Chapter 19

Match each biome to its temperature and moisture characteristics.

- dessert: average temp between 0-30 degrees celsius and annual precipitation between 0-100cm - tundra: average temp. below 0 deg celsius and annual precipitation around 50cm - temperature forest: average temperature of 10 deg celsius and annual precipitation between 100-200cm - tropical rainforest: average temp of 20 deg celsius and annual precipitation around 350cm

Select all of the true statements about grasslands.

-Climate characterized by hot summers and cold winters. -Grasses and flowering plants are the dominant vegetation. -Grazing and fire suppress tree growth.

Select all of the following that describe lakes and ponds.

-Light penetrates lake and pond regions to differing degrees. -Phytoplankton are dominant producers in the photic zone.

Select all of the following that are reasons why only about 10% (one-tenth) of the energy in a primary consumer is passed to a predator.

-Much energy is lost as heat. -Some energy is used in respiration -.Some of the energy is used for growth and reproduction.

Select organisms that are common in lakes and ponds.

-Phytoplankton -Invertebrates -Zooplankton

Select all the true statements about temperate coniferous forests.

-They are characterized by mild winters and abundant rain and fog. -Most trees are evergreen species, such as spruce and hemlock.

Select all of the following that are part of an ecosystem.

-abiotic environment -community -populations

Select all of the following that describe oceans.

-absorb heat and regulate climate -saltwater habitats -Earth's largest biome

Select all the statements that describe the taiga.

-also called the boreal forest -characterized by long, cold winters

Select all of the following that are true about Earth's air circulation patterns.

-at the equator and at 60 degrees North and South latitude, air rises, expands, and eventually cools -cool air cannot hold as much moisture as warm air -direction of winds is affected by convection cells and the rotation of the plant

Select all of the following that are primary producers.

-autotrophs -organisms that use sunlight to build organic molecules -plants

Select all the factors that have reduced the range of many natural biomes.

-building of cities and suburbs -conversion to farmland

Select the ways in which a river changes from headwater to ocean.

-clarity decreases -current decreases

Select all of the following that are considered part of an organism's niche.

-food resources required -amount of light available -temperature conditions where the organism lives

Select the two main categories of aquatic biomes.

-freshwater -marine

Select all the statements that describe tundra.

-home to caribou, lemmings, shrubs, mosses, and grasses -utilized as breeding habitat for migratory birds -contains abundant lichens -a low-temperature biome

Select all of the following that are true about terrestrial biomes.

-influenced by temperature and moisture components of climate -huge bands on Earth with characteristic types of vegetation

Select all of the following that are true about Earth's polar ice caps.

-inhabited by whales, seals, and birds -have phytoplankton as the base of the food chain -worms and crustaceans are part of the food web

Select the characteristics of polar ice caps.

-organisms have antifreeze chemicals -dry and windy

Select all of the following that describe tropical rain forests.

-species diversity is extremely high -found along the equator

What percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next higher trophic level?

10%

Select organisms that may inhabit rivers.

Algae Crayfish Worms Insects

Primary producers are found in what trophic level in an ecosystem?

First

What is an example of primary succession?

Lichens cover volcanic rock.

Match each water source with its approximate contribution to Earth's water supply.

Ocean-97% Ice caps and glaciers-2% Groundwater- .9% Surface water- .01%

What type of organism harvests energy to build organic molecules that support animals, fungi, and all the other levels of a food web?

Primary producer

Select all of the types of organisms that live in an estuary.

Salt-tolerant plants Migratory birds Phytoplankton

Succession occurs when

a community's species composition gradually changes over time.

A close and often lifelong ecological relationship between species is called

a symbiosis.

In a ______, elements will move through the abiotic and biotic components of the Earth.

biogeochemical cycle

Chemical pollutants can become more concentrated at successively higher trophic levels due to a process called

biomagnification.

Biologists divide the biosphere into ______, which are the major types of ecosystems on Earth.

biomes

A mutualistic relationship is one in which

both partners benefit.

Genetic change in one species that selects for subsequent change in the genome of another species is called

coevolution.

If a species has a genetic change and another species has a subsequent genetic change, this would be called an example of

coevolution.

Select all the ways that carbon enters the atmosphere in the carbon cycle.

combustion respiration

The algae, bass, sunfish, and zooplankton in a lake make up a(n)

community.

In ______, two or more species or organisms are trying to use the same limited resource.

competition

An interaction between two individuals where both are negatively impacted is called

competition.

Evergreen trees, ferns, birds, deer, bobcats, amphibians, and bears are all species typical of what biome?

coniferous forest

The biome occupying much of eastern North America and characterized by trees such as oak and maple that shed their leaves in autumn is called temperate

deciduous forest.

