chapter 19
sponges cnidarians chordates
0 2 3
Approximately, _______ years ago modern humans and Neandertals were interbreeding.
100,000
Which of the following make it possible for cephalopods to move quickly by jet propulsion?
Rapid contraction of the mantle cavity A well-developed nervous system.
Sponges use budding and fragmentation as two means of _______ reproduction, and release eggs and sperm into their central cavity during _______ reproduction
asexual sexual
If an animal has definite left and right halves, and can only be separated into these halves by a single plane down the center of the animal, then its symmetry is ____.
bilateral
If there is only one way to produce identical halves by sectioning an animal in two, the animal exhibits ______ symmetry
bilateral
The animal in the diagram below shows
bilateral
The evolution towards bilateral symmetry in animals was accompanied by the evolution of a localized brain and sensory organs at the front end of the animals. This latter event is called _____
cephalization.
Squids and octopuses, which have characteristic tentacles, belong to a group called _____ which means "heated-foot"
cephalopod
Which term means "head footed' and refers to molluscs such as squids and octopuses?
cephalopodcephalopod
Which molluscs posses an eye that is similar to that of vertebrates?
cephalopods
Which term best describes the flukes?
endoparasites
Spicules, each with one to six rays, compose the ______ of some sponges.
endoskeleton
True or false: Animals can produce their own nutrients.
false
Select examples of annelids from the choices below.
fan worm polychaete leech
Sponges are sedentary organisms that obtain food from the water that is drawn through their bodies. Thus, they are considered ____ feeders
filter
Planaria are characterized as being ________.
flatworms
One of the regions of molluscs is the _______ , which is strong, muscular and used for locomotion.
foot
In which two ways can sponges reproduce asexually?
fragmentation budding
Earthworms inhabit the soil, which provides a moist environment that is beneficial in that it allows for
gas exchange across the body wall.
Molluscs with a ventrally flattened foot that move via muscle contractions along this structure are called
gastropods
Nudibranchs, snails, and conchs are all molluscs referred to as ______, meaning stomach-footed.
gastropods
The cells that give rise to all other tissues in an animal's body are termed _____ layers
germ
Organisms that possess both male and female sex organs are called
hermaphrodite
Where does digestion occur in planarians?
in a three-branched gastrovascular cavity
The planarian digestive system is _____ because it has a mouth but no anus.
incomplete
An animal that does not have an internal skeleton of bone or cartilage is called a(n)
invertebrate
A well developed nervous system and the ability to make rapid contractions of the mantle allow squids and octopuses to move by ______.
jet propulsion
The foot is a structure found in mollusks that is used for ______.
locomotion
The three anatomical structures shared by all molluscs are the visceral mass, the foot and the
mantle
Which type of circulatory system is characteristic of the annelids?
medium
Which of these is a structure that functions in waste collection and excretion in annelids?
nephridium
Select the two tissues that characterize animals.
nervous tissue muscle tissue
When sliced in half, from any direction, animals that have two mirror images have ______ symmetry.
radial
Which type of symmetry likely arose first in animals?
radial symmetry
Some sponges have an endoskeleton composed of small, needle-like structures called ______
spicules
An aquatic, marine animal that belongs to phylum Porifera and has a saclike body with many pores is a
sponges
The specialized cells of an animal will form
tissues
Hirudin is a substance in the saliva of leeches that is used ______.
to prevent blood from clotting and to keep it flowing
Animals that have an internal skeleton of bone and/or cartilage are called
vertebrates
The soft-bodied portion of a mollusc body is called the ______
visceral mass
Select the three anatomical features shared by all molluscs.
visceral mass mantle foot
Neandertals contributed between _____________% of the genes found in modern humans of Eurasian descent.
1-4
Millipedes have ____ pair(s) of legs associated with each segment while centipedes have ______ pair(s) of legs associated with each segment.
2; 1
How many pairs of mouthparts do crustaceans have on their head region?
