Chapter 18 Mastering:
A, B, AB, or O *Individuals with type O blood are often described as "universal donors" because their blood cells can be given to people with any blood type.
A person with type O blood can donate to individuals with which of the following blood types? View Available Hint(s) A, B, AB, or O AB or O only A or B only A, B, or AB only
Type I
A reaction to an allergen is a ________ hypersensitivity. type I type V type IV type III type II
This person has been sensitized to peanuts and has IgE bound to mast cells *A positive skin test is the result of antigen cross-linking IgE bound to mast cells.
A skin test was carried out with three potential allergens. The results (at 15 minutes after exposure) are shown below. What do these results suggest? View Available Hint(s) This person has been sensitized to peanuts and has IgE bound to mast cells. This person has never been exposed to pecan oil or cat dander. This person has been sensitized to peanuts and has IgG bound to mast cells. The person has been sensitized to peanuts, and has IgE bound to B cells.
Corticosteroids *Allergic contact dermatitis is a type IV hypersensitivity mediated by T cells. Therefore, immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids are necessary to adequately treat this condition.
A student develops allergic contact dermatitis after being exposed to formaldehyde in the laboratory. She tries to treat the condition by taking an antihistamine, but the drug has little or no effect. Which of the following treatments should she consider using instead? View Available Hint(s) immunotherapy epinephrine RhoGAM corticosteroids
0% chance *In this scenario, there is no chance of the next baby developing hemolytic disease of the newborn because the mother's immune system would have to first be sensitized to Rh+ fetal red blood cells. Rh- fetal cells would have no effect.
An Rh- mother has an Rh- baby. What is the risk of her next baby developing hemolytic disease of the newborn? View Available Hint(s) 0% chance 50% chance 85% chance 100% chance
Cell-mediated immunity *Increased levels of stress result in elevated levels of corticosteroids, which kill T cells, resulting in secondary immunodeficiency diseases such as recurrent cold sores caused by herpes simplex viruses.
An individual suddenly experiencing increased stress in his or her life may have a temporary deficiency in which of the following areas of the immune response? View Available Hint(s) humoral immunity cell-mediated immunity the phagocytic response complement activation
Graves' disease
Antibody binding to receptors on the thyroid may result in Graves' disease. autoimmune hemolytic anemia. type I diabetes. DiGeorge syndrome. multiple sclerosis.
Type III hypersensitivity
Antigen-antibody complexes trapped in tissues and triggering complement activation or mast cell degranulation are characteristic of type I hypersensitivity. type III hypersensitivity. graft rejection. type II hypersensitivity. autoimmunity.
The Stem (Fc) *Each class of antibody has a unique Fc region, conferring important class-specific properties.
As you have seen, IgE is responsible for allergy, IgM is produced early in a primary response, and IgG is produced early in a secondary response. Based on the diagram provided, which part of an antibody molecule determines differences between an anti-pollen IgE, IgG and IgM? View Available Hint(s) The arm (Fab) The stem (Fc) The antigen binding site The variable region of the heavy chain
Kissing, With the exchange of saliva * Unless one of the individuals involved in the act of kissing is actively bleeding in the mouth, human saliva has not been shown to carry the virus particles.
HIV may be transmitted person to person through the exchange of bodily secretions. Which of the following activities would generally NOT transmit the virus? View Available Hint(s) blood transfusions breast-feeding infants kissing, with the exchange of saliva intravenous drug use
RhoGAM attaches to Rh antigen, leading to its removal before the mother's immune system mounts an adaptive response. *If the Rh-antigens are removed before an adaptive immune response by the mother, no maternal anti-Rh antibodies develop.
How does RhoGAM prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn? View Available Hint(s) RhoGAM mimics the Rh antigen, which prevents the Rh+ blood cells from being attacked. RhoGAM is an immunosuppressive drug that prevents the mother from developing an adaptive immune response to the antigen. RhoGAM prevents the attachment of antibodies to blood cells. RhoGAM attaches to Rh antigen, leading to its removal before the mother's immune system mounts an adaptive response.
molecular mimicry and genetic factors
Hypotheses explaining the development of autoimmune disease include overuse of vaccines. molecular mimicry. molecular mimicry and genetic factors. molecular mimicry and vaccines. genetic factors.
