Chapter 18 (Lesson 15)
Part complete Of the 800 millimoles of glucose that is filtered by the kidneys each day, what percentage is reabsorbed? 98.1% 99.2% 99.4% 100%
100%
Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg. 60 mm Hg 25 mm Hg 35 mm Hg 50 mm Hg
25 mm Hg
Which of the following is NOT a secondary function of the kidneys? gluconeogenesis secretion of erythropoietin production of renin glycogenolysis
glycogenolysis
What is(are) the driving force(s) for filtration in the nephron? hydrostatic pressure gradients hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients osmotic pressure gradients
hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients
What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? View Available Hint(s) gravity hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure) colloid osmotic pressure of blood
hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
In which portion of the nephron are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed? proximal tubule ascending limb of the loop of Henle distal tubule descending limb of the loop of Henle
proximal tubule
Which of the following accurately pairs the portion of the renal tubule with the appropriate anatomical modification? proximal tubule; extensive surface area for absorption proximal tubule; "tight" tight junctions collecting duct; lack of aquaporins distal tubule; large amount of mitochondria relative to other areas of the renal tubule
proximal tubule; extensive surface area for absorption
The selective transport of molecules from the lumen of the renal tubules to the interstitial fluid outside the tubules is known as which of the following? reabsorption glomerular filtration excretion secretion
reabsorption
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the urinary system? regulation of plasma osmolarity regulation of insulin secretion regulation of plasma volume regulation of plasma ionic composition
regulation of insulin secretion
If the clearance of a substance is greater than the glomerular filtration rate, that substance was __________ by the renal tubules. excreted filtered reabsorbed secreted
secreted
If Na+/K+ pumps were inactivated from the basolateral membrane of the renal tubule, blood volume would __________. unchanged decrease increase
Decrease
What happened to the urine concentration when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased? The urine concentration went to zero. The urine concentration stayed the same. The urine concentration increased. The urine concentration decreased.
The urine concentration increased.
What happened to the urine volume when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased? The urine volume stayed the same. The urine volume decreased. The urine volume increased. The urine volume went to zero.
The urine volume decreased.
What will happen to the urine volume if ADH is NOT added to the collecting duct? The urine volume will decrease. The urine volume will go to zero. The urine volume will increase. The urine volume will stay the same.
The urine volume will increase.
__________ incontinence can be caused by factors such as urinary tract infections, damage to nerves innervating the bladder, diseases of the prostate, and hysterectomies. Urge Stress urinary Overflow Functional
Urge
The secretion of aldosterone is directly stimulated by _______. angiotensin II renin a change in body fluid osmolarity angiotensin I
angiotensin II
Treatment for urinary incontinence depends on the cause. Treatment for stress urinary incontinence generally requires a surgery that reestablishes the proper anatomical angle(s) of the __________. ureter renal pelvis bladder and urethra kidney
bladder and urethra
Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea blood cells and large particles water and small solutes ions, such as sodium and potassium
blood cells and large particles
Part complete The pressure in the left source beaker simulates _______. blood pressure capsular pressure osmotic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure
blood pressure
In this activity, we will explore the effect of _______. dehydration on glomerular filtration rate blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate breathing on glomerular filtration rate excessive waste products in the blood on glomerular filtration rate
blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate
Part complete The most common kidney stones consist of __________. calcium oxalate uric acid struvite cysteine
calcium oxalate
Secretion of ADH would _______. decrease glomerular filtration rate increase glomerular filtration rate decrease urine output increase urine output
decrease urine output
Most kidney stones form when two factors occur; one factor is a high mineral concentration in the urine, and the other is __________. decreased fluid intake low protein intake increased fluid intake high fiber intake
decreased fluid intake
The addition of aldosterone _______. resulted in no change in urine volume decreased the urine volume increased the urine volume decreased the urine volume to zero
decreased the urine volume
Which of the following resulted in an increase in glomerular filtration rate? decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter increasing the efferent arteriole diameter decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter
decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter
Part complete Which of the following conditions might lead to glucose levels exceeding the transport maximum in the proximal tubules? diabetes insipidus dehydration kidney stones diabetes mellitus
diabetes mellitus
Two diseases that are common causes for chronic renal failure are __________ and __________. Both of these diseases can adversely affect renal vasculature, thus affecting glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure. gallbladder disease; thyroid disease arthritis; hypertension thyroid disease; hypertension diabetes; hypertension