3
How many pairs of walking legs do horseshoe crabs have?
4
Identify the functions of the air sacs in birds.
Air moves one way through the lungs Continuous gas exchange across respiratory tissue Lighten the body for flight
Identify the advantages that metamorphosis provides to organisms.
Allows the different life stages to feed on different foods. Enables different life stages to live in different environments.
Salamanders, newts, frogs, and toads belong to a group of vertebrates called
Amphibians
If, at some point in its life history, an animal has a notochord, a nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and a postanal tail, this animal belongs to which phylum?
Chordata
Where do the young of marsupials begin their development?
Inside the females body
The excretory system of some arthropods consist of structures called ______ that aid in the excretion of nitrogenous wastes.
Malpighian tubules
Blood flukes occur predominantly in which areas of the world?
Middle East Asia Africa
Which phylum are roundworms classified under?
Nematoda
Select the continents where marsupials are found.
North America South America Australia
A digestive tract with _______ opening(s), like that of planarians, is known as an incomplete digestive tract.
ONE
Adult tunicates or sea squirts have ______ chordate characteristic(s).
ONE
Flatworms are classified in the phylum
Platyhelminthes
The type of symmetry shown in the diagram is _____ symmetry
RADIAL
List in order, placing the first step at the top, the events involved in Trichinosis infection.
The live larvae carried human
How do monotremes feed their young?
The young lick up the milk from mammary glands on the mother's abdomen.
Which of the following distinguishes marsupials and monotremes from other placental mammals?
The young of both monotremes and marsupials show extensive development outside the female's body.
Select the advantages provided to animals by muscular and nervous tissues.
These tissues enable animals to seek mates and shelter. These tissues enable animals to search for food. These tissues enable coordinated movement and flexibility.
Which of the following is true about sea stars?
They are active predators.
Which of the following are true about lancelets?
They are chordates They are invertebrates
Why are germ layers so named?
They give rise to organs and organ systems in animals.
How does the nephridium excrete wastes from the body of an annelid?
Through an opening in the body wall.`
The following choices are steps in the process of food capture for planarians. Place the steps in order, starting with the first step on the top and moving down..
WRAPS ENTANGLES ENTENDS TEARS UP
Which of the following is true about marsupial development?
Young are born immature and further development occurs in the pouch.
Which of the following is true about marsupials?
Young are born very immature.
Select the characteristics of annelids from the choices below.
a closed circulatory system a complete digestive system segmentation a coelom divided by septa
In what form do animals begin their life cycle?
a diploid zygote
Select the following traits that are associated with the success of the arthropods.
a variety of respiratory organs reduced competition through metamorphosis a jointed exoskeleton segmentation a well-developed nervous system
The third body division of an insect, which is called the _______ , contains most of the internal organs.
abdomen
Which of the following are characteristics of mammals associated with an active life style?
ability to expand lung capacity well-developed brain 4-chambered heart
An infection with trichinella, called Trichinosis, has several phases. At which phase of infection do symptoms like fatigue, fever, and digestive disorders occur?
after the adults are present in the small intestine
The development of the ______ egg eliminated the need for reptiles to have to live in a moist environment during development and made living on land entirely possible.
amniotic
The group of animals that have three chambered hearts, have to be near water but live on land, and use lungs for respiration are called
amphibious
Instinctive behavior in birds is associated with
an enlarged portion of the well-developed brain.
Vertebrate animals have
an internal skeleton.
Muscle and nervous tissue are unique to
animals
Which group of organisms are eukaryotic, multicellular, chemoheterotrophs, which carry out internal digestion?
animals
Christmas tree worms and leeches are examples of animals called ______.
annelids
Segmented worms belong to which group?
annelids
Which of the following groups is characterized by a coelom divided by septa, a complete digestive tract, and visible segmentation?
annelids
Hirudin is a(n) _____ found in the saliva of leeches.
anticoagulant
Mites, ticks, spiders, and scorpions are all members of which group?
arachnids
The vertebral column of vertebrates provides evidence that they
are segmented.