The person has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or has received the vaccine for tuberculosis
If a person has a positive result to the Mantoux test, this would indicate __________. View Available Hint(s) the person has a high M. tuberculosis titer the person has an active M. tuberculosis infection the person is now immune to tuberculosis. the person has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or has received the vaccine for tuberculosis.
False
If an anti-A serum is shown in this agglutination test, then the patient's blood type must be A. Select the correct answer. ***UNDERSTAND BIG CONCEPT True False
SCID *Individuals with SCID do not make B cells or T cells, so they would not be expected to have adequate antibody titers.
Individuals with which of the following diseases would be expected to have very low antibody titers overall? View Available Hint(s) rheumatoid arthritis SCID DiGeorge syndrome multiple sclerosis
A xenograft *Because tissues from an individual of another species are so significantly different from human tissues, xenografts are often rapidly rejected. Because of this, if they were commonly used therapeutically, they would require very high levels of immunosuppressive drugs for the maintenance of the grafts.
Patients with which of the following types of grafts would require the most intensive therapy with immunosuppressive drugs? View Available Hint(s) an allograft an isograft an autograft a xenograft
Are detectable close to birth
Primary immunodeficiency diseases are never associated with genetic defects. are sometimes caused by severe stress. are detectable close to birth. develop later in life. may be caused by malnutrition.
Repeated exposure to wasp venom antigen will increase the amount of IgG produced by Sally's immune system
Sally decides to go through the desensitization program recommended by her doctor. What is the overall purpose/goal of this process? View Available Hint(s) Repeated exposure to wasp venom antigen will increase the amount of IgG produced by Sally's immune system. Desensitization will decrease the overall sensitivity of Sally's immune responses, eliminating its hyperactivity. The process will eliminate all of the wasp venom-specific IgE from Sally's body. During the desensitization process, the number of wasp venom-reactive mast cells will decrease.
Type I hypersensitivity reaction
Steven, an eight-year old boy, is brought to your office Monday morning by his father to have his upper arm checked for a possible infection. Dad is worried because the area of a bee sting on the boy's arm is getting more red, itchy, and tender. The father gave him some children's acetaminophen yesterday, which relieved the discomfort somewhat. There is no history of medical problems or allergies, and the child takes no regular medication. The child is otherwise feeling well, and his father tells you he is playing and eating normally. There is no previous history of bee stings, and Steven proudly tells you he "hardly even cried" when he got stung. There is a half-dollar-sized area on his left upper arm that is puffy and red, but there is no streaking or drainage, and the area does not appear to be infected. Steven's temperature is normal, and his lungs are clear. How should you describe this skin reaction to the bee sting? View Available Hint(s) type II hypersensitivity reaction type IV hypersensitivity reaction type I hypersensitivity reaction type III hypersensitivity reaction
Corticosteroids
Stress may result in the production of __________________, which may lead to acquired immunodeficiency disease.
Mast cells
The non-leukocyte tissue cells known as ________ produce leukotrienes and prostaglandins in response to allergen binding. neutrophils basophils mast cells monocytes lymphocytes
Syphilis due to Treponema pallidum infection *Syphilis may occur in patients, but due to the time course of the infection, it is not considered an opportunistic infection.
The onset of AIDS will leave the patient open to a secondary, opportunistic infection. All of the following are associated with opportunistic infection of AIDS patients EXCEPT which one? View Available Hint(s) Kaposi's sarcoma due to human herpesvirus 8 infection toxoplasmosis due to infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma syphilis due to Treponema pallidum infection shingles due to Varicellovirus
T cells and phagocytes
The responses observed in type IV hypersensitivities result from the action of IgG and complement. inflammatory chemicals. autoantibodies. T cells and phagocytes. IgE antibodies and mast cells.
By one or more opportunistis diseases and the presence of HIV
The syndrome known as AIDS is characterized by the presence of anti-HIV antibodies. as an opportunistic disease resulting from herpesvirus reactivation. by CTL attack on CD4 T cells. by one or more opportunistic diseases and the presence of HIV. by the presence of HIV.
Memory T cells
The tuberculin response is mediated by memory T cells. eosinophils. mast cells. B lymphocytes. plasma cells.
anaphylaxis; epinephrine
This child has had a moderate reaction to his first bee sting. If he were to be stung again, the signs and symptoms could be severe and life-threatening due to constriction of airways. What is this systemic reaction called, and what would the treatment of choice be? View Available Hint(s) delayed hypersensitivity; acetaminophen anaphylaxis; epinephrine hemolysis; blood transfusions purpura; calamine lotion
glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells
Transfusion reactions are the result of antibody reaction to plasma proteins. MHC molecules on red blood cells. glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells. foreign antibodies. MHC molecules on white blood cells.