diabetes; hypertension
The __________ fluid can be adjusted in accordance with the filtration needs. The adjustment process uses the principles of diffusion and osmosis using various solute and solvent gradients. bilirubin plasma blood dialysate
dialysate
The two main treatments for end-stage renal disease are __________ and __________. dialysis; ureteroplasty intravenous pyelogram; kidney transplant dialysis; cystoscopy dialysis; kidney transplant
dialysis; kidney transplant
Which part of the nephron is sensitive to hormones such as ADH (vasopressin)? distal tubule and collecting duct renal corpuscle proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle
distal tubule and collecting duct
As the number of glucose carriers increased, the concentration of glucose in the _______. distal tubule increased distal tubule decreased and bladder decreased bladder decreased distal tubule increased and bladder decreased distal tubule decreased
distal tubule decreased and bladder decreased
Which of the following accurately pairs the renal structure with its function? vasa recta; delivers blood to the afferent arteriole renal corpuscle; renin secretion efferent arteriole; delivers blood to the peritubular capillaries collecting duct; filtration
efferent arteriole; delivers blood to the peritubular capillaries
When the glucose transport maximum is reached, _______. not all of the glucose is reabsorbed glucose is excreted in the urine and all of the glucose is reabsorbed glucose is excreted in the urine all of the glucose is reabsorbed glucose is excreted in the urine and not all of the glucose is reabsorbed
glucose is excreted in the urine and not all of the glucose is reabsorbed
Part complete In evaluating a male patient's medical records, you notice that the level of creatinine present in his urine in a 24-hour period is 1500 mg. Should you be concerned? no yes
No
__________ incontinence occurs when a person has difficulty completely emptying the bladder, causing the bladder to always be partially full. The urine remaining in the bladder after an individual has completed urination is termed their post-void residual. A post-void residual of less than 30cc is normal. Stress urinary Overflow Urge Functional
Overflow
At which concentration of glucose carriers was the glucose concentration reduced to zero? 300 200 100 400
400
Part complete What is the normal range for glomerular filtration rate? 20 - 40 ml/min 80 - 140 ml/min 1 - 5 ml/min 200 - 250 ml/min
80 - 140 ml/min
Which hormone had the greater effect on urine volume? Both ADH and aldosterone had an equal effect on urine volume. aldosterone ADH Neither ADH nor aldosterone affected urine volume.
ADH
Part complete Glucose is reabsorbed _______. through transmembrane proteins by facilitated diffusion by secondary active transport into the peritubular capillaries All of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
Part complete The two forces at the renal corpuscle that oppose glomerular filtration are __________ pressure and __________ pressure. Bowman's capsule hydrostatic; glomerular capillary hydrostatic glomerular capillary hydrostatic; glomerular osmotic Bowman's capsule hydrostatic; glomerular osmotic glomerular capillary hydrostatic; Bowman's capsule osmotic
Bowman's capsule hydrostatic; glomerular osmotic
When dialysis patients have edema, the technicians can increase the protein content of the dialysis solution in order to decrease the patient's plasma volume. In a healthy kidney, this is similar to an increased __________. glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure glomerular capillary osmotic pressure Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure
Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure
__________ failure involves a progressive and irreversible loss of kidney structures, leading to a progressive loss of renal function. __________ failure is a sudden loss of kidney function. Acute renal; chronic renal Urinary bladder; acute renal Urethral; chronic renal Chronic renal; acute renal
Chronic renal; acute renal
__________ and __________ intake can assist in preventing kidney stone formation. __________ water intake can also help avoid kidney stone formation. Citrate; high protein; Low Calcium; magnesium; High Citrate; magnesium; High Citrate; magnesium; Low
Citrate; magnesium; High
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the kidneys? The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs. At rest, the kidney receives up to 20% of cardiac output. Each kidney is connected to the urinary bladder via the urethra. The smallest functional subunit of the kidney is the nephron.
Each kidney is connected to the urinary bladder via the urethra.
__________ incontinence occurs secondary to other diseases that affect motility and cognition. Urge Overflow Stress urinary Functional
Functional
Part complete What do you predict would happen if the resistance in the efferent arteriole were significantly decreased? Net glomerular filtration rate would be increased. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure would be decreased. Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure would be increased. Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure would be increased.
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure would be decreased.
As the pressure in the beaker was increased, which of the following occurred? Glomerular filtration rate decreased, and urine volume increased. Glomerular filtration rate increased, and urine volume decreased. Glomerular filtration rate decreased, and urine volume decreased. Glomerular filtration rate increased, and urine volume increased.
