Chapter 18 A&P

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), 149) A) lipid reserves are mobilized. B) proteins are conserved. C) levels of growth hormone decrease. D) blood glucose levels fall drastically. E) levels of insulin decrease.

A) lipid reserves are mobilized.

The inner portion of the suprarenal gland is the 167) A) medulla. B) capsule. C) stroma. D) cortex. E) interstitial tissue.

A) medulla.

Hormones from the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance are 106) A) mineralocorticoids. B) glucocorticoids. C) antidiuretics. D) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. E) androgens.

A) mineralocorticoids.

All of the pancreatic hormones are regulated by 127) A) nutrient concentrations in the blood. B) the adenohypophysis. C) the liver. D) the neurohypophysis. E) the thyroid gland.

A) nutrient concentrations in the blood.

A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes 136) A) progesterone. B) androstenedione. C) aldosterone. D) testosterone. E) cortisone.

A) progesterone.

Endocrine cells 2) A) release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood. B) are modified connective-tissue cells. C) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. D) contain few vesicles. E) are a type of nerve cell.

A) release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood.

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the 19) A) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. B) cell becomes inactive. C) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. D) cell membrane becomes depolarized. E) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.

A) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by 35) A) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. B) indirect osmotic control. C) gap synaptic junctions. D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. E) direct neural stimulation.

A) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.

Increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with an increase in which of the following hormones? 143) A) sex hormones B) thyroxine C) somatostatin D) insulin E) growth hormone

A) sex hormones

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is 54) A) somatotropin. B) ACTH. C) insulin. D) MSH. E) prolactin.

A) somatotropin.

Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the 118) A) zona reticularis. B) suprarenal medulla. C) zona glomerulosa. D) zona fasciculata. E) pars intermedia.

A) zona reticularis.

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action? 105) A) mineralocorticoids B) antidiuretic hormones C) pancreatic hormones D) thyroglobulins E) glucocorticoids

E) glucocorticoids

Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the 148) A) mineralocorticoids. B) androgens. C) catecholamines. D) gonadotropins. E) glucocorticoids.

E) glucocorticoids.

The most complex endocrine responses involve the 25) A) thymus gland. B) suprarenal glands. C) pancreas. D) thyroid gland. E) hypothalamus.

E) hypothalamus.

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of 71) A) hyperparathyroidism. B) hyperthyroidism. C) diabetes insipidus. D) hypoparathyroidism. E) hypothyroidism.

E) hypothyroidism.

Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called 176) A) synergists. B) radicals. C) antagonists. D) permissive. E) integrative.

E) integrative.

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is 146) A) increased urine release. B) decreased rate of respiration. C) decreased mental alertness. D) decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin. E) mobilization of energy reserves.

E) mobilization of energy reserves.

https://image.prntscr.com/image/B-8SAJRdTmCKZIf3z6LxTw.png Identify the hormone labeled "13." 66) A) LH B) estrogen C) progesterone D) testosterone E) oxytocin

E) oxytocin

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking? 84) A) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine B) parathyroid glands; calcitonin C) thyroid glands; calcitonin D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine E) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

E) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called 175) A) an aftereffect. B) a radical. C) a reflex. D) a causatum. E) permissive.

E) permissive.

Melatonin is produced by the 109) A) skin. B) thymus. C) heart. D) kidneys. E) pineal gland.

E) pineal gland.

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called 48) A) prostaglandins. B) hepatic hormones. C) glucocorticoids. D) gonadotrophins. E) somatomedins.

E) somatomedins.

The interstitial cells of the testes produce 134) A) LH. B) inhibin. C) progesterone. D) FSH. E) testosterone.

E) testosterone.

https://image.prntscr.com/image/B-8SAJRdTmCKZIf3z6LxTw.png Identify the hormone labeled "5." 65) A) thyroid-stimulating hormone B) thyroid-releasing hormone C) parathyroid hormone (PTH) D) thyrotropin E) thyroxine

E) thyroxine

Why might someone want to take erythropoietin in a non-medical situation? 172) A) to increase the chance of getting pregnant B) to increase sex drive C) to increase muscle mass D) to sleep E) to increase oxygen-carrying capacity and increase stamina

E) to increase oxygen-carrying capacity and increase stamina

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland can be divided into three parts: the pars distalis, the pars intermedia, and the pars 158) A) nervosa. B) pinea. C) magnus. D) intermedia. E) tuberalis.

