Chapter 18 & 19 WH2

What were the Bourbon reforms in the Spanish colonies?

It attempted to curb contraband commerce, regain control over transatlantic trade, curtail the church's power, modernize state finances to fill depleted royal coffers, and establish tighter political and administrative control within the empire

What caused the European immigrant population to rise in Brazil during the late seventeenth century?

It was because of a rapid increase in population, class rule and economic modernization.

In the seventeenth century, the process of manumission was:

Sometimes followed by the freedman's acquisition of his own slaves.

Mercantilist economic theory dictates that:

States should keep their economies blocked off from competitors and import as little and export as much as possible.

After Hernán Cortés arrived at the the city of ___________,he soon captured the emperor Moctezuma II who was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V.

Tenochtitlan

Between 250,000 and 1 million Taínos were killed when the Spanish came due to:

The Native Americans' lack of immunity against smallpox

What gave the Spanish a military advantage over their Native American opponents?

The Spanish had steel weapons (swords and guns) and armor. They also had guns, dogs, and diseases.

Losses to the Spanish empire came in the mid-seventeenth century, beginning with:

The capture of Jamaica by the British in 1655

The main impulse for the revivalist movement known as the "Great Awakening" of the 1730s and 1740s was:

The imposition of Catholic doctrine on Anglican churches in Massachusetts and Virginia

One of the indicators of the success of Portuguese settlements on the Brazilian coast was:

The intermarriage of settlers with surrounding indigenous chieftain families.

What was the reason for Morocco's invasion of Songhay in 1591?

To seize control of and revive the trans-Saharan trade in salt and gold.

The demand for slave labor reached new heights in Brazil when:

gold was discovered in Minas Gerais in 1690

Agriculture in the New World was ___________ during the sixteenth century.

peripheral to the economy of the Spanish empire

The Columbian Exchange characterizes the transfer of __(three things)____ between the Americas and the rest of the world

plants, animals, and diseases

The Atlantic system or the "_________" trade connected the American colonies with Africa and Europe.

triangular

In contrast to their counterparts in West Africa, the Fur and Funj federations between Lake Chad and the Nile ____________

were fully converted to Islam. from the royal clans down to the commoners.

Recent scholarship suggests that a key formative element in the development of culture and identity of Africans in the Americas lay in the influence of the:

Central African Creoles from Kongo and Ndongo

In "chattel" slavery, the slave is, in legal terms:

Rendered to the personal property of the slave owner

Slaveowners constantly faced :

The fear of their slaves revolting

From the middle of the seventeenth century, the pueblos de indios were fully functional, self-administering units, with councils (________), churches, schools, communal lands, and family parcels.

Cabildos

In Brazil, black freedmen and mulattoes:

Were equal in percentage of the population to Creoles

Some slave-ship captains favored the "tight packing" method, deliberately overcrowding their human cargo on a Middle Passage voyage on the assumption that:

a few more captives might survive than on a ship that was less crowded.

By the mid-16th century, the conquistadors shifted from looting Native American empires and towns to exploiting native labor in _______ and in agriculture.

silver, gold, mercury mines