Chapter 19 Biology

what is a plasmodium

Feeding stage of a slime mold in which it is a mobile cytoplasmic mass with many diploid nuclei but no separate cells

centrioles

small, cylindrical organelles that are involved in mitosis and usually are not found in the cells of fungi

phytoplankton

the microscopic, photosynthetic organisms that float near the surface and are a basic source of food in many aquatic ecosystems a) phyto-plant like

How do amoeba's reproduce? What are cysts?

1. Amoebas reproduce by asexual reproduction during which a parent cell divides into two identical offspring 2. During harsh environmental conditions, SOME AMOEBAS BECOME CYSTS THAT HELP THEM TO SURVIVE UNTIL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IMPROVE AND SURVIVAL IS MORE LIKELY a) they seal themselves up in a hard protective coating and wait out until the condition is improved b) like endospores

What are the phyla for the fungus like protists

1. Myxomycota 2. Acrasiomycota 3. Oomycota

What types of organisms are considered fungus-like protists?

1. Slime molds 2. water molds

What is the anal pore? What is its function on the paramecium and where is it found?

DISPOSES OF WASTE PRODUCTS FOR THE CELL 1. waste products are excreted (exit) through the anal pore

What is the gullet? What is its function on the paramecium and where is it found?

IT IS LOCATED BETWEEN THE ORAL GROOVE AND AND THE FOOD VACUOLE a) acts like a throat for the paramecium 1. Once the food reaches the end of the gullet, it is enclosed in a food vacuole 2. Enzymes within the food vacuole break down the food into nutrients that can diffuse into the cytoplasm of the paramecium

what is alternation of generations

REPRODUCTIVE LIFE CYCLE THAT ALTERNATES BETWEEN A DIPLOID (2n) SPOROPHYTE GENERATION AND A HAPLOID (n) GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION 1. It takes two life cycles to complete: a) one that reproduces sexually b) one that reproduces asexually 2. organisms alternate between a diploid (2n) form and a haploid (n) form, each of which is considered a generation

What type of organisms is found in pylum rhodophyta? Give examples

THE RED ALGAE 1. CONTAIN ACCESSORY PIGMENTS PHYCOBILINS 2. absorbs blue wavelengths of light that penetrate deep into the oceans a) allows red algae to live at depths where other algae can't live b) these pigments enable the red algae to absorb green, violet, and blue light that can penetrate water to a depth of 100m or more c) this allows red algae to live and photosynthesized in deeper water than other algae 3. most are multicellular, maybe other types of body forms 4. EXAMPLES: Corollina a) some red algae also contribute to the formation of coral reefs b) the cell walls of the red alga Coralline contain calcium carbonate c) the calcium carbonate binds together the bodies of other organisms called stony coral to form coral reefs

What is chitin

a complex carbohydrate that is found in the cell walls of fungi and in the external skeletons of insects, crabs, and centipedes

what does the suffix -mycota mean

fungus like

What types of organisms are found in the phylum Pyrraphyta? Give examples

CALLED DINOFLAGELLATES 1. CELL WALLS LOOK LIKE PLATES OF ARMOR AND HAVE 2 FLAGELLA AT RIGHT ANGLES TO ONE ANOTHER THAT CAUSE THEM TO SPIN a) as the flagella beat, a spinning motion is created so dinoflagellates spin as they move through the water b) some members of this group have cell walls made of think cellulose plates that resemble helmets or suits of armor 2. CAUSES RED RIDES AND ALGAL BLOOMS 3. ARE BIOLOUMINESCENT DINOGLAGELLATES 4. part of the phytoplankton 5. although there are a few freshwater dinoflagellates, most are found in saltwater 6. Dinoflagellates vary in how they get their nutritional requirements a) some dinoflagellates are phtosynthetic autotrophs and other species are heterotrophs b) the heterotrophic dinoflagellates can be carnivorous, parasitic, or mutualistic c) mutualistic dinoflagellates have relationships with organisms such as jellyfishes, mollusks, and corals 7 EXAMPLES: PERIDINIUM