Sponges are Parazoans. Where does this put them on the evolutionary tree of animals?
at the bottom
Which of the organisms indicated in the figure is a lancelet?
b
Identify the role that ray fins perform for ray-finned fishes.
balancing their body in water propelling the body forward while swimming
Ticks transmit diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever because they feed on the _____ of vertebrates.
blood
Flukes are named for the organs they inhabit. Select the three types of parasitic flukes from the choices below.
blood lung liver
What is extracted from horseshoe crabs to test for the presence of bacterial toxins in vaccines?
blood cells
Annelids have an extensive closed circulatory system, meaning
blood vessels contain the blood and run the length of the body.
Ectothermic means
body temperature matches the environmental temperature.
Segmentation includes repetition of __________.
body units
The lobe-finned fishes are
bony fishes with fleshy appendages and a lung.
Cephalization evolved with bilateral symmetry. Cephalization is the localizations of the ____ and the _____ organs at the anterior end of an animal.
brain sensory
Select examples of echinoderms from the list below.
brittle stars sea cucumbers sea stars sea urchins sand dollars
The arrow is pointing to what Cnidarian structure?
bud
During asexual reproduction, sponges can produce small protuberances that gradually increase in size, forming a new individual. This type of asexual reproduction is called ______
budding
A swim bladder functions in
buoyancy, allowing a fish to move up and down in the water.
Sharks, skates, and rays are
cartilaginous fish
Which group is characterized as being carnivorous?
centipedes
The fused head and thorax region in crustaceans is called a
cephalothorax.
Which of the following is not one of the insect body regions?
cephalothorax`
An exoskeleton composed of ______ is one of the traits that led to the success of the arthropods.
chitin
Tunicates and lancelets are the only two types of invertebrate ______.
chordates
Hydra, cup corals, and sea anemones are examples of _____.
cnidarians
Select all of the gastropods from the list below.
conchs snails nudibranchs
A group of mostly marine arthropods with five sets of appendages on their heads, and hard, crusty exoskeletons are known as the ______.
crustaceans
Which of the following are consumed by sea stars?
crustaceans molluscs
Which term best describes the feeding habits of most echinoderms?
detritivores
Animals gain their nutrition by eating whole foods and absorbing nutrients following internal
digestion
The extinct group of reptiles that ruled the Earth for over 100 million years, which are ancestral to modern birds, are the
dinosaurs
What group of extinct reptiles is ancestral to modern birds?
dinosaurs
The wings of insects are beneficial for which of the following? Select all that apply.
dispersing offspring escaping enemies finding food facilitating mating
Invertebrate animals
do not typically have endoskeletons.
Differences in teeth can be used to distinguish mammals from one another because teeth indicate what a mammal
eats
The nematodes and arthropods both belong to a group of molting animals called _____.
ecdysozoans
Sand dollars, sea stars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins are all examples of _______ , the group of invertebrates most closely related to chordates.
echinoderms
Crustaceans are mostly marine and include lobsters, crabs, and crayfish. Their ______ is hard and crusty.
eckoskeleton
Animals that do not have an internal source for generating heat are called _____.
ectothermic
Animals that generate internal heat are called
ectotherms
Fishes, amphibians, and reptiles (other than birds) don't have a mechanism to metabolically generate body heat and thus are considered
ectotherms
Which roundworm infection is characterized by swollen limbs?
elephantiasis
The vertebral column is part of the _______ of a vertebrate.
endoskeleton
Birds and mammals generate internal heat and are therefore ______.
endotherms
Ecdysis is the shedding of the nonliving ______ by certain animals.
exoskeleton
The chorion is one example of a(n) _____ _____, an important part of the amniotic egg that serves to provide nourishment, protection, and exchange of gases for a developing embryo.
