Chapter 18:

Which of the following are ways to administer vaccines? --Intravenous --Intranasal --Orally --Topically

--Intranasal --Orally

New parents are discussing whether they should proceed with giving their newborn her scheduled vaccines. Which of the following statements may concern them even though they have been proven to be incorrect? --Vaccines contain high levels of mercury. --Vaccines cause autism. --Vaccines remain the safest and most effective means of preventing infectious disease. --All vaccines will potentially cause life-threatening conditions.

--Vaccines contain high levels of mercury. --Vaccines cause autism. --All vaccines will potentially cause life-threatening conditions.

Drag the description in the appropriate location on the image depicting the production of monoclonal antibodies

1. Mouse in injected with specific antigen to obtain antibodies 2. Mouse's spleen is removed to obtain B cells that produce antibodies to antigen 3. Spleen cells are mixed with myeloma cells to form hybrid cells 4. Mixture of cells is placed on selective medium that permits growth of hybrid cells 5. Hybridomas form and are screened for desired antibodies 6. Hybridomas are cultured to produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies

In the figure, which component represents the substrate for the enzyme in the assay?

C

True or False: a positive complement-fixation is indicated by the lysis of the sheep red blood cells added in the indicator phase of the test.

False

True or False: An injection of "naked DNA" into muscle cells to induce an immune response against the proteins encoded by the DNA is an example of a subunit vaccine

False (nucleic acid vaccines use injected naked DNA)

In the table, who showed seroconversion during these observations?

Patient A

What is the primary benefit of a vaccine? a) An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen. b) Vaccines provide antibodies against the pathogen that persist forever in the body. c) Vaccinated persons get used to the symptoms of a disease. d) Unvaccinated persons can never mount an immune response to a pathogen.

a) An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.

In recent years, vaccines have come under scrutiny for possibly causing autism and other potentially serious side effects. Even though those concerns have been proven false, and the benefits of vaccines outweigh their risks, the rate of vaccines is declining, which is affecting herd immunity. Which of the following statements about herd immunity is correct? a) Herd immunity protects individuals that are not immune, because the number of susceptible individuals is greatly decreased. b) Herd immunity is only effective for viral infectious diseases. c) Declining vaccination rates do not have an effect of herd immunity. d) All individuals in the population will have to be immune to the infectious disease in order for herd immunity to be effective.

a) Herd immunity protects individuals that are not immune, because the number of susceptible individuals is greatly decreased.

When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later? a) Memory cytotoxic T cells b) Bacterial pathogens c) Helper T cells d) Memory B cells

a) Memory cytotoxic T cells

What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine? a) These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein. b) They contain the DNA from a pathogenic virus. c) They contain only the non-pathogenic elements of a pathogen, not the entire cell.

a) These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.

Dead Bordetella pertussis can be used in a(n) a) inactivated whole-agent vaccine. b) attenuated whole-agent vaccine. c) conjugated vaccine. d) subunit vaccine. e) toxoid vaccine.

a) inactivated whole-agent vaccine.

Which of the following describes the identity seen between human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin? a) partial identity b) identity c) unrelated identity d) nonidentity

a) partial identity

Which patient(s) tested positive for HIV? a) patient C b) patient A c) patient B d) patients B and C

a) patient C

Which of the following is NOT true about vaccines? a) They cause more disease then they prevent. b) They can be made up of intact microbes. c) They can be made up of microbial parts. d) They are given to provide future protection from diseases.

a) they cause more disease than they prevent

What does a vaccine contain? a) Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen b) B cells against a pathogen c) Live active pathogens d) T cells against a pathogen

a) weakened or killed pathogen or part of a pathogen

The body produces a specific ___ in response to a specific antigen.

antibody

Which step in the production of monoclonal antibodies must necessarily precede all other steps in the process? a) The spleen of a mouse is removed and homogenized. b) A specific antigen is used to induce production of a specific antibody. c) Myeloma cells must be fused to antibody-producing cells.

b) A specific antigen is used to induce production of a specific antibody.

What result(s) would you expect if you had forgotten to add the developing buffer? a) a "false positive" for the negative control and all of the patient samples would read negative b) a "false negative" for the positive control and all of the patient samples would read negative c) a "false negative" for the positive control d) a "false positive" for the negative control e) All of the patient samples would read negative.

b) a "false negative" for the positive control and all of the patient samples would read negative

Which of the following describes the precipitin line formation between wells 2 and 3? a) a circle b) an arc c) an X d) a spur

b) an arc

A widespread vaccination program can protect nonvaccinated members of the population by __________. a) natural immunity b) herd immunity c) active immunity d) artificial immunity

b) herd immunity

Vaccines produce long-term immunity by causing the immune system to produce __________. a) antibodies b) memory cells c) plasma cells d) T helper cells

b) memory cells

Which patient(s) tested positive for HIV? a) patient B b) patient C c) patient A d) patients B and C

b) patient C

Purified protein from Bordetella pertussis is used in a(n) a) conjugated vaccine. b) subunit vaccine. c) nucleic acid vaccine. d) attenuated whole-agent vaccine. e) toxoid vaccine.

b) subunit vaccine

The proteins separated on the nitrocellulose in this activity are a) Lyme disease antibodies b) Lyme disease antigens c) HIV antigens d) HIV antibodies

c) HIV antigens

Why might a patient infected with HIV initially test negative with the indirect ELISA? a) Nonspecific binding between antigen and antibody was present. b) The virus has gone dormant. c) The patient has not yet undergone seroconversion. d) The washing steps were eliminated.

c) The patient has not yet undergone seroconversion.

