Chapter 19-20
Haiku
The people also read haiku (HY•koo), 5-7-5-syllable, 3-line verse poetry. This poetry presents images rather than ideas
Capitalism/Free Market/Market Economy
- dependent on private individuals, as opposed to government - anyone can start a company, which makes it an ultimate competition with winners/business, working owners and losers/failed companies, who had to find another job - Joint-Stock Company: -exploration was expensive and had huge risk, so joint-stock companies arose -companies sold shares (partial ownership of company), to limit the risk, and a high reward if a ship came back -sunk ships = lost investments, so only investing part of your own fortune, loses only that much; but also paid a fortune if ship returned
Mercantilism
- nation's power depended on its wealth - wealth was measured by gold and silver - intense competition for wealth bc there is only so much gold/silver, so the more gold/silver a colony has, the less available *2 ways to Obtain Wealth* 1. mine gold/silver in home country/colonies 2. buy less than you sell *3 Ways to Obtain a Favorable Balance* 1. reduce the amount of goods imported 2. encourage high priced exports (raise prices of what you sell) 3. control overseas sources of raw materials (controlling sea routes by forming colonies, means you control prices; lower prices of raw materials to sell to home country) *Colonies' Role in Mercantilism* 1. exist only for the benefit of the home nation 2. source of raw materials 3. market for manufactured products *Impact of Mercantilism* - towns and cities grew - wealthier class of merchants emerge ( more and richer merchant class) - rural life in home nation continues as usual (peasants stay the same, but add potatoes to their diet) *Advantages*: no dependence on anyone else, mine own wealth *Disadvantages*: inflation of gold/silver; run our of gold/silver
before 1492, no Native American smoked or had horses. before 1492, Ireland was in a famine and potatoes did not grow; Italy did not have tomatoes -new food sources -population growth -healthier diets: boom in population -diseases
Effects of Columbian Exchange on Europe and America
Zheng He
A Chinese Muslim admiral named Zheng He led all of the seven voyages. - His expeditions were remarkable for their size. Everything about them was large—distances traveled, fleet size, and ship measurements. - The voyages ranged from Southeast Asia to eastern Africa. From 40 to 300 ships sailed in each expedition. - Among them were fighting ships, storage vessels, and huge "treasure" ships measuring more than 400 feet long. - The fleet's crews numbered over 27,000 on some voyages. They included sailors, soldiers, carpenters, interpreters, accountants, doctors, and religious leaders.
Hongwu
A peasant's son, commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China in 1368; That year, he became the first Ming emperor. - Hongwu continued to rule from the former Yuan capital of Nanjing in the south. - He began reforms designed to restore agricultural lands devastated by war, erase all traces of the Mongol past, and promote China's power and prosperity. - He later, in fear of someone taking his throne, he became a tyrant
Jamestown
English settlement more interested in gold than crops, 7 in 10 died when it was first settled, got foothold when they discovered tobacco and it became a cash crop
*Columbus*: - 10/12/1492, his ship landed in the Bahamas in the Caribbean, instead of the east indies - 1493, returned to Spain, then set sail to colonize and claim more land for Spain *Cortes* - landed in Mexico and colonized Caribbean islands - colonized the Americas, searched for gold and silver, which enriched Spain - mistaking him for a god, the Aztecs welcome Cortes and his men, which gave them access to the Aztecs' gold - Cortes' men began killing the Native Aztecs, which started war b/w them; Spain won bc of their advances in weaponry & he convinced some natives to fight on his side bc he learned some resented the Aztecs bc human sacrifice and diseases wiped out the Aztec warriors *Pizarro* -conquered an Incan Empire - met w ruler, Atahualpa, but waited and ambushed his army, kidnapping Atahualpa - Atahualpa offered enough gold to fill a room and enough silver to fill two rooms for his release - after receiving ransom, Pizarro's men strangled him, which drove the demoralized Incans from their home, Cajamarca/Cuzco *Coronado* - led expedition through present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas - bc no gold in desert lands, Spanish monarchy assigned priests to explore/colonize U.S.
Accomplishments of Major Explorers of Spain
the Netherlands (dutch)
By 1700s, which nation's East India Company dominated the Indian Ocean Trade?
France's colony New France and England's colony Jamestown were both searching for wealth. New France became fur traders, and Jamestown setters became tobacco farmers in the swamp of Virginia. However, England's other colony, Plymouth, was founded by Pilgrims for religious purposes. The Pilgrims became agricultural farmers.