extraembryonic membrane
Squids and octopuses have a well-developed _____ that resembles that of vertebrates.
eye
The wings of insects are beneficial for which of the following? Select all that apply
facilitating mating escaping enemies dispersing offspring finding food
True or false: Birds can only navigate during the day because they rely heavily on their acute vision sense.
false
True or false: Horseshoe crabs are a type of crustacean.
false
True or false: Respiration in birds is inefficient because air moves only one way through the lungs
false
True or false: The mouthparts of all insects are the same.
false
true or false: Birds can only navigate during the day because they rely heavily on their acute vision sense.
false
Sponges gather their food by
filter feeding.
What two features are typical of the heads of crustaceans?
five pairs of appendages a pair of compound eyes
Nearly every anatomical feature of a bird is related somehow to its ability to
fly.
Select the characteristics of birds which are adaptations to flight.
forelimbs modified to wings hollow bones efficient gas exchange in lungs
Birds have a ______ chambered heart.
four
The bird heart has _____ chambers, which completely separates the oxygen-rich blood from the oxygen-poor blood.
four
Mammals have _____ on the body surface that functions to insulate the body against heat loss.
fur
Select the examples of ray-finned fishes.
haddock trout salmon perch
Which two of the following are jawless fishes?
hagfishes lampreys
Which feature of mammals provides insulation against heat loss, allowing mammals to be active in cold weather?
hair
The body of an insect is divided into which three parts?
head throax abdomen
Centipedes are carnivorous while millipedes are
herbivores.
Which of the following parasitic nematode worms lives in the human intestine and feeds on blood?
hookworm
Which arachnid is of particular interest to medical science in that it may produce antibacterial, antibiotic, antiviral, and anticancer compounds?
horseshoe crabs
The thorax of an insect bears what two features?
hree pairs of legs sometimes one or two pairs of wings
An enlarged area of the brain of a bird seems to play a role in
instinctive behavior.
Most mammals undergo _____ development, which shelters the young and allows a female to be active during the maturation of her developing offspring.
internal
Tunicates and lancelets are the only two _____ chordates, distinguish them from animals like fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals, whose notochords are replaced by a vertebral column
invertebrate
Tunicates and lancelets are the only two _____ chordates, distinguish them from animals like fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals, whose notochords are replaced by a vertebral column.
invertebrate
Which group of animals is the most numerous?
invertebrates
How does Acaris usually initially infect a human or animal?
its eggs enter the body in vegetables, on unwashed hands, or ingested fecal matter
What are you likely to find on/in the abdomen segment of an insect?
its internal organs
Fishes without tooth-bearing head bones, such as hagfishes and lampreys, are the ______fishes
jawless
From the choices below select the examples of cnidarians.
jellyfish Portuguese man-of-war Hydra coral sea anemone
Which shark sensory system allows sharks to detect pressure changes within the water column?
lateral line system
Monotremes are mammals that
lay eggs
A group of bony fish that is thought to have given rise to amphibians is the ______.
lobe-finned fish
Which of the following body structures first evolved to allow animals to exist on land?
lungs
Elephantiasis, which is caused by a roundworm, causes extreme swelling due to blocked _____ vessels
lymph
Besides being endotherms _______ differ from other vertebrate animals because they have hair and nurse their young with milk produced by the female.
mammals
Which of the characteristics below are exclusive to mammals?
mammary glands for milk production hair on their bodies
A larval stage becomes an adult as a result of which process?
metamorphosis
The process whereby a caterpillar changes into a butterfly is an example of
metamorphosis
Which of these processes, exemplified by caterpillars and butterflies, allows the larval form of an animal to have a different lifestyle than an adult?
metamorphosis
Female mammals provide ______ to feed their young.
milk
Select the examples of arachnids.
mites scorpions spiders ticks
Which is the most important characteristic of the soil for earthworm gas exchange?