Acquired immunodeficiency
Treatment with glucocorticoids to suppress type IV hypersensitivity may result in acquired immunodeficiency. DiGeorge syndrome. autoimmune disease. primary immunodeficiency. anaphylaxis.
Autoimmune disease
Type I diabetes is a(n) immediate hypersensitivity disorder. delayed hypersensitivity disorder. immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity disorder. immunodeficiency disease. autoimmune disease.
Antibodies against some strains of Streptococcus are cross-reactive with heart tissue *During some streptococcal infections, certain types of antibodies are produced that also recognize and damage heart muscle tissue, which can later lead to heart disease.
Why might a person who contracted a streptococcal disease in childhood be more susceptible to heart disease in later life? View Available Hint(s) Cytotoxic T cells recognize MHC molecules on the surface of heart muscle cells that resemble streptococcal antigens. Antibodies against some strains of Streptococcus are cross-reactive with heart tissue. Streptococcal infections damage the heart muscle directly. During streptococcal infections, mast cells secrete dangerous inflammatory chemicals.
The mother may be exposed during the labor or delivery
When might Rh antigens from the fetus be introduced into the mother's blood stream? View Available Hint(s) During the third trimester, the blood of the mother and fetus are combined. The Rh+ type blood cells may cross the placenta directly at any time during the pregnancy. The mother may be exposed during labor or delivery. The Rh-antigens may be passed to from the baby to the mother during breast-feeding.
Anaphylaxis
When the release of chemicals in an allergic reaction exceeds the body's ability to adjust, a life-threatening condition called ___________ may occur.
A reaction that occurs in a sensitized individual resulting in tissue damage rather than immunity
When the wasps stung Sally, the injection of venom initiated a type I hypersensitivity reaction called anaphylaxis. Which of the following best describes a hypersensitivity reaction? View Available Hint(s) an immune response that results in an overproduction of IgG a reaction that occurs in a sensitized individual resulting in tissue damage rather than immunity an immune response characterized by an overproduction of T cytotoxic cells a hyperactive immune response generated upon initial exposure to antigen
Type IV
Which hypersensitivity disorder is the result of cell-mediated response? type I type II type III type IV both type I and II
Antihistamine
Which of the following OTC medications would provide the best relief of symptoms? View Available Hint(s) aspirin antibiotics antihistamines acetaminophen
Both Eosinophils and mast cells
Which of the following bind the constant region of IgE? mast cells eosinophils monocytes both mast cells and monocytes both eosinophils and mast cells
Older women
Which of the following groups of individuals is most susceptible, in general, to autoimmune diseases? View Available Hint(s) older women younger men older men younger women
IgE
Which of the following immunoglobulins is produced by plasma cells in response to an allergen? IgM IgA IgG IgE IgD
Lipid A * Lipid A, or endotoxin, is part of LPS, which is present in the outer membrane of Gram-negative organisms.
Which of the following is a virulence factor specific to Gram-negative pathogens? View Available Hint(s) Lipid A A polysaccharide capsule The periplasmic space Secreted exotoxins
AIDS *AIDS is a disease acquired by infection of HIV.
Which of the following is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency disease? View Available Hint(s) Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia SCID AIDS DiGeorge syndrome
Watery eyes after exposure to animals
Which of the following is an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction? the tuberculin response farmer's lung watery eyes after exposure to animals immune complexes accumulation in the kidneys destruction of red blood cells after an incompatible blood transfusion
Rheumatoid arthritis
Which of the following is both a hypersensitivity disorder and an autoimmune disorder? rheumatoid arthritis glomerulonephritis hemolytic disease of the newborn graft rejection anaphylaxis
A systemic reaction can be fatal in only a few minutes Systemic reactions are commonly associated with injected antigens Systemic reactions can result in a dramatic decrease in blood pressure. *The injection of venom into Sally's body provides a rapid route for distribution throughout her system. The effects can be seen all over her body, hence the appearance of hives. Sally is lucky that her symptoms are limited to the hives and itching—many cases of systemic anaphylaxis involve significant changes in blood pressure (which can lead to shock) and respiration.