Glomerular filtration rate increased, and urine volume increased.
the selective transport of molecules from the lumen of the renal tubules to the interstitial fluid outside the tubules. __________ is the selective transport of molecules from the peritubular fluid to the lumen of the renal tubules. Glomerular filtration; Secretion; Reabsorption Reabsorption; Glomerular filtration; Secretion Glomerular filtration; Reabsorption; Secretion Secretion; Glomerular filtration; Reabsorption
Glomerular filtration; Reabsorption; Secretion
If Na+/K+ pumps were inactivated from the basolateral membrane in the renal tubule, glucose clearance would __________. increase decrease
Increase
Part complete Which of the following is true regarding tubuloglomerular feedback? Increased glomerular filtration rate leads to paracrine secretion from the macula densa. The stretching of the afferent arteriole walls leads to increased constriction of the afferent arteriole. Activation of the macula densa cells leads to an increased glomerular filtration rate. Tubuloglomerular feedback is an extrinsic control mechanism.
Increased glomerular filtration rate leads to paracrine secretion from the macula densa.
Doctors have injected a patient with a freely filtered substance that can be neither reabsorbed nor secreted. What is an example of such a substance? insulin urea inulin glucose
Inulin
Why is inulin, an exogenous substance, useful in determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? Inulin is reabsorbed. Inulin is freely filtered and not reabsorbed or secreted. Inulin is secreted from the peritubular fluid into the lumen of the renal tubule. Inulin's filtered load is greater than its excretion rate.
Inulin is freely filtered and not reabsorbed or secreted.
__________ is a treatment that filters the blood by using a semipermeable membrane that allows small solutes to exchange freely between two liquids. __________ is a possible cure, but available kidneys fall short of demand. Kidney dialysis; Kidney transplant Kidney dialysis; Cystoscopy Kidney dialysis; Ureteroplasty Intravenous pyelogram; Kidney transplant
Kidney dialysis; Kidney transplant
__________, also known as renal calculus or renal lithiasis, are solid crystalline structures that are formed in the renal system. Males are affected __________ times more common than females. Kidney stones; 2 Bile duct stones; 4 Kidney stones; 4 Kidney stones; 8
Kidney stones; 4
Which of the following statements correctly explains why the glomerular capillaries in the kidney favor filtration along the entire length? They favor filtration only on the afferent arterial end, and the venous end favors reabsorption from the tubules. The high pressure in the system maintains a stable hydrostatic pressure along the entire length, and the filtration membranes prevent changes in the osmotic pressure. The net filtration pressure at the arterial and venous ends is the same because the osmotic pressure increases as the hydrostatic pressure decreases.
The high pressure in the system maintains a stable hydrostatic pressure along the entire length, and the filtration membranes prevent changes in the osmotic pressure.
Which of the following should NOT be found in the filtrate in the Bowman's capsule? sodium glucose potassium white blood cells
White blood cells
A(n) __________ is one diagnostic tool used to diagnose kidney stones. bronchogram colonoscopy ECG X-ray
X-ray
Part complete The secretion of ADH is directly stimulated by _______. renin angiotensin II angiotensin I a change in body fluid osmolarity
a change in body fluid osmolarity
Which of the following describes the order in which blood flows through the nephron? afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, glomerulus efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole glomerulus, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole
afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole
When blood pressure increases, what changes can occur to maintain glomerular filtration rate? constriction of the afferent arteriole dilation of the efferent arteriole dilation of the efferent arteriole dilation of the afferent arteriole constriction of the afferent arteriole and dilation of the efferent arteriole dilation of the afferent arteriole
constriction of the afferent arteriole and dilation of the efferent arteriole
Cysteine kidney stones form in individuals with a hereditary disease called __________. thyroid disease Tay-Sachs cystic fibrosis cystinuria
cystinuria
In __________, the glomerular filtration rate decreases to less than 5%. chronic renal failure glomerulonephritis end-stage renal failure acute renal failure
end-stage renal failure
Part complete Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the tissues maintenance of acid-base balance of the blood maintenance of plasma osmolarity maintenance of electrolyte balance in the body
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the tissues
One treatment method that breaks up large kidney stones without surgery is __________. nephrolithotomy extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy ureteroscopy nephrectomy
extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy
Which structures form the filtration membrane in the nephron? afferent arteriole and the glomerular capsule glomerulus and the glomerular capsule efferent arteriole and the glomerular capsule afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole
glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
The two forces at the renal corpuscle that promote filtration (a push of protein-free plasma into Bowman's capsule) are the __________ pressure and the __________ pressure. glomerular capillary hydrostatic; glomerular osmotic Bowman's capsule hydrostatic; glomerular capillary hydrostatic Bowman's capsule hydrostatic; glomerular osmotic glomerular capillary hydrostatic; Bowman's capsule osmotic