what are pseudopods

a temporary extension of cytoplasm 1. These extensions surround and envelop a smaller organism, forming a food vacuole a) digestive enzymes are secreted and break down the captured organism 2. slow process 3. it is sealed with the cell membrane and the organisms is put into a food vacuole

bioluminescent

able to emit light 1. characteristic of phylum pyrrophyta

ectoplasm

an outer cell membrane and an inner thickened cyctoplasm that envelops amoeba

What are spores

reproductive cells that form without fertilization and are found on sporozoans

What are protists?

UNICELLULAR, MULTICELLULAR, OR COLONIAL EURKAYOTE WHOSE CELL WALLS MAY CONTAIN CELLULOSE; CAN BE PLANTLIKE, ANIMAL-LIKE, OR FUNGUS LIKE a) IF IT IS A EUKARYOTE, BUT NOT AN ANIMAL, PLANT, OR FUNGI THEN IT IS A PROTIST 1. Protists are classified more easily by what they are not than by what they are a) Protists are not animals, plants or fungi because they do not have all of the characteristics necessary to place them in any of these kingdoms 2. Kingdom Protista was created to include this diverse group of more than 200,000 organisms 3. ALL PROTISTS ARE EUKARYOTES WHICH MEANS THEY HAVE MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES AND A DNA FOUND IN A MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUS a) like all eurkayotes, the DNA of protists is found within the membrane bound eukaryotes, there are remarkable differences in their reproductive methods b) Some reproduce asexually by mitosis while others exchange genetic material during meiosis

What are micronucleus and macronucleus?

1. ALL KNOWN CILIATES HAVE TWO KINDS OF NUCLEI: THE MACRONUCLEUS AND A SMALLER MICRONUCLEUS a) a cell might contain more than one of each of these nuclei 2. Both nuclei contain the genetic information for the cell 3. The MACRONUCLEI CONTAIN MULTIPLE COPIES OF THE CELL'S GENOME, WHICH CONTROLS THE EVERYDAY FUNCTIONS OF THE CELLS SUCH AS: a) feeding b) waste elimination c) maintaining water balance within the cell d) contains the information that runs the paramecium 4. THE MICRONUCLEUS IS USED FOR REPRODUCTION

What are the uses for algae

1. Algae are used as a source of food for animals and people worldwide 2. In coastal areas of North America and Europe, algae are fed to farm animals as a food supplement 3. Algae are found in many dishes and processed foods 4 Algae are nutritious because of their high protein content and because they contain minerals, trace elements, and vitamins 5. Some of the substances found in algae also are used to stabilize or improve the texture of processed foods, without adding fat to those product

What are the life cycles of algae

1. Algae can alternate between spore-producing forms and gamete-producing forms 2. They can reproduce sexually as well as asexually a) green algae also reproduce asexually through fragmentation, a process in which a multicellular individual breaks into separate pieces and each grows into an individual organisms 3. TWO PROCESSES: a) alternation of generations b) haploid and diploid generations 4. the haploid form of the organisms is called the GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION BECAUSE IT PRODUCES GAMETES a) this generation begins with spores and ends with male and female gamete b) gametes from two different organisms combine to form a zygote with two complete sets of chromosomes c) the diploid form begins with fertilization and ends when the sporophyte creates spores d) the zygote develops into the sporophyte (2n) e) in the sporophyte, some cells divide by meiosis and become haploid spores (n) f) SPORES ARE REPRODUCTIVE CELLS THAT DEVELOP INTO GAMETOPHYTES g) the new gametophytes continue the cycle