Which of the following is true regarding systemic anaphylactic reactions? Select all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Systemic reactions are commonly associated with antigens that are ingested or inhaled. Systemic reactions always involve the respiratory system. A systemic reaction can be fatal in only a few minutes. Systemic reactions are commonly associated with injected antigens. Systemic reactions can be treated only with an injection of epinephrine. Systemic reactions can result in a dramatic decrease in blood pressure.
Cytotoxic T cells *Cytotoxic T cells are involved in type IV hypersensitivities.
Which of the following is/are NOT associated with a type I hypersensitivity? View Available Hint(s) IgE basophils cytotoxic T cells mast cells
IgE, basophils, Mast cells
Which of the following mediators are involved in anaphylactic reactions? Select all that apply. View Available Hint(s) IgE T cells B cells basophils IgM mast cells
Nervous tissue
Which of the following parts of the body is associated with multiple sclerosis? View Available Hint(s) nervous tissue blood endocrine glands connective tissue q
Accumulations of antibody complexes lead to inflammation in and destruction of the joints
Which of the following statements concerning rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is TRUE? The symptoms are due to damage caused by cytotoxic T cells. The onset of disease is clearly correlated with having been infected with a specific microbe. Accumulations of antibody complexes lead to inflammation in and destruction of the joints. It occurs in humans and animals. There is no genetic influence on the likelihood of developing RA.
Eighty-five percent of humans are Rh positive
Which of the following statements concerning the Rh factor is CORRECT? Eighty-five percent of humans are Rh positive. Rh antibodies are more abundant than the ABO antibodies. Preexisting antibodies occur in 85% of the population. Eighty-five percent of the human population is Rh negative. The Rh antigen is on white blood cells.
AZT, a nucleoside compound
Which of the following would be useful as part of the drug cocktail ART taken to treat HIV infections? View Available Hint(s) penicillin, a cell wall synthesis inhibitor AZT, a nucleoside compound erythromycin, an inhibitor of protein translation zanamivir, a neuramidase inhibitor
HIV is an enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus of the type called retroviruses
Which statement best describes the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that has been shown to cause AIDS in humans? View Available Hint(s) HIV is an enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus of the type called retroviruses. HIV is an enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus of the type of influenzavirus. HIV is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus of the type called retroviruses. HIV is a naked, positive single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus of the type called retroviruses.
Redness and swelling are due to the release of histamine during degranulation of mast cells and basophils
Why did the skin turn red and swell up? View Available Hint(s) Redness and swelling are due to the release of histamine during degranulation of mast cells and basophils. Redness and swelling are due to the release of antihistamine during degranulation of mast cells and basophils. Redness and swelling are due to the release of IgE from mast cells. Redness and swelling are due to the release of IgG from plasma cells.
Type B or O *A person with type B blood can receive blood only from individuals that have blood cells with similar antigens (type B) or no ABO antigens at all (type O).
A person with type B blood can receive blood from individuals with which of the following blood types? View Available Hint(s) type AB or O type B or AB type B or O type B only
AB blood type
A person identified as a universal recipient has ________ blood type. A Rh-negative AB O B
DiGeorge syndrome
Failure of thymus development may result in Grave's disease. type I diabetes. chronic granulomatous disease. DiGeorge syndrome. Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia.
Preventing T Cell proliferation
Graft rejection can be reduced by antihistimines. antiphagocytic factors. preventing B cell activation. epinephrine. preventing T cell proliferation.
B antigens
Jess has A- blood type, has never received a blood transfusion, and never been pregnant. Antibodies against what blood antigens could be present in Jess' blood? O and Rh antigens A antigens O antigens B and Rh antigens B antigens
Fever, difficulty breathing, nausea, and vomiting *These are symptoms of a transfusion reaction.
Julie goes to the hospital for a surgery that will require receiving blood from a donor. She is blood type O, but a mix up in the paperwork results in blood type B entered on her forms. During surgery she received 2 units of blood, type B. After surgery she may experience __________. View Available Hint(s) anemia and fatigue extreme thirst and dizziness fever, difficulty breathing, nausea, and vomiting no symptoms. Her blood transfusion will elevate any surgical discomfort.
histamines
Many of the signs and symptoms of inflammation, including redness and itching, are due to the release of ______________ by degranulation of mast cells.