glomerular capillary hydrostatic; Bowman's capsule osmotic
The __________ is the volume of the plasma filtered per unit time; it is normally around 125 ml/min. When the rate of this filtered volume drops to less than 5%, due to irreversible kidney problems, it is termed end-stage renal failure. renal plasma flow filtration fraction renal blood flow glomerular filtration rate
glomerular filtration rate
Altering the radii of the afferent and efferent arterioles provides for _______. blood pressure homeostasis glomerular hydrostatic pressure homeostasis glomerular filtration rate homeostasis and glomerular hydrostatic pressure homeostasis blood pressure homeostasis and glomerular filtration rate homeostasis glomerular filtration rate homeostasis
glomerular filtration rate homeostasis and glomerular hydrostatic pressure homeostasis
When the beaker pressure was lowered, which of the following decreased? glomerular pressure, glomerular filtration rate and urine volume glomerular filtration rate urine volume glomerular pressure and glomerular filtration rate glomerular pressure
glomerular pressure, glomerular filtration rate and urine volume
The functions of the nephron include all of the following EXCEPT _______. tubular secretion glomerular secretion tubular reabsorption glomerular filtration
glomerular secretion
Part complete What is the name for the "ball" of capillaries found in the renal corpuscle? glomerulus peritubular capillaries efferent arteriole afferent arteriole
glomerulus
Which of the four Starling forces is the major determinant of glomerular filtration pressure (GFP)? Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillaries hydrostatic pressure of the Bowman's capsule glomerular capillary osmotic pressure
hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillaries
Part complete Which of the following could cause urinary incontinence? hyperactivity of the motor neurons that innervate the external urethral sphincter hyperactivity of the stretch receptors that initiate the micturition reflex hyperactivity of the sympathetic neurons that innervate the internal urethral sphincter damage to the parasympathetic neurons that innervate the detrusor muscle
hyperactivity of the stretch receptors that initiate the micturition reflex
ADH is produced in the _______. anterior pituitary adrenal cortex posterior pituitary hypothalamus
hypothalamus
Involuntarily urine loss in an adult can be diagnosed as urinary __________. bladder atony incontinence tract infection (UTI) retention
incontinence
Which of the following would increase the filtered load of a given substance X? increased Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure increased mean arterial pressure decreased plasma concentration of substance X decreased glomerular filtration rate
increased mean arterial pressure
Which of the following events does NOT take place during the process of micturition? relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter decreased somatic neuron activity increased sympathetic activity increased parasympathetic activity
increased sympathetic activity
Which of the following resulted in a decrease in glomerular capillary pressure? increasing the efferent arteriole diameter increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter increasing the afferent arteriole diameter decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter
increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter
Which of the following would decrease glomerular filtration rate? increasing the efferent arteriole radius and/or decreasing the afferent arteriole radius increasing the afferent arteriole radius and/or decreasing the efferent arteriole radius decreasing the efferent arteriole radius decreasing the afferent arteriole radius increasing the efferent arteriole radius
increasing the efferent arteriole radius and/or decreasing the afferent arteriole radius
Because the alteration of the afferent or efferent arteriole occurs within the nephron, we refer to this mechanism as _______. extrinsic compensatory independent intrinsic
intrinsic
Micturition __________. involves relaxation of smooth muscle and no involvement of skeletal muscle involves urine movement from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder via the ureter is regulated by a spinal reflex that cannot be overridden by voluntary control involves contraction of smooth muscle and relaxation of skeletal muscle
involves contraction of smooth muscle and relaxation of skeletal muscle
The reabsorption of water and solutes _______. is passive is into the peritubular capillaries depends on concentration gradients is passive, depends on concentration gradients and is into the peritubular capillaries is passive and is into the peritubular capillaries
is passive, depends on concentration gradients and is into the peritubular capillaries
Some causes for stress urinary incontinence are a weakening of the pelvic floor muscles, causing the bladder and urethra to form an improper angulation. Other causes are due to atrophy of urogenital structures after __________, as a result of decrease in __________. menopause; estrogen sexual activity; estrogen a stroke; neural signals heart attack; blood flow
menopause; estrogen
Very large kidney stones may be surgically removed by __________. extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy ureteroscopy nephrolithotomy nephrectomy
nephrolithotomy
Part complete If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? net filtration would increase net filtration would decrease net filtration would not be altered