E) tuberalis.

Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid 162) A) epinephrine. B) glycine. C) iodine. D) glutamic acid. E) tyrosine.

E) tyrosine.

Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it 110) A) responds to light and darkness. B) secretes melatonin. C) is a component of the hypothalamus. D) contains pinealocytes. E) is a component of the epithalamus.

C) is a component of the hypothalamus.

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the 160) A) aqueduct. B) pars intermedia. C) isthmus. D) commissure. E) peninsula.

C) isthmus.

The hormone related to appetite control is 171) A) melanin. B) thymosin. C) leptin. D) erythropoietin. E) brain natriuretic peptide.

C) leptin.

Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results? 31) A) loss of melatonin secretion B) loss of emotional response C) loss of ADH secretion D) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion E) loss of GH secretion

C) loss of ADH secretion

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the 156) A) mesencephalon. B) infundibulum. C) neurohypophysis. D) adenohypophysis. E) basal ganglion.

C) neurohypophysis.

A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s). 13) A) gonadotropic B) two C) one D) tropic E) hypothalamic

C) one

Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration? 68) A) C cells B) alpha cells C) osteoblasts D) osteoclasts E) All cells in the body, especially cartilage, bone, and muscle cells.

C) osteoblasts

The term used to describe excess production of urine is 57) A) glycosuria. B) diabetes insipidis. C) polyuria. D) hematuria. E) polydipsia.

C) polyuria.

https://image.prntscr.com/image/B-8SAJRdTmCKZIf3z6LxTw.png Identify the hormone labeled "1." 63) A) dopamine B) cortisol C) aldosterone D) ACTH E) mineralocorticoid

D) ACTH

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one? 56) A) renin B) aldosterone C) epinephrine D) ADH E) cortisol

D) ADH

The posterior pituitary gland secretes 43) A) ACTH. B) TSH. C) FSH. D) ADH. E) MSH.

D) ADH.

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is 52) A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

D) LH.

Why is it that steroid hormones use receptors inside of target cells, whereas protein, peptide, and amino acid hormones do not? 11) A) The target cells affected by steroid hormones have all of their receptors in the cell cytoplasm. B) Amino acids and peptide hormones do not have a 3 dimensional structure that can bind to internal receptors. C) Cells are full of steroid molecules so it is easy for steroid molecules to enter. D) Steroids can cross the cell membrane because they are lipids and the membrane is lipid. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) Steroids can cross the cell membrane because they are lipids and the membrane is lipid.

The specific target cells of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine are 163) A) the cells of the ovaries and testes. B) the cells of the thymus gland. C) the cells of the pituitary gland. D) all cells of the body. E) the cells of the parathyroid glands

D) all cells of the body.

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of 133) A) erythropoietin. B) adrenaline. C) cortisol. D) angiotensin. E) atrial natriuretic peptide

D) angiotensin.

The heart secretes the hormone 142) A) thyroxine. B) progesterone. C) oxytocin. D) atrial natriuretic peptide. E) thymosin.

D) atrial natriuretic peptide.

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of 30) A) testosterone. B) estrogen. C) progesterone. D) cAMP. E) thyroid hormone.

D) cAMP.

Type 2 diabetes 132) A) is typically diagnosed in the very young. B) is not as common as type 1 diabetes. C) is a lack of insulin production. D) can usually be controlled by diet and exercise rather than with medication. E) is associated with an immune reaction to the pancreatic cells.

D) can usually be controlled by diet and exercise rather than with medication.

Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells. 153) A) acetylcholine B) kinases C) genes D) catecholamines E) carbohydrates

D) catecholamines

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is 92) A) erythropoietin. B) parathormone. C) thymosin. D) cortisol. E) aldosterone.

D) cortisol.

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in 130) A) Addison's disease. B) diabetes insipidus. C) goiter. D) diabetes mellitus. E) acromegaly.