What is the function of myeloma calls used in the production of monoclonal antibodies? a) They produce large quantities of antibodies. b) They produce a large variety of antibodies. c) They are immortal cells capable of continuous growth.

c) They are immortal cells capable of continuous growth.

In an immunodiffusion test to diagnose the fungal disease histoplasmosis, a patient's serum is placed in a well in an agar plate. In a positive test, a precipitate forms as the serum diffuses from the well and meets material diffusing from a second well. In this test process, what is the most likely identity of the material in the second well? a) entire fungal cells b) red blood cells c) a purified fungal antigen d) antibodies e) a purified protozoan antigen

c) a purified fungal antigen

In this activity, _______________ was used to detect a positive result. a) a direct ELISA b) Ouchterlony technique c) an indirect ELISA d) immunofluorescence

c) an indirect ELISA

Monoclonal antibodies __________________________. a) are produced normally in the human body b) are not yet available to the public and are still being developed c) can attach to a target cell while carrying a diagnostic marker or anticellular toxin

c) can attach to a target cell while carrying a diagnostic marker or anticellular toxin

The influenza vaccine is an example of a) DNA vaccine. b) toxoid vaccine. c) inactivated killed vaccine. d) conjugated vaccine.

c) inactivated killed vaccine.

The sample(s) from which of the following tested positive for reverse transcriptase? a) patient B b) patient C and the positive control c) the positive control d) patient B and the positive control

c) the positive control

Inactivated tetanus toxin is a(n) a) inactivated whole-agent vaccine. b) nucleic acid vaccine. c) toxoid vaccine. d) subunit vaccine. e) conjugated vaccine.

c) toxoid vaccine.

Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease? a) Toxoid vaccine and inactivated killed vaccine b) Toxoid vaccine c) Inactivated killed vaccine d) Attenuated live vaccine

d) Attenuated live vaccine

What is the function of boosters? a) Boosters are vaccines containing no pathogenic portions of the pathogen. b) Boosters are the highly antigenic portions of the conjugated vaccines. c) Boosters help to kill the pathogens used in inactivated killed vaccines. d) Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.

d) Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.

A new test has been developed for determining whether a patient is infected with the influenza virus. It is very specific but not very sensitive. What does this mean? a) Both false positives and false negatives will be rare. b) False positives will happen frequently, but false negatives will be rare. c) False positives and false negatives will happen with high frequency. d) False positives will be rare, but false negatives may happen frequently.

d) False positives will be rare, but false negatives may happen frequently.

The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine? a) DNA vaccine b) Inactivated killed vaccine c) Toxoid vaccine d) Subunit vaccine

d) Subunit vaccine

Possible reasons for an indeterminate tests include _______________. a) failure of the washing steps to remove nonspecific binding of antibody and antigen b) the presence of only small amounts of HIV antibody in the patient sample c) recent HIV infection of the patient d) all of the above

d) all of the above

A vaccine that is made up of weakened or damaged microbes is called _____. a) inactivated b) subunit c) toxoid d) attenuated

d) attenuated

Antigens with epitopes in common _______. a) can be identical b) can have nonidentity c) can have partial identity d) can have partial identity and can be identical e) can have partial identity, can be identical and can have nonidentity

d) can have partial identity and can be identical

A DNA plasmid encoding a protein antigen from West Nile virus is injected into muscle cells of a horse. This is an example of a(n) a) subunit vaccine. b) attenuated whole-agent vaccine. c) conjugated vaccine. d) nucleic acid vaccine. e) live whole-agent vaccine.

d) nucleic acid vaccine

Which type of identity would you expect to see between human serum albumin and sheep serum albumin? a) identity b) unrelated identity c) nonidentity d) partial identity

d) partial identity

A baby born in 2018 will receive multiple vaccines during the first three to four years of life. Which of the following diseases is not part of the infant/toddler vaccine schedule? a) Polio b) Rubella c) Measles d) Smallpox

d) smallpox

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of live attenuated vaccine agents? a) They stimulate by cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. b) They require few or no booster immunizations. c) They elicit lifelong immunity. d) They occasionally revert to virulent forms. e) The immune response generated by the vaccine closely mimics a real infection.

d) they occasionally revert to virulent forms

What is the purpose of conjugated vaccines? a) to provide enhanced immune response by mimicking a real infection b) to provide protection against viruses c) to provide protection against toxins d) to enhance the immune response of children to polysaccharide antigens

d) to enhance the immune response of children to polysaccharide antigens

When cancerous B cells are fused with antibody-producing normal B cells, a _______ is obtained.

hybridoma

Antibodies that are produced in vitro by a clone of B cells hybridized with cancer cells are

monoclonal antibodies

B cells that become cancerous are called

myelomas