net filtration would decrease
Urinary incontinence in children under 2 or 3 is normal; children under that age have not developed the proper __________ control to prevent their incontinence. neural paracrine hormonal autocrine
neural
Urge incontinence due to bladder spasm is generally treated by using medications that blocks the __________ stimulation to the detrusor muscle and increases __________ stimulation to the internal urethral sphincter. parasympathetic; sympathetic sympathetic; parasympathetic visceral afferent; parasympathetic somatic; parasympathetic
parasympathetic; sympathetic
Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged? protein glucose creatinine chloride
protein
Diets high in __________ and low in __________ influence kidney stone formation. protein; fiber protein; lipid lipid; protein cellulose; meat
protein; fiber
As the glomerular filtrate is formed, it flows from the Bowman's capsule into the __________. descending limb of the loop of Henle proximal convoluted tubule connecting tubule distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
Part complete Glucose reabsorption occurs in the _______. glomerular capsule collecting duct descending limb of the loop of Henle proximal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
A stone formed in the kidney may dislodge and pass first into the __________, then down the __________ and into the __________. urinary bladder; renal pelvis; ureter ureter; renal pelvis; urinary bladder renal pelvis; urinary bladder; ureter renal pelvis; ureter; urinary bladder
renal pelvis; ureter; urinary bladder
In this activity, the drain beaker (second beaker in the flow) simulates the _______. peritubular capillaries renal vein renal artery vasa recta
renal vein
Interstitial fluid is located in the _______. tubule lumen spaces surrounding the kidney tubule glomerulus peritubular capillaries
spaces surrounding the kidney tubule
There are several types of urinary incontinence in the adult. One type is __________ incontinence, which is most common in females. This condition causes loss of urine when a sudden mechanical pressure is placed on the bladder, such as during coughing or sneezing. functional urge overflow stress urinary
stress urinary
When the efferent arteriole constricts, _______. the glomerular filtration rate decreases the back pressure in the Bowman's capsule increases urine volume decreases the glomerular capillary pressure increases
the back pressure in the Bowman's capsule increases
With the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder closed and with the pressure increased, _______. the glomerular filtration rate increased and the glomerular pressure decreased the glomerular filtration rate increased and the glomerular pressure increased the glomerular filtration rate increased the glomerular pressure decreased the glomerular pressure increased
the glomerular filtration rate increased and the glomerular pressure increased
Part complete With ADH added but in the absence of aldosterone, _______. urine volume decreased the potassium concentration increased the potassium concentration decreased and urine volume decreased the potassium concentration decreased the potassium concentration increased and urine volume decreased
the potassium concentration increased and urine volume decreased
What are the two main parts of the nephron? glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule the glomerulus and the proximal convoluted tubule the efferent and afferent arteriole
the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule
If a scientist injected a purple dye (which consisted of a substance that could not be reabsorbed) into the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle, __________. View Available Hint(s) The dye would pass through the Bowman's capsule on its way out of the nephron. The dye would impact glucose reabsorption. The dye would pass immediately into the collecting duct of the nephron from where it was injected. the urine leaving this nephron would be purple
the urine leaving this nephron would be purple
Glucose is transported _______. through the basolateral membrane by secondary active transport through the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion through the basolateral membrane by cotransport with sodium through the apical membrane by facilitated diffusion
through the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion
If the urethra becomes blocked, urine will initially back up into the portion of the urethra proximal to the obstruction; it will then backup into the __________, followed by a backup into the __________. Ultimately the backup may be into the renal pelvis and then the calyces, contained within the __________ and causing a condition, termed hydronephrosis. kidneys; urinary bladder; ureters ureters; urinary bladder; kidneys urinary bladder; kidneys; ureters urinary bladder; ureters; kidneys
urinary bladder; ureters; kidneys
When ADH is present in the filtrate, _______. urine output increases urine concentration increases urine concentration decreases urine concentration decreases and urine output increases urine concentration increases and urine output increases
urine concentration increases
With the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder closed, _______. the glomerular pressure decreased the glomerular pressure increased the glomerular filtration rate was zero urine volume was zero
urine volume was zero
The urine was the most concentrated _______. with aldosterone without ADH without both ADH and aldosterone with both ADH and aldosterone with ADH but without aldosterone
with both ADH and aldosterone