D) diabetes mellitus.

Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the 141) A) splenic pulp of the lymphatic system. B) bone marrow of the skeletal system. C) endothelial linings of the cardiovascular system. D) epidermis of the integumentary system. E) hypothalamus of the nervous system.

D) epidermis of the integumentary system.

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by 150) A) increasing ability to produce glucose from glycogen. B) a sharp increase in motivation and energy. C) an increase in urine output. D) failure of electrolyte balance. E) increased pumping effectiveness of the heart.

D) failure of electrolyte balance.

If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose? 29) A) growth hormone B) cortisol C) leptin D) glucagon E) thyroxine

D) glucagon

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting 113) A) GHIH. B) thyroid hormone. C) antidiuretic hormone. D) glucagon. E) aldosterone.

D) glucagon.

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates? 41) A) epinephrine B) cortisol C) parathyroid hormone D) growth hormone E) insulin

D) growth hormone

If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry? 99) A) increase of insulin B) decrease of insulin C) decrease of blood glucose D) increase of blood glucose E) both an increase in insulin and an increase in glucose

D) increase of blood glucose

Which of the following is not an action of TSH? 83) A) increases cyclic AMP concentration within thyroid follicle cells B) stimulates iodide trapping by thyroid follicle cells C) stimulates T3 and T4 secretion D) inhibits T3 and T4 secretion E) stimulates pinocytosis of colloid by thyroid follicle cells

D) inhibits T3 and T4 secretion

Adipocytes produce a peptide hormone called ________ that acts on the hypothalamus. 169) A) lipase B) grehlin C) glucagon D) leptin E) adipocin

D) leptin

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin? 117) A) glycosuria B) ketoacidosis C) polyuria D) low blood glucose E) high blood glucose

D) low blood glucose

PRL is to ________ as ADH is to ________. 60) A) oxytocin; mammotropin B) gonadotropin; mammotropin C) oxytocin; cortisol D) prolactin; vasopressin

D) prolactin; vasopressin

Which problem is related to untreated diabetes mellitus? 131) A) damage to the retina B) goiter C) gastric ulcers D) retinal problems and nerve problems E) neuropathy

D) retinal problems and nerve problems

Growth hormone does all of the following except 47) A) promote muscle growth. B) promote amino acid uptake by cells. C) promote bone growth. D) speed up metabolism. E) spare glucose.

D) speed up metabolism.

Two hormones that have additive effects are called 174) A) antagonists. B) resistors. C) adjuvants. D) synergists. E) agonists.

D) synergists.

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones. 78) A) synthesis B) inhibition and secretion C) release D) synthesis and release E) inhibition

D) synthesis and release

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except 16) A) norepinephrine. B) melatonin. C) thyroid hormone. D) testosterone. E) epinephrine.

D) testosterone.

The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are 138) A) thyroxines. B) aldosterones. C) corticosteroids. D) thymosins. E) somatotropins.

D) thymosins.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the parathyroid glands? 164) A) The gland sits over the heart. B) The two glands straddle the larynx in the neck. C) The parathyroid gland contains the four thyroid glands. D) There are four small glands. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) There are four small glands.

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually 22) A) cGMP. B) adenyl cyclase. C) cAMP. D) a G protein. E) calcium ion levels.

D) a G protein.

Too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes 100) A) Addison's disease. B) Cushing's disease. C) goiter. D) diabetes mellitus. E) diabetes insipidus.

A) Addison's disease.

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is 49) A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

A) TSH

If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones? 33) A) TSH, ACTH, PRL B) ACTH C) TSH D) PRL E) ADH and OXT

A) TSH, ACTH, PRL

Which of the following statements is true about the pancreas? 119) A) The islets contain a variety of different cells producing different hormones. B) The pituitary gland produces stimulating hormones that control the pancreas. C) The pancreas stores glucose, which can be released into the blood. D) The sole function of the pancreas is to produce hormones. E) The pancreas lies over the top of the stomach.

A) The islets contain a variety of different cells producing different hormones.

Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress? 104) A) adrenal (suprarenal) B) pancreas C) pituitary D) thymus E) thyroid

A) adrenal (suprarenal)

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of 95) A) aldosterone. B) antidiuretic hormone. C) cortisone. D) oxytocin. E) calcitonin.

A) aldosterone.

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce 75) A) calcitonin. B) TSH. C) triiodothyronine. D) thyroxine. E) PTH.

A) calcitonin.

Cells in the brain 128) A) can absorb glucose without insulin stimulation. B) can store glycogen, to be used later for glucose release. C) are sensitive to insulin but not to glucagon. D) prefer fats to glucose for energy production. E) are very sensitive to low concentrations of insulin.

A) can absorb glucose without insulin stimulation.

The control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct ________ regulation. 79) A) endocrine B) vascular C) hepatic D) homeostatic E) pancreatic

A) endocrine

The adrenal medulla produces the hormones 96) A) epinephrine and norepinephrine. B) synephrine and neosynephrine. C) corticosterone and testosterone. D) androgens and progesterone. E) norcortisol and cortisol.

A) epinephrine and norepinephrine.

1) All of the following are true of the nervous system except that it does not 1) A) function independently of the endocrine system. B) respond rapidly to stimuli. C) respond with motor output. D) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. E) respond specifically to stimuli.

A) function independently of the endocrine system.

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, 24) A) gene transcription is initiated. B) protein kinases are activated. C) G proteins are phosphylated. D) adenyl cyclase is activated. E) cyclic nucleotides are formed.

A) gene transcription is initiated.

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces 89) A) glucocorticoids. B) mineralocorticoids. C) norepinephrine. D) androgens. E) epinephrine.

A) glucocorticoids.

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that 87) A) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. B) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. C) stimulates the formation of white blood cells. D) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood. E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.

A) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.

The hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and females is 137) A) inhibin. B) somatostatin. C) aldosterone. D) testosterone. E) LH.

A) inhibin.

Which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to take in glucose from the blood? 125) A) insulin B) calcitonin C) parathyroid hormone D) cortisol E) glucagon

A) insulin

Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors? 27) A) insulin and epinephrine B) epinephrine C) cortisol D) insulin E) calcitriol

A) insulin and epinephrine

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce 121) A) insulin. B) somatostatin. C) glucagon. D) cortisol. E) peptide P.

A) insulin.

https://image.prntscr.com/image/B-8SAJRdTmCKZIf3z6LxTw.png A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus? 64) A) 3 B) 14 C) 7 D) 2 E) 8

B) 14

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is 50) A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

B) ACTH.

When adenyl cyclase is activated, 23) A) ATP is produced. B) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is formed. D) cAMP is broken down. E) ATP is consumed.

B) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is 44) A) FSH. B) MSH. C) TSH. D) ACTH. E) ADH.

B) MSH

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood. 76) A) calcitonin B) PTH C) aldosterone D) thymosin E) cortisol

B) PTH

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the 157) A) infundibulum. B) adenohypophysis. C) basal ganglion. D) neurohypophysis. E) mesencephalon.

B) adenohypophysis.

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except 85) A) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. B) build up bone. C) stimulate osteoclast activity. D) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys. E) inhibit osteoblast activity.

B) build up bone.

The suprarenal medulla produces 91) A) mineralocorticoids. B) catecholamines. C) androgens. D) corticosteroids. E) glucocorticoids.

B) catecholamines.

Peptide hormones are 6) A) derived from the amino acid tyrosine. B) composed of amino acids. C) produced by the suprarenal glands. D) chemically related to cholesterol. E) lipids.

B) composed of amino acids.

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in 97) A) increased volume of urine formation. B) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. C) the loss of axillary and pubic hair. D) increased water retention. E) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood

B) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.

The hormone that dominates the alarm phase of the stress response is 177) A) steroids. B) epinephrine. C) androgen. D) glucagon. E) acetylcholine.

B) epinephrine.