moisture
Which type of evidence places sponges with the Parazoans, at the bottom of the evolutionary tree?
molecular data
There is a group of animals called ecdysozoans that shed their nonliving exoskeletons as they grow; the process of shedding the exoskeleton is called
molting
The group of mammals that lay eggs is called
monotremes
What group of baby mammals feed by lapping up their mother's milk from her abdomen?
monotremes
Which two features are typical of insect heads?
mouthparts sense organs
A water vascular system, which is a feature of echinoderms, allows this group of animals to _____.
move
The capsules found on the tentacles of cnidarians, which are used for defense and capturing prey are called
nematocysts
A tubule found in most segments of an annelid that collects and excretes waste is called a(n)
nephridium
Which of the following chordate characteristics are exhibited in sea squirt larvae?
nerve cord a postanal tail a notochord pharyngeal pouch
Which two features are characteristic of the head structure of a lobster?
nonsegmented carapace covering the top and sides fused with the thorax
All chordates, at some point during their lifetime, have a dorsal supporting rod called a ______.
notochord
In vertebrates, the remnants of the _____ can be seen in the intervertebral discs.
notochord
The dorsal supporting rod found in chordates is called a
notochord
Select the four basic traits seen in all chordates at some point during development.
notochord postanal tail pharyngeal pouches dorsal tubular nerve cord
A bond is created between a mother and her offspring during a process called _______, which also allows a mother to nourish her young without leaving them to look for food.
nursing
Which of the following leads to increased efficiency in gas exchange in bird lungs?
one way flow of air
Ticks can be described as ______ and carry diseases that can be spread to humans.
parasites
Which of the following are roundworms frequently acquired by children in the United States?
pinworms
Gas exchange, waste removal, and nourishment occur via the extraembryonic membranes in amniotes, and via the _______ n placental mammals.
placenta
The most abundant type of mammal is the _____ mammals.
placental
Free-living flatworms with ladder-like nervous systems are called
planarian
Select the mechanisms used by birds to navigate during migration.
position of sun or stars magnetic fields of Earth
Reptiles have characteristically hard, scaly skin that serves to protect this group from ______ and from drying out, or dessication.
predators
Reptiles have characteristically hard, scaly skin that serves to protect this group from _______ and from drying out, or dessication.
predators
The evolution of jaws permits a ________ lifestyle.
predatory
Motility and flexible movements in animals are the result of the
presence of nerves and muscles.
Select the functions of the extraembryonic membranes of an amniotic egg.
prevents dessication allows movement of oxygen and nitrogenous waste provides food and water1q
Which of the following are functions of nematocysts?
protection from predators prey capture
Marsupials are a group of mammals in which the females have _____ on their abdomen for the newly born young to climb into.
puches
An animal has _____ symmetry if it is arranged around a central axis, like spokes on a wheel.
radial
The first animals to evolve had _____ symmetry
radial
What group of fishes have fins supported by thin, bony spikes?
ray-finned fishes
Spiders have excretory organs called Malpighian tubules, which work in conjunction with rectal glands to
reabsorb ions and water.
Birds have a tail with vertebrae, clawed feed, and scales because they are ______ , whose feathers are actually modified scales.
reptiles
Crocodiles, turtles, snakes, lizards, and birds are all examples of a group of vertebrate animals called
reptiles
What two factors play a role in bird behaviors associated with breeding?
ritualized courtship behavior parental care of young
Parasitic ______ can be found in every animal including humans and some plants.
roundworms
Select the two groups of animals that are called ecdysozoans from the choices below.
roundworms arthropods
What are the common names of the groups of living amphibians?
salamanders and newts frogs and toads
The typical reptile body is covered with ______.
scales
Annelids are also referred to aS
segmentary worms
The repeated nature of vertebrae in the vertebrate body plan provides evidence for an evolutionary trend called
segmentation
The repetition of body parts along the length of the body is called ______
segmentation
The vertebral column is evidence of ______ in vertebrate animals.
segmentation
The repetition of body parts along the length of the body is called
segmentation.