What type of organisms are found in the phylum Bacillariophyta? Give examples

1. CELL WALLS RICH IN SILICA, FIT TOGETHER LIKE A BOX AND LID 2. EXAMPLE: DIATOMS 3. big part of phytoplankton 4. ALGAE THAT STORE THEIR FOOD AS OIL RATHER THAN STARCH a) diatoms store their food as oil instead of carbohydrates, which not only makes diatoms a nutritious food source for many marine animals, but it also provides buoyancy b) oil is less dense than water, so diatoms float closer to the surface of the water, where they can absorb energy from the Sun for photosynthesis 5. unicellular algae that are photosynthetic diatoms 6. they produce food by photosynthesis using chlorophyll a and secondary pigments called CAROTENOIDS, which give diatoms their golden-yellow color 7. diatoms reproduce both sexually and asexually a) asexual reproduction occurs when the two separated halves each create a new half that can fit inside the old one b) this process produces increasingly smaller diatoms c) when a diatom is about one quarter of its original size, sexual reproduction is triggered and gametes are produced d) the gametes fuse to form a zygote that develops into a full sized diatom. the reproduction cycle then repeats 8. the hard silica walls of the diatom last long after the diatom has died a) the silica walls accumulate on the ocean floor to form sediment known as diatomaceous earth b) this sediment is collected and used as an abrasive and filtering agent c) the gritty texture of many tooth polishes and metal polishes is due to the presence of diatom shells

What are examples of protozoans

1. Cillates 2. amoebas 3. apicomplexans 4. zooflagellates 5. paramecium

What are examples of algae

1. Euglenoids 2. diatoms 3. dinoflagellates 4. green algae 5. red algae 6. brown algae 7. yellow-green algae 8. golden-brown algae

What are fungus-like protists?

1. FUNGUSLIKE PROTISTS OBTAIN THEIR BY ABSORBING NUTRIENTS FROM DEAD OR DECAYING ORGANISMS a) same way that fungus do b) fungus like protists are important decomposers 2. THESE ORGANISMS ARE NOT CLASSIFIED AS FUNGI BECAUSE: a) fungus like protists have centrioles and fungus do not b) fungi and funguslike protists differ in the composition of their cell walls. Fungi cell walls are composed of chitin and fungi like protists's cell walls contain cellulose or cellulose like compounds c) Also slime molds produce flowing bodies like fungi REQUIREMENT: 1. considered fungus like because they feed on decaying organic matter and absorb nutrients through their cell walls a) Some slime molds consume other organisms and a few slime molds are parasites 2. Use spores to reproduce

What is the origin of protists

1. Protists might have been the first eukayotes to appear billions of years ago 2. Grouping protists by how they obtain nutrition is a convenient method of classifying them a) however, this method does not consider an organism's evolutionary history b) scientists are still trying to sort out the evolutionary relationships between protists and other other kingdoms c) as scientists learn more information, the organization of Kingdom Protista most likely will change 3. THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF PROTISTS IS BASED ON THE THEORY OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS a) proposed by Lynn Margulis b) suggests that eukaryotes, including protists, formed when a large prokaryote engulfed a smaller c) the two organisms lived symbiotically d) eventually, the organisms evolved into a single, more highly developed organisms e) some scientists think that the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in some eukaryotes, including protists were once individual organisms 4. All protists have a common ancestral eukayotic cell a) the mitochondria became part of protist cells early in the evolutionary process b) algae are the only protists with chloroplasts and that undergo photosynthesis

What is the habitat of protists

1. Protists typically are found in damp or aquatic environments such as decaying leaves, damp soil, ponds, streams, and oceans 2. Protists also live in symbiotic relationships a) microsporidia are used as insecticide to protect plants b) green algae help the brown sloth blend into the leaves on the tree, providing camouflage for the sloth and they live in the hair of a sloth c) a sloth is a large, slow-moving mammal that lives in the uppermost branches of trees in tropical rain forests d) the sloth spends most of its life hanging upside down

What is the structure of ameoba? What is the substitution for the anal pore?