Follicle cells in the ovary secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH. 135) A) inhibin B) estrogen C) testosterone D) gonadotropins E) progesterone

B) estrogen

The thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and store thyroid hormone. 161) A) ducts B) follicles C) tubules D) capillaries E) plexuses

B) follicles

The consistent pattern of hormonal and physiological responses to stresses of different kinds is called ________ syndrome. 178) A) Prader-Willi B) general adaptation C) serotonin D) afferent loop E) malabsorption

B) general adaptation

All target cells 28) A) respond to electrical signals. B) have hormone receptors. C) are in the blood. D) produce their own hormones. E) secrete hormones.

B) have hormone receptors.

The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by 111) A) decreased levels of testosterone. B) increased levels of melatonin. C) increased levels of gonadotrophins. D) increased levels of melanocyte-stimulating hormone. E) increased levels of melanin.

B) increased levels of melatonin.

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is 115) A) cortisol. B) insulin. C) glucagon. D) aldosterone. E) somatotropin.

B) insulin.

Thyroid hormone contains the element 70) A) fluorine. B) iodine. C) chlorine. D) zinc. E) iron.

B) iodine.

The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces 90) A) androgens. B) mineralocorticoids. C) glucocorticoids. D) norepinephrine. E) epinephrine.

B) mineralocorticoids.

The condition known as hirsutism can result from too 74) A) much ACTH. B) much androgen production. C) much insulin. D) little glucagon. E) little TSH.

B) much androgen production.

Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis except 45) A) corticotropin. B) oxytocin. C) TSH. D) somatotropin. E) FSH.

B) oxytocin.

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are 61) A) both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone. B) oxytocin. C) luteinizing hormone. D) none; only extra fluids are needed. E) prolactin.

B) oxytocin.

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is 86) A) growth hormone. B) parathyroid hormone. C) thyroid hormone. D) insulin. E) glucagon.

B) parathyroid hormone.

A kinase is an enzyme that performs 7) A) active transport. B) phosphorylation. C) protein synthesis. D) as a membrane channel. E) as an antibody.

B) phosphorylation.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is 53) A) FSH. B) prolactin. C) TSH. D) ACTH. E) growth hormone.

B) prolactin.

The endocrine system regulates physiological processes through the binding of hormones to ________ on target cells. 154) A) genes B) receptors C) membranes D) endoplasmic reticula E) microvilli

B) receptors

If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). 147) A) prolonged B) resistance C) extension D) alarm E) exhaustion

B) resistance

The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney. 165) A) androgen B) suprarenal C) adipose D) pineal E) renal

B) suprarenal

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is 72) A) glucagon. B) thyroxine. C) somatotropin. D) parathyroid hormone. E) calcitonin.

B) thyroxine.

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is 51) A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

C) FSH

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is 93) A) somatotropin. B) parathormone. C) aldosterone. D) thymosin. E) cortisol.

C) aldosterone.

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce 102) A) norepinephrine. B) ACTH. C) aldosterone. D) angiotensin. E) epinephrine.

C) aldosterone.

A hormone might 4) A) block the production of a cell membrane. B) interfere with norepinephrine at a neuronal synapse. C) alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it. D) inactivate glucose so it cannot be used by a cell. E) depolarize a skeletal muscle cell.

C) alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it.

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called 173) A) agonists. B) adjuvants. C) antagonists. D) resistors. E) synergists.

C) antagonists.

All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they 15) A) are derived from cholesterol. B) are produced by reproductive glands. C) are produced by the suprarenal medulla. D) are lipids. E) bind to receptors within the cell.

C) are produced by the suprarenal medulla.

Steroid hormones 18) A) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. D) act on target cells by turning on genes. E) are proteins.

C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is 73) A) thyroxine. B) oxytocin. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) parathyroid hormone.

C) calcitonin.

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein 9) A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) calmodulin. D) calcitropin. E) calcium-binding globulin

C) calmodulin.

The suprarenal cortex produces steroid hormones called 168) A) leukotrienes. B) somatotropins. C) corticosteroids. D) prostaglandins. E) androgens.

C) corticosteroids

Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? 103) A) acetylcholine B) growth hormone C) cortisol D) insulin E) parathyroid hormone

C) cortisol

The primary function of ADH is to 32) A) delay urination. B) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. C) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. D) increase digestive absorption. E) decrease blood pressure.

C) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. 12) A) muscular B) hepatic C) endocrine D) cardiovascular E) renal

C) endocrine

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is 144) A) cortisol. B) testosterone. C) epinephrine. D) aldosterone. E) thyroid hormone.

C) epinephrine.

When blood glucose levels fall, 120) A) insulin is released. B) protein synthesis increases. C) glucagon is released. D) calcitonin is secreted. E) peripheral cells take up more glucose

C) glucagon is released.

Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________. 112) A) somatostatin; insulin B) pancreatic polypeptide; insulin C) glucagon; insulin D) insulin; glucagon E) glucagon; somatostatin

C) glucagon; insulin

Cushing's disease results from an excess of 94) A) growth hormone. B) parathyroid hormone. C) glucocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) ADH.

C) glucocorticoids.

Hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called 159) A) tropic hormones. B) somatotropins. C) gonadotropins. D) immunogens. E) androgens.

C) gonadotropins.

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place? 77) A) in rough endoplasmic reticulum B) in pinocytotic vesicles C) in the lumen of the thyroid follicle D) in apical microvilli E) in lysosomes

C) in the lumen of the thyroid follicle

The main action of antidiuretic hormone is 39) A) to stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin. B) inhibition of aldosterone. C) increased water conservation by kidneys. D) increased blood pressure by increased Na+ reabsorption. E) increase urine output to remove excess fluid.

C) increased water conservation by kidneys.

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is 129) A) somatotropin. B) erythropoietin. C) insulin. D) cortisol. E) glucagon.

C) insulin.

Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone? 67) A) iron B) sodium C) iodine D) potassium E) colloid

C) iodine

The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce 122) A) cortisol. B) insulin. C) somatostatin. D) glucagon. E) peptide P.

C) somatostatin.

Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells. 155) A) stem B) germ C) target D) pluripotent E) peripheral

C) target

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the 81) A) kidneys. B) pituitary gland. C) thyroid gland. D) heart. E) gonads.

C) thyroid gland.

https://image.prntscr.com/image/B-8SAJRdTmCKZIf3z6LxTw.png Identify the hormone labeled "4." 62) A) thyroxin B) thyrotropin C) thyroid-stimulating hormone D) thyroid-releasing hormone E) calcitonin

C) thyroid-stimulating hormone

Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? 42) A) mammary glands B) uterus C) ductus deferens D) prostate E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones? 59) A) 7 B) 5 C) 3 D) 16 E) 9

E) 9

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except 98) A) fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells. B) the level of fatty acids in the blood. C) the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver. D) the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. E) ACTH levels.

E) ACTH levels.

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture 36) A) FSH and PRL. B) TSH and FSH. C) CRF and GnRH. D) GHIH and GHRH. E) ADH and oxytocin.

E) ADH and oxytocin.

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of 34) A) LH. B) ACTH. C) oxytocin. D) TSH. E) ADH.

E) ADH.

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is 55) A) FSH. B) MSH. C) STH. D) TSH. E) ADH.

E) ADH.

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia 58) A) during fetal development. B) in some disease processes. C) in very young children. D) during pregnancy. E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

The primary target(s) of insulin is/are 114) A) cardiac muscle cells. B) skeletal muscle fibers. C) liver cells. D) adipocytes. E) All of the answers are correct

E) All of the answers are correct

An activated G protein can trigger 8) A) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. B) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. C) a fall in cAMP levels. D) the activation of adenyl cyclase. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect 21) A) activities of enzymes. B) synthesis of enzymes. C) quantities of enzymes. D) gating of ion channels. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? 26) A) blood level of an ion like calcium B) blood level of a hormone C) blood level of glucose D) nervous stimuli E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include 20) A) steroids. B) amino acid derivatives. C) peptides. D) eicosanoids. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization. 10) A) tissue B) cellular C) organ D) organismic E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Hypogonadism could be caused by an insufficiency of hormones from the 170) A) adrenal cortex. B) anterior pituitary gland. C) testes. D) ovaries. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus, 116) A) a large excretion of urine occurs. B) blood glucose levels are very high. C) excessive thirst is shown. D) glucose is present in the urine in large amounts. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to 80) A) hypothyroidism. B) high blood levels of TSH. C) myxedema. D) cretinism. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release 37) A) ACTH. B) GH. C) TSH. D) FSH. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