What three senses do sharks primarily use to detect their prey?
sense of smell electrical current sensing a lateral line system
elect the physical traits that apply to amphibians.
sense organs lungs three chambered heart jointed limbs aquatic reproduction
The structure that divides the body of an Annelid into segments is called a
septa
In which way(s) do sponges reproduce?
sexually and asexually
Which of the following are examples of cartilaginous fishes?
sharks skates rays
A bird's keen sense of ____ is an adaptation necessary for flight.
sight
A bird's keen sense of _____is an adaptation necessary for flight.
sight
Which type of sensory information allows sharks to sense minute amounts of blood in the water?
smell
Select the examples of reptiles that are alive today from the choices below.
snakes lizards turtles birds crocodiles
Choose three ways in which humans, cats, dogs, or other vertebrates can become infected with Ascaris, the parasitic roundworm.
soiled fingers uncooked vegetables ingested fecal material
Select choices where parasitic roundworms may be found living.
some plants every type of animal including humans
Which location would be the greatest number of marsupial species?
south of Mexico
Modern humans have advanced Neandertal genes. For example, the SPAG17 protein helps move
sperm
Malpighian tubules aid in the reabsorption of ions in __________.
spiders
Which group of animals do not have true tissues?
sponges
The term gastropod means _______.
stomach-footed
A ______ ______ is a gas-filled sac that allows ray-finned fishes to maintain their buoyancy.
swim bladder
True or false: The placenta of placental mammals performs a similar function as the extraembryonic membranes of the amniote egg.
t
Which of the following birds traits indicate that they share a common ancestor with crocodiles and are reptiles?
tail vertebrae clawed feet scales
a b c
tentacle polyp float
Where is a person is most likely to contract schistosomiasis, an infection caused by blood flukes?
the Middle East, Asia, or Africa
Which feature makes reptiles capable of life on land, without the need for water during development?
the amniotic egg
For what two reasons is internal development an advantage to mammals?
the female is still mobile while the young mature the young are sheltered
The tooth-bearing bones of the jawed fishes are believed to have evolved from
the first pair of gill arches.
The remnants of what chordate characteristic can be seen in the intervertebral discs of vertebrates?
the notochord
Placental mammals make up
the vast majority of living mammals.
Planarians are hermaphrodites, meaning
they possess both male and female sex organs.
The body section of an insect that bears three pairs of legs and up to two pairs of wings is the
thorax
The insect body is divided into a head, _____ , and abdomen.
thorax
Select the physical traits that apply to amphibians.
three chambered heart sense organs lungs aquatic reproduction jointed limbs
Select all of the characteristics of flatworms.
three germ layers bilateral symmetry lack a coelom
Select the features of planarians.
three muscular layers ciliated lower epidermis ladder-like nervous system cephalization bilateral symmetry
Sponges are multicellular but lack true
tissues
True or false: Adult lancelets have all 4 chordate characteristics.
true
True or false: Metamorphosis is an advantage because it leads to reduced competition for food and space.
true
Which of the following animals are invertebrates, meaning they do not have a vertebral column and are therefore considered to be the first chordates to have evolved?
tunicates
Which of the following animals are invertebrates, meaning they do not have a vertebral column and are therefore considered to be the first chordates to have evolved?`
tunicates
The phylum Nematoda contains the
unsegmented roundworms.
The bony fishes make up the
vast majority of living vertebrates.
Echinoderm locomotion depends upon an innovation called the
water vascular system.
What adaptations do birds have that are suited for flight?
well-developed brains excellent muscle reflexes acute vision
In addition to 6 legs, insects have 2 pairs of ______ on the thorax, which aid in movement and dispersal.
wings
Animals usually reproduce sexually and begin their lives as a fertilized diploid egg called a(n)
zygote.