1. Pseudopod 2. food vacuole a) found inside the ectoplasm and in the cytoplasm 3. nucleus a) found inside the ectoplasm and in the cytoplasm 4. cell membrane 5. contractile vacuole a) occasionally b) found inside the ectoplasm and in the cytoplasm 6. endoplasm 7. ectoplasm 8. tests a) surround the cell membrane 9. Notice that an amoeba does not have an anal pore like the paramecium a) waste products and undigested food particles are excreted by diffusion through the cell membrane into the surrounding water

What are slime molds?

1. Slime molds are a type of fungus like protists 2. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SLIME MOLDS: a) acellular slime molds b) cellular slime molds 3. Slime molds are found in a variety of colors, ranging from yellows and oranges to blue, black, and red 3. They are found in damp, shady places where decaying organic matter is located a) example a pile of decaying leaves or on rotting logs

What are red tides? How are they dangerous?

1. Some dinoflagellates have red photosynthetic pigments, and when they bloom, the ocean is tinged red a) these blooms are called red tides 2. Red tides can be a serious threat to humans because some species of dinoflagellates produce a potentially lethal nerve toxin a) the toxin affect people primarily when people eat shellfish b) shellfish that feed by filtering particles ingest the toxin dinoflagellates from the water c) the toxins become concentrated in tissues of the shellfish d) people and other organisms can become seriously ill or die from consuming these toxic shellfish 3. Red tides must be closely monitored a) one method scientists use to track red tides is reviewing satellite images b) however, floating robots are being developed that can constantly measure the concentration of red tide algae c) if the concentration becomes too high, scientists can issue a warning to stop shellfish harvesting

What is the basic body forms/diversity of algae?

1. UNICELLULAR: a) ex: chlaydomonas b) most belong to a group of organisms known as PHYTOPLANKTON c) phytoplankton are vital in acquatic ecosystems because they provide the base of the food web in thee environments d) as a by product of photosynthesis, they also produce much of the oxygen found in Earth's atmosphere 2. COLONIAL ALGAE: a) ex: volvox b) consists of groups of individual cells acting in a coordinated manner c) individuals living together as one unit d) have daughter colonies that break open the parent cell when they are grown 3. MULTICELLULAR ALGAE: a) ex: kelp and seaweeds b) are large and complex and often appear plantlike

What are the characteristics of algae

1. all have chlorophyll a a) the light absorbing pigments of algae are found in chloroplasts b) in man algae, the primary pigment is chlorophyll a, which is the same pigment that gives plants their characteristic green color 2. most are aquatic and have flagella at some point

What are foraminiferans? How are they used by geologists?

1. foraminiferans, a type of amoeba, have tests made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), grains of sand, and other particles cemented together 2. geologists use the fossilized remains of foraminiferans to determine the age of some rocks and sediments, and to identify possible sites for oil drilling a) when the forainiferan dies, its test does to the bottom of the sea and builds up over time b) The White Cliffs of Dover on England's coast are made of deposits of foraminifera shells

What is the steps in the life cycle of plasmodium?

1. mosquito, the first host, ingests plasmodium gametes when it bites an infected human 2. A zygote develops in mosquitos gut and produces sporozoites (cells) a) take place inside the mosquito 3. the mosquito injects sporozoites when it bites a new person, the second host, and enter the human bloodstream a) the sporozoites travel to the mosquito's salivary glands 4. Sporozoites travel through the bloodstream to the liver where they reproduce asexually producing merozoites (cells) 5. Merozoites infect red blood cells (RBC), reproduce rapidly and release toxin, and some form gametes a) the red blood cells burst, releasing toxins, more merozoites that infect other red blood cells, and gametes into the bloodstream b) now the person has malaria

What are examples of fungus like protists

1. slime molds 2. water molds 3. downy mildews

what is the danger of algal blooms

1. when food is plentiful and environmental conditions are favorable, dinoflagellates reproduce in great numbers 2. these population explosions are called ALGAL BLOOMS 3. algal blooms can be harmful when they deplete the nutrients in the water 4. when the food supply diminishes, the dinoflagellates die in large numbers 5. as the death algae decompose, the oxygen supply in the water is depleted, suffocating fish and other marine organisms 6. additional fish suffocate when their gills become clogged with dinoflagellates