The hormone oxytocin 46) A) triggers prostate gland contraction. B) is produced in the hypothalamus. C) promotes uterine contractions. D) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

The hypophyseal portal system 38) A) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. B) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. C) carries ADH and oxytocin. D) is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

The kidneys secrete 140) A) renin. B) calcitriol. C) erythropoietin. D) hormones to regulate sodium ion concentration. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? 69) A) increased heart rate B) increased sensitivity to autonomic stimulation C) increased oxygen consumption D) increased body temperature E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements is true about paracrine communication? 151) A) Many cells produce paracrine factors. B) The cells make local hormones, made by cells that affect surrounding cells. C) It is used for the regulation of cell and organ activities. D) Paracrine factors are rather similar to hormones. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements is true about the pancreas? 123) A) The pancreas produces enzymes for breakdown of foods. B) The pancreas affect's the functions of the liver. C) The pancreas is tucked into the curvature of the small intestine, underneath the stomach. D) The main hormonal function of the pancreas is control of blood sugar. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

You have just become the nurse manager of a nursing home and you are reminding yourself about what problems your nursing home population might have by studying your old pathophysiology books from nursing school. Many of the residents are tired and have problems with blood glucose levels. Which hormones might be related? 145) A) thyroid hormones B) GH C) insulin D) cortisol E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Which recommendation might be given by a doctor when counseling a patient who is suffering from excessive melatonin production? 108) A) Wear a special light made for seasonal affective disorder patients on the head. B) Take antidepressants. C) Do not take melatonin supplements from the pharmacy as a sleep aid. D) Spend time outside during the day when possible, eating lunch, taking a walk, etc. E) All of these recommendations might be made.

E) All of these recommendations might be made.

Which of the following is false concerning melatonin? 107) A) It is made from serotonin. B) It inhibits releases of GnRH. C) It is produced by pinealocytes. D) Exposure to light inhibits production. E) Exposure to light stimulates production.

E) Exposure to light stimulates production.

________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. 3) A) Neurotransmitters B) Antigens C) Neuropeptides D) Humoral antibodies E) Hormones

E) Hormones

Type II diabetes is characterized by 124) A) a decrease in secretion by pancreatic beta cells. B) low blood-glucose concentration. C) inadequate insulin production. D) excessive secretion of glucagon. E) a lack of response by target cells to insulin.

E) a lack of response by target cells to insulin.

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces 88) A) glucocorticoids. B) mineralocorticoids. C) norepinephrine. D) epinephrine. E) androgens.

E) androgens.

The action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all the following steps except 82) A) activation of a G protein. B) activation of a specific gene. C) transport into the target cell. D) binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein. E) binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane

E) binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane

Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin? 126) A) parasympathetic nervous system B) tropic hormones from the pituitary gland C) hypothalamus D) sympathetic nervous system E) blood glucose concentration

E) blood glucose concentration

The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes. 152) A) prostaglandin B) kinase C) leukotrieneiuretic factor D) cyclic AMP E) calmodulin

E) calmodulin

Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? 17) A) eicosanoids B) catecholamines C) peptide hormones D) thyroid E) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

E) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

The outer layer of the suprarenal gland is the 166) A) capsule. B) stroma. C) medulla. D) interstitial tissue. E) cortex.

E) cortex.

A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is 101) A) renin. B) insulin. C) aldosterone. D) calcitonin. E) cortisol.

E) cortisol.

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger? 14) A) ACTH B) insulin C) epinephrine D) TSH E) cyclic AMP

E) cyclic AMP

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are 5) A) derivatives of reproductive glands. B) peptides. C) lipids. D) steroids. E) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.

E) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells? 139) A) thymosin B) cortisol C) atrial natriuretic peptide D) aldosterone E) erythropoietin

E) erythropoietin

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause 40) A) rickets. B) acromegaly. C) diabetes insipidus. D) dwarfism. E) gigantism.

E) gigantism.