A type IV hypersensitivity disease in which cytotoxic T cells attack myelin sheath of neurons
Multiple sclerosis is the formation of antibodies against transplanted tissue. a type IV hypersensitivity disease in which cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheath of neurons. a neurological disease due to the accumulation of immune complexes in nerves. a type II hypersensitivity to the myelin of neurons. a genetic birth defect of the nervous system.
Phagocytosis
Neutrophils are "first responders" during an inflammatory response. What is their specific role? View Available Hint(s) Production of antibodies Phagocytosis Release of histamine Activation of T cells
Release of leukotrienes by eosinophils *As mast cells degranulate, they release peptides that stimulate the release of eosinophils from the bone marrow. These eosinophils release potent chemicals, such as leukotrienes, which serve to intensify the hypersensitivity response.
Of the following events in a type I hypersensitivity reaction, which one would be expected to occur LAST? View Available Hint(s) release of histamine by mast cells release of leukotrienes by eosinophils binding of allergens to IgE molecules dilation of local blood vessels
Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma
Opportunistic infections typical of AIDS but rare otherwise include tuberculosis. Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma. tuberculosis and shingles. Pneumocystis pneumonia. Kaposi's sarcoma.
A transfusion reactoin
Terry is a Physician Assistant. She is working under the supervision of Dr. Elizabeth Carroll. Terry trusts Dr. Carroll and knows she is an extremely competent and compassionate doctor. They have been a team for about two years, and it works out perfectly because Terry is a morning person and Dr. Carroll is not. Unless there is a difficult case, Terry makes all the early morning rounds of Dr. Carroll's patients at the two local hospitals, and then goes home for an early lunch with her kindergartner son. Later, she sees non-critical care patients at Dr. Carroll's office for a few hours. Unless there is a seriously ill patient, Dr. Carroll will start work a little later in the morning and end her day with the evening rounds at the hospital. This morning, Terry is checking in on a new patient, Mr. Lane, at St. John's Hospital. Mr. Lane has a history of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and Dr. Carroll admitted him yesterday. According to the chart, Mr. Lane had a blood transfusion yesterday afternoon. Dr. Carroll noted on the chart that Mr. Lane was doing well at 7:00 p.m. However, she noted Mr. Lane may need an additional unit of blood if his blood oxygen values did not return to normal ranges soon. The chart indicates that Mr. Lane had just started receiving an additional unit. Terry enters the room and finds Mr. Lane experiencing chills and shortness of breath. Terry quickly takes the patient's vital signs. She notes that Mr. Lane's heart rate is high, his blood pressure low, and he has a fever. Mr. Lane is alert and complaining that he feels horrible. Terry talks to the floor nurse and finds that she has already stopped the transfusion and alerted the charge nurse, the doctor on call, and Dr. Carroll. The patient is most likely experiencing __________. Select the correct answer View Available Hint(s) a type I hypersensitivity a transfusion reaction an immunodeficiency disease an autoimmune disease
CD4
The HIV virion attaches to ________ on the surface of lymphocytes. IgG MHC II IL-2R CD3 CD4 P
The blocking the IgG antibodies "outnumber" the IgE antibodies and bind to wasp venom before the IgE antibodies can bind *During a desensitization program, Sally will be injected with increasing doses of wasp venom over several weeks to months. The goal is to build the level of wasp venom-specific IgG circulating in Sally's system. If the desensitization program is successful, the next time that Sally is stung by a wasp, the IgG molecules will bind to the venom, thereby preventing (or limiting) the amount of venom antigen that binds to IgE present on mast cells and basophils.
The IgG molecules that are produced during desensitization function as blocking antibodies. These antibodies are extremely effective in providing protection from a hypersensitivity reaction. Why are blocking IgG antibodies so effective at protecting Sally from another anaphylactic response to wasp venom? View Available Hint(s) The IgG molecules bind to mast cells and prevent IgE molecules from binding, thereby preventing degranulation. The IgG molecules bind to the mast cells; but when wasp venom binds, IgG blocks degranulation. The blocking IgG antibodies "outnumber" the IgE antibodies and bind to wasp venom before the IgE antibodies can bind. The IgG antibodies bind to the circulating IgE and block their binding to the mast cells.
A bone marrow allograft
The condition known as graft-versus-host disease may result after a plasmapheresis procedure. a bone allograft. a bone marrow allograft. a mismatched blood transfusion. any type of allograft procedure.
Hemoglobin *Hemoglobin is released from the damaged blood cells and then degraded into bilirubin.