Compare/Contrast French and English colonies
New Netherland
Dutch holdings in North America. Became populated by people from many different countries when they tried to promote their territory. Established fur trade with Iroquois Indians until they were ejected without a fight by Britain
a peasant's son, Hongwu, commanded a rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China in 1368, then founded the Ming Dynasty - reduced taxes, improved agriculture and trade, revived traditional chinese values/practices (Confucionism) and improved the merit-based civil service exam system - increased rice production, improved irrigaton, encouraged fishing and growing sugar canes and cotton
Foundation of Ming Dynasty
Christopher Columbus
Genoese sea captain from Spain, found the "new world" - In 1492, the Italian mariner (explorer) who led expeditions across the Atlantic in the service of Spain, established contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World, and opened the way to Spanish conquest and colonization - sea captain from Genoa, Italy, that sailed from Spain in 1492 in search of a more direct route to Asia, specifically India, for trading. - - He instead discovered the Americas, and named the Native Americans Indians, thinking that he was in the East Indies. His ships were the Niña, Pinta, and the Santa María.
Yonglo
Hongwu's death in 1398 led to a power struggle. His son emerged victorious. -Yonglo continued many of his father's policies, although he moved the royal court to Beijing. - Yonglo also had a far-ranging curiosity about the outside world. In 1405, before Europeans began to sail beyond their borders, he launched the first of seven voyages of exploration. - He hoped they would impress the world with the power and splendor of Ming China. He also wanted to expand China's tribute system.
trading for them with African rulers and merchants
How did Europeans take slaves in Africa?
He founded a navigational school on the coast of Portugal.
How did Prince Henry/Henry the Navigator influence exploration?
through an "alternate attendance policy"
How did Tokugawa Ieyasu control the daimyos?
Many cultures lost their fittest members, and families were torn apart.
How was Africa affected by the Atlantic slave trade?
Jamestown's settlers wanted to find gold, and Plymouth's settlers wanted religious freedom.
How were the settlements of Jamestown and Plymouth different?
Tokugawa Shogunate
Ieyasu founded, which would hold power until 1867. - On his deathbed in 1616, Ieyasu advised his son, Hidetada, "Take care of the people. Strive to be virtuous. Never neglect to protect the country." Most Tokugawa shoguns followed that advice. Their rule brought a welcome order to Japan
farmers left their farms to escape heavy taxes and moved to cities
In Tokugawa Japan, what happened?
Atahualpa
Inca ruler who met Pizarro near Cajamarca, his army was crushed, he was kidnapped and held for ransom and killed
*Ming*: - only gov. could conduct foreign trade, and only through 3 coastal ports : Canton, Macao, Ningbo - However, smugglers traded with the chinese, which increased manufacturing and commerce of silk and ceramics - (1) The idea of commerce offended Confucian beliefs and (2) Chinese economic policies had agriculture taxes low and manufacturing prices high kept China from becoming highly industrialized. *Qing*: - If foreign states wished to trade with China, they would have to: ->trade at special ports -> pay tribute with gifts and kowtow (kneeling in front of emperor and touch head to ground nine times
Ming and Qing Trade Policies/Manufacturing Effects
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Nobunaga's best general, continued his fallen leader's mission. Hideyoshi set out to destroy the daimyo that remained hostile. - By 1590, by combining brute force with shrewd political alliances, he controlled most of the country. Hideyoshi did not stop with Japan. With the idea of eventually conquering China, he invaded Korea in 1592 and began a long campaign against the Koreans and their Ming Chinese allies.
Oda Nobunaga
One daimyo, the brutal and ambitious Oda Nobunaga defeated his rivals and seized the imperial capital Kyoto in 1568. - Following his own motto "Rule the empire by force," Nobunaga sought to eliminate his remaining enemies. - In 1575, Nobunaga's 3,000 soldiers armed with muskets crushed an enemy force of samurai cavalry. This was the first time firearms had been used effectively in battle in Japan. - However, Nobunaga was not able to unify Japan. He committed seppuku, the ritual suicide of a samurai, in 1582, when one of his own generals turned on him
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese captain who ventured down the coast of Africa; a storm battered the fleet for days, and blew them around the tip of Africa and to the other side - established a sea route from the Atlantic Ocean to Asia
Hernando Cortes
Spaniard, landed in Mexico, conquistador, colonized Mexico and South and the U.S., conquered the Aztecs with help from allies who resented Aztecs(Malinche the translator) - Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest which defeated the Aztec (in Mexico) in 1519-1521 for Spain. - he, along with other conquistadors, were looking to claim land and gold for Spain. They discovered the Aztecs in Mexico, and the Aztec emperor Montezuma get Cortés was a god, and agreed to share his gold with the conquistadors. They weren't satisfied, though, and killed some Aztecs, leading to war between the Aztecs and cortés. The Spaniards obliterated the Aztecs because of their superior weaponry, help from neighboring tribes that resented the Aztecs, and the diseases that they brought with them that the Aztecs had no natural immunity to.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru, and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) - conquistador, brought a small force to South America, conquered the Inca Empire, kidnapped Atahualpa and held him for ransom but killed him, captured Cuzco - Spaniard, he conquered the Incan empire. He arranged for a meeting with the Incan leader, Atahualpa, and ambushed him, killing all his men and kidnapping him. Atahualpa offered silver and gold for his release. They took the ransom, but still killed him. The Spanish now had control of Cajamarca and soon after gained control of Cuzco The empire fell apart after Atahualpa was murdered
conquistadors
Spanish explorers, fortune hunters(gold and silver), colonized Mexico, South America, and the U.S. - Early 16th century Spanish explorers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru.
