groups as a result of European colonialism?

Subsistence farmers: decreased as commercialization went up Artisans: suffered when cheaper made goods displaced theirs.

What kind of working and living conditions did these migrants experience?

Terrible and harsh. High death rates and disease rampant, discrimination

Describe the experiences of forced laborers in the Belgian colon of the Congo.

Terrible. Starvation was rampant, and the threat was there. death when demands are not met. Forced villagers to collect rubber demand for bicycle and automobile tires, reign of terror and abuse costing millions of lives

In what way was "tribe" a new identity in colonial Africa?

That of ethnic identity- created by European racism- how African communities were so similar, tried to rule them as one

What was the European "duty" to the rest of the world?

That they were to civilize the inferior races bringing Christianity, good government to disordered lands, work discipline and production to the market, education to illiterate, clothing, healthcare to the sick

Define "colonialism"

The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

Explain how nationalism fueled the desire for colonies.

The unified connection of nationalism allowed for the colonies to expand their power. Colonies became spheres of influence and symbols of "Great Power" and their acquisition was a matter of urgency.

Explain why Europeans did not want to promote progress and modernization within their colonies.

These types of social change would encourage unrest and challenge colonial rule

How could a native's education be affected if they chose to cooperate with Europeans?

They could get education and even higher education

In what ways did education make native peoples "European?"

They embraced European culture, spoke french or english, intermarriage

How did women cope with their newfound difficulties?

They stayed with their birth family, self-help communities, prosecution, introduced labored saving crops, adopted new farm implements, and earned money as traders

Overtime, how did Europeans use racism to support their prejudices and preferences?

They used other cultures through a prism of racism, supported by science.

After reading these accounts- hypothesize how colonial subjects likely responded to their treatment from Europeans.

They wanted to revolt at all costs. they hated being like this (rebellions, sabotages, etc)

In what ways were local farmers positively affected by the increased production of cash crops?

They were now able to own their own land, build substantial houses, and buy imported goods.

What places managed to remain independent of European rule in Asia and Africa?

Tibet, Afghanistan, Persia, Ethiopia, Siam, Liberia

What was the economic danger of these colonies specializing in only one or two cash crops?

Unhealthy dependence when world market food prices dropped

How did the divide between Muslims and Hindus in India begin?

When the new notion of hinduism emerged (Europeans altered)

Describe women's roles in Africa before European colonization.

Women were active farmers and child care (had a measure of economic autonomy)

How were women's roles affected by increasing labor migrations within the colonies?

Women worked in the village while men worked in the city (managed domestic economy almost alone)

What arguments could be made to support the claim that African culture aligned with European ideals?

huge civilizations, complex political systems

Ironically, what did the European educated natives end up leading in the 20th century?

independence movements

According to Europeans, race determined what?

intelligence, moral development, destiny

Especially in Africa, who was largely responsible for the spread of Christianity?

missionaries

Asians also migrated in mass during this era- what jobs were available to Asian migrants?

plantation working

List some of the ways that colonized people actively shaped the history of the colonial era despite often being oppressed by Europeans.

resistance, rebellion, religious upheaval