What trophic level contains organisms that break down organic molecules in detritus, returning inorganic nutrients to the environment?

decomposers

What is an example of a biome?

desert

Air near the equator is heated by the sun, rises and cools, and ______. Then, at around 30 degrees North and South latitude, the air begins to sink back to earth, warming up and absorbing moisture, creating vast ______.

drops moisture as precipitation; deserts

A(n)_________is a community and its abiotic environment.

ecosystem

Equatorial regions have year-round warm temperatures and the highest amounts of precipitation because

equatorial regions receive the most intense sunlight.

An ecosystem where fresh water and salt water mix is called a(n)

estuary.

The process by which nutrients trigger the rapid growth of algae, ultimately leading to O2-depleted water, is called

eutrophication

A mouse eats a seed; a rattlesnake eats the mouse; then a hawk eats the rattlesnake. This is an example of a

food chain.

An animal that exclusively eats plants is called a(n)

herbivore.

Net primary production of an ecosystem is the amount of energy

in the producer level that is available for consumers to eat.

A(n) ______ species is one that makes up a small portion of the community but has a large influence on community diversity.

keystone

If there is higher species diversity in a community when Species X is present than when it has been removed, you might consider Species X to be a(n)

keystone species.

What is an example of a pioneer species?

lichens

A biome is a

major type of ecosystem characterized by a particular climate and group of species.

Humans alter the phosphorus cycle by

mining phosphate rocks to produce fertilizers.

The relationship between mycorrhizal fungi that acquire nutrients for plants and plants in turn providing sugars for the fungi is an example of

mutualism.

The energy in an ecosystem that is available for consumers to eat is called the

net primary production.

Select all of the forms of nitrogen that plants can absorb.

nitrate (NO3-) ammonium ions (NH4+)

In a process called ______, bacteria and archaea convert ammonium to nitrate, which can be taken up by plants and other autotrophs; organic matter is broken down by ______, which returns nitrogen to the abiotic environment.

nitrification; decomposition

What organisms are tertiary consumers in a food chain?

organisms that eat secondary consumers

In tundra biomes, the year-round frozen soil layer is referred to as

permafrost.

Carbon from the atmosphere enters food chains through the actions of

photosynthetic autotrophs.

In primary succession, the first species to colonize new habitats are called ______ species.

pioneer

An organism's niche includes its habitat, its resource requirements, and its

place in the food chain.

Trophic level describes an organism's

position in a food chain.

In the water cycle, water falling on land as rain or snow is a process called

precipitation.

An animal that kills and eats other animals is called a

predator.

A deer, which is an herbivore, belongs to what trophic level?

primary consumer

An organism that eats primary producers is called an herbivore, or

primary consumer.

What type of organism occupies the first trophic level in a food chain?

primary producer

In ______, a community develops in an area where none existed before.

primary succession

In biogeochemical cycles, elements continuously recycle and transfer among storage ______, which include organisms, the atmosphere, rocks, and water.

reservoirs

Select all the main storage reservoirs in the phosphorus cycle.

rocks marine sediments

What area of the ocean has the most nutrients, sunlight, and primary productivity?

shallow coastal water

If a biologist is measuring diversity by calculating the proportion of individuals of each species, he or she is actually calculating the ______ of species in the community.

species evenness (relative abundance)

Counting the number of species in a habitat is a measure of

species richness.

A gradual change in the species composition of a community over time is termed

succession.

A lichen, which consists of fungal and algal partners that live together and provide nutrients to each other, is an example of

symbiosis.

Caribou, reindeer, lynx, spruce, firs, pines, and migratory birds are species found in what biome?

taiga

What biome is characterized by warm summers, cold winters, trees that lose their leaves seasonally, and animals such as raccoons, deer, squirrels, snakes, birds, and foxes?

temperate deciduous forests

Bison were originally dominant large, grazing herbivores in what North American biome?

temperate grassland

As a result of biomagnification, mercury levels would be highest in a(n)

tertiary consumer.

An example of high species richness is

the 15 different fish species in a lake.

Due to ______, equatorial regions of Earth have warm temperatures year-round, and nonequatorial regions experience lower temperatures, less light, and seasonal changes.

the curvature of Earth and the tilt of its axis

Large plants or trees usually don't become established in the tundra biome because of

the permafrost layer.

As a measure of diversity, species evenness (relative abundance) is

the proportion of the community that each species occupies.

Broadleaf evergreen trees, climbing vines, lots of shade, plants with adaptations for low light, and brightly colored animal species characterize

tropical rain forests.

Permafrost is found in what biome?

tundra