The destruction of blood cells leads to the release of large amounts of _____, which is then degraded into bilirubin. View Available Hint(s) Rh antigen hemoglobin complement antibody
true
The doctor on call arrives and checks the patient. He determines that Terry is taking the correct action. Since the patient seems to be stable, he advises they continue monitoring and call him if necessary. He also suggests that they adjust Mr. Lane's fluids to maintain urine output at 30-100 mL/hr. In order to confirm the diagnosis, Terry has the charge nurse call the lab and check the records for the blood type given and see if they had performed an agglutination test before transfusing the patient. If an anti-A serum is shown in this agglutination test, then the patient's blood contains A antigens. Select the correct answer. View Available Hint(s) True False
Latency; Integrase *Once integrated in the chromosome via the action of the enzyme integrase, the provirus will remain latent, hence the period known as latency.
The infection cycle of HIV utilizes a period of dormancy in which the viral genome that is now in a double-stranded DNA form will "hide" in the host cell chromosome. What is this period referred to and what viral derived enzyme is responsible for it? View Available Hint(s) persistence; integration persistence; integrase latency; reverse transcriptase latency; integrase
Inactivated
Veterinarians and spelunkers (people who explore caves that may have large populations of bats) should be vaccinated against rabies. The rabies vaccine is made by treating the rabies virus with a chemical to render it non-infective. Based on this, how is the rabies vaccine best characterized? View Available Hint(s) Toxoid Inactivated Attenuated Recombinant
If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, this may lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn *If the mother is Rh-, then her immune system will see the Rh+ antigen from the fetus as a foreign antigen and generate antibodies to attack it.
What combination of mother/child blood types might develop into hemolytic disease of the newborn? View Available Hint(s) If both the mother and the fetus are Rh-, this may lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn. If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, this may lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn. If the mother is Rh+ and the fetus is Rh-, this may lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn. If both the mother and the fetus are Rh+, this may lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn.
A buildup of bilirubin may lead to severe neurological damage or death *Excessive bilirubin may accumulate in the brain and lead to neurological damage.
What effect might a buildup of bilirubin have on a fetus? View Available Hint(s) An increase in the bilirubin concentration in the blood could lead to hemolysis. Increased levels of bilirubin cause damage to the liver. A buildup of bilirubin may lead to severe neurological damage or death. Excessive bilirubin may lead to the production of anti-bilirubin antibodies.
The destruction of red blood cells
What is hemolysis? View Available Hint(s) The generation of red blood cells. The volume percentage of red blood cells in the whole blood. The destruction of red blood cells. The clumping of red blood cells.
Smooth muscle contraction
What is the function of the kinins released when mast cells degranulate? chemotactic factors smooth muscle contraction activation of the complement system increased production of tears and saliva increased vascular permeability
Declining cell-mediated immunity
What is the underlying problem in most acquired immunodeficiencies? anemia eosinophilia production of autoantibodies declining humoral immunity declining cell-mediated immunity
Hives
What is urticaria? View Available Hint(s) hemolysis purpura anaphylaxis hives
Anti-Rh antibodies are produced after exposure to the Rh antigen *An adaptive immune response develops only after the immune system is exposed to the Rh antigen.
When are anti-Rh antibodies developed by the adaptive immune system? View Available Hint(s) You are born with anti-Rh antibodies. When an Rh+ individual is given a blood transfusion by an Rh- donor. Anti-Rh antibodies are produced after exposure to the Rh antigen. The anti-Rh antibodies are developed after injection with RhoGAM.
Glomerulonephritis
When immune complexes in the blood become trapped in the kidneys the resulting disease is known as hemolytic disease. glomerulonephritis. urticaria. autoimmunity. anaphylaxis.
An individual with Rh- type blood produce antibodies against the Rh+ blood cells. ** Upon exposure to a foreign antigen (such as Rh antigen), antibodies will be made against the antigen. This may then lead to agglutination of erythrocytes, hemolysis, and complement activation.
Why might a transfusion of Rh+ blood cells into an Rh- individual be dangerous? View Available Hint(s) An individual with Rh- type blood will produce antibodies against the Rh+ blood cells. The Rh+ blood cells tend to clump together with Rh- blood cells. Blood cells that are Rh+ are toxic to an individual with Rh- type blood cells. Individuals with Rh+ blood cells also produce antibodies against Rh negative, and these antibodies may destroy Rh- blood cells.