First encountering Europeans, they were eager to expand their markets and traded with Portugal for clocks, eyeglasses, tobaccos, and firearms - after unwelcomed christians came in, Japan declared a closed country policy (isolationists, only trading with the Dutch)
Tokugawa Japanese Trade Policies
He overthrew the Mongols and established the Ming Dynasty.
What did Hongwu do first to help China become a dominant power?
the Americas, Europe,and Africa
What did the triangular trade routes connect?
Portugal took control of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean
What event took place after Vasco de Gama voyaged around the tip of Africa?
improved farming methods and new crops led to a population explosion
What happened during the Qing Dynasty?
The English seized land for their people and farms.
What led to conflict between Native Americans and English colonies?
the power of the daimyo
What major barrier hindered effective centralized government in Japan?
The idea of commerce offended Confucian beliefs, and taxes on manufactured goods were high.
What two main reasons kept China from becoming highly industrialized?
a closed country policy
What type of policy did Japan institute to control foreign ideas?
He believed China was self-sufficient.
What was Qian-long's main reason for rejecting British requests to increase trade?
Francisco Pizarro conquering the Inca Empire caused the ecomienda system. The effect was: Spainards told Spain they would treat those they conquered well, but they turned them into slaved (converted them as well), then later turned to African slaves bc natives were physically incapable of the hard labor.
What was the cause and effect of the ecomienda system?
Sugar plantations and tobacco farms required a large supply of strong workers; Europeans owners planned to use natives as slaves for cheap labor, but the harsh humidity, heat, bugs, disease, and hard labor caused many natives to die, so they began using African slaves. 1 african = 4 natives
What was the cause of the Atlantic Slave Trade?
building a fur trade
What was the main economic activity in New France?
to grow wealthy and spread Christianity
What were Europeans' main motives for making voyages of exploration?
*Cause*: French and English competition to control North America. English needed more land to plant tobacco, they brought families over, which expanded population, so they began to cross over the Appalachian mountains, which were controlled by they French -> FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR <- *Effects*: English won, controls all America, except Spanish territories
What were the causes and effect of the French and Indian war?
Favorable Balance of Trade
an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad A nation's ultimate goal under mercantilism was to become self-sufficient, not dependent on other countries for goods.
Most Tokugawa shoguns followed the advice of Tokugawa Ieyasu. - farmers produces more food, population rose - peasant farmers' social class ranked up bc Confucian society depended on agriculture, not commerce - Japan shifted from a rural to an urban society - rise of large commercial centers increased employment, which gave women more opportunities for jobs in entertainment, textile manufacturing, and publishing. *social classes became more rigid; women lost rights, even samurai women lost the right to inherit property; peace puts samurai out of work, so they become farmers, mercenaries, bandits*
What were the changes in Japanese society during the Tokugawa Shogunate?
New Netherland separated England's northern and southern colonies.
Why did the English want to take control of New Netherland?
Africans were strangers to the Americas, so they wouldn't have allies or places to hide.
Why did the Europeans see Africans as a better source of labor than the Native Americans?
They wanted to find a direct sea route to the Pacific Ocean and Asia.
Why did the French, Dutch, and English explore North America?
He led seven sea explorations.
Why was Zheng He important?
it was able to sail against the wind
Why was the caravel an important development in navigation?
It corresponded with the warring states period of feudalism.
Why was the introduction of European firearms in Japan successful?
bc owners of sugar plantations wanted cheap labor
Why were more than 40% of enslaved Africans brought to Brazil?
*Yonglo*: - moved capital to Beijing - launched the first of the seven voyages of exploration, hoping to expand China's tribute system *Zheng HE*: - led all of the seven voyages, with great distance traveled, number of ships and people, like a city on a ship
Yonglo and Zheng He
Treaty of Tordesillas
a 1494 agreement b/w Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary ling in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal
Ming Dynasty
a Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644 - In recognition of China's power, vassal states from Korea to Southeast Asia paid their Ming overlords regular tribute, which is a payment by one country to another to acknowledge its submission. -China expected Europeans to do the same; Ming rulers were not going to allow outsiders from distant lands to threaten the peace and prosperity the Ming had brought to China when they ended Mongol rule.
Daimyo
a Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai - became lords in a new kind of Japanese feudalism. Daimyo meant "great name." Under this system, security came from this group of powerful warlords. The emperor at Kyoto became a figurehead, having a leadership title but no actual power.
Joint-Stock Company
a business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profits - The joint-stock company worked much like the modern-day corporation, with investors buying shares of stock in a company. It involved a number of people combining their wealth for a common purpose.
Dutch East India Company
a company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia; rich and more powerful; dutch allied w England, defeated Portuguese, then out-competed England, becoming a great naval power --> control of indian ocean trade
Manchus
a people, native to Manchuria, who ruled during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) - The Manchus seized Beijing, and their leader became China's new emperor. As the Mongols had done in the 1300s, the Manchus took a Chinese name for their dynasty, the Qing Dynasty Qing Dynasty: 1644-1912 ruled by the Manchus - ruled for more than 260 years and expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet
Kabuki
a type of Japanese drama in which music, dance and mime are used to present a story
Mercantilism
an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining larger amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought - The theory of mercantilism held that a country's power depended mainly on its wealth. - Wealth, after all, allowed nations to build strong navies and purchase vital goods. As a result, the goal of every nation became the attainment of as much wealth as possible
Capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit - No longer were governments the sole owners of great wealth. Due to overseas colonization and trade, numerous merchants had obtained great wealth. - These merchants continued to invest their money in trade and overseas exploration. - Profits from these investments enabled merchants and traders to reinvest even more money in other enterprises. As a result, businesses across Europe grew and flourished
New France
base of French colonial empire in North America, modern-day Quebec
French and Indian War
dispute between French and English over territory in North America. The British won and the French were ejected
The Atlantic Slave Trade
ended in 1870, and Europeans had imported about 9.5 million Africans to the Americas - the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americans
Kangxi
first Qing ruler - became emperor in 1661 and ruled for some 60 years. He reduced government expenses and lowered taxes. A scholar and patron of the arts, Kangxi gained the support of intellectuals by offering them government positions. - He also enjoyed the company of the Jesuits at court. They told him about developments in science, medicine, and mathematics in Europe. sanders
Puritans
group that established a colony near the Massachusetts bay ten years after founding of Plymouth
Pilgrims
group that founded Plymouth to escape religious persecution in England
Vasco de Gama
in 1498, he reached a port of Calicut, in India; they filled their ships with the amazing spices(cinnamon and pepper), rare silks, and precious gems (worth 60x the cost of the voyage); discovered a direct sea route to Asia
colonies
lands controlled by another nation
mestizo
mixed Spanish and Native American, large population of these people - term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent.
encomienda
natives forced to farm, ranch or mine for Spanish landlords, given by Spanish authorities, people said they'd treat them fairly but they didn't - A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. - It provided the grant-holder with a cheap labor supply and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. - It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. - Slavery system put in place by the Spanish. Under this system, natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords. The encomienda rulers promised to be fair and kind to the natives, but still abused them very harshly
Metacom
particularly violent Native American leader that led many attacks on British settlements after tension began rising between the two over landed
Colombian Exchange
the global transfer of plants, animals, disease that occur d during the European colonization in the Americas - Ships from the Americas brought back a wide array of items that Europeans, Asians, and Africans had never before seen. - They included such plants as tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, and cacao beans (for chocolate). And they included animals such as the turkey, which became a source of food in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Henry the Navigator/Prince Henry
the nation's most enthusiastic supporter of exploration; his dreams of exploring began after he assisted the conquer of a Muslim city of Ceuta in North Africa; eventually Europeans inventors and sailors experimented with new tools for navigation and new designs for sailing ships, often borrowing from other cultures; in 1419, he founded a navigation school in Portugal, where mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea captains gathered triangular sails (from the Muslims) allowed the ship to sail against the wind and the astrolabe magnetic compass identified latitude (from Chinese)
Triangular Trade
the transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in the Americas - Over one trade route, Europeans transported manufactured goods to the west coast of Africa. There, traders exchanged these goods for captured Africans. - The Africans were then transported across the Atlantic and sold in the West Indies. - Merchants bought sugar, coffee, and tobacco in the West Indies and sailed to Europe with these products
Middle Passage
the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America, to be so,d as slaves — so called because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade - Sickening cruelty characterized this journey. In African ports, European traders packed Africans into the dark holds of large ships. On board, Africans endured whippings and beatings from merchants, as well as diseases that swept through the vessel. - Numerous Africans died from disease or physical abuse aboard the slave ships. Many others committed suicide by drowning.