What is the African sleeping sickness

A DISEASE CAUSED BY A SPECIES OF TRYPANOSOMA THAT ARE FOUND IN EAST AND WEST AFRICA 1. the life cycle of the zooflagellates that cause both African sleeping sicknesses are similar to the one that causes American sleeping sickness 2. the insect host IS THE TSETSE FLY a) the blood-sucking tsetse fly becomes infected when it feeds on an infected human or other mammal 3. the zooflagellate reproduces in the gut of the fly and then migrates to its salivary glands a) when the fly bites the human, the zooflagellate is transferred to the human host 4. the zooflagellates reproduce in the human host and CAUSE: a) fever b) inflammation of the lymph nodes c) damage to the nervous system d) when humans and animals are infected, they can fall into a coma

What is the American sleeping sickness (Chagas' disease)

A DISEASE THAT IS CAUSED BY A SPECIES OF TRYPANOSOME THAT ARE FOUND IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA 1. the zooflagellates that cause Chagas' disease are similar to the sporozoans that cause malaria in that they have two hosts in their life cycles and insects spread the disease through the human population 2. THE REDUVIID BUG SERVES AS ONE HOST FOR THE PROTIST IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA a) the kissing bug because it bites around the lips, leaving an itchy mark that cause the person to whip the feces into the wound b) the reduviid bug gets it nutrients by sucking blood from a human host c) DURING THE FEEDING PROCESS, THE ZOOFLAGELLATES PASS OUT OF THE REDUVIDD BODY THROUGH ITS FECES 3. The zooflagellates enter the human body through the wound site or mucus membranes a) once the zooflagellates enters the body, it multiplies in the bloodstream and can damage the heart, liver, and spleen b) causes tiredness

what are tests?

A HARD, POROUS COVERING SIMILAR TO A (TINY) SHELL, WHIH SURROUNDS THE CELL MEMBRANE 1. Foraminiferans and radiolarians are types of amoebas that have tests a) Radiolarians have tests made mostly of silica (SiO2) b) the tests of foraminiferans and radiolarians have holes in them for pseudopods 2. most of these amoebas live in marine environments, although these are some freshwater species

What is conjugation? What are the steps?

A SEXUAL PROCESS IN WHICH GENETIC INFORMATION IS EXCHANGED 1. Ciliates maintain genetic variation by undergoing conjugation a) bacteria do this for the same reason 2. Conjugation is considered a sexual process, but it is not considered sexual reproduction because new organisms are not formed PROCESS OF CONJUGATION FOR PARAMECIUM: 1. During conjugation, two paramecia form a cytoplasmic bridge and their diploid micronuclei undergo meiosis a) making haploid cells (4) b) they do this by pressing their oral grooves together 2. three (out of four) of the newly made micronuclei dissolve, the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis a) now there are two 3. one micronucleus from each cell is exchanged, and the two paramecia separate a) when they separate, they are now genetically different than when they joined together 4. the macronucleus disintegrates and the micronuclei combine and form a new diploid macronucleus 5. At the end of conjugation, each cell contains a macronucleus, micronuclei, and a new combination of genetic information

What is a paramecium? What is the structure of it?

A UNICELLULAR PROTOZOAN THAT IS A PART OF THE CILIOPHORA PHYLUM a) some of the most commonly studied ciliates are found in the genus Paramecium b) some types can live symbiotically with green algae PARTS OF THE STRUCTURE: 1. Pellicle 2. ectoplasm a) a layer of cytoplasm beneath the pellicle that houses the trichocysts 3. Tichocysts 4. cilia 5. oral groove 6. gullet 7. anal pore 8. contractile vacuoles

What is the phylium sarcodina? What are examples of organisms that are in this phylium?

ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS THAT USE PSEUDOPODS FOR FEEDING AND LOCOMOTION 1. Amoeba, a representative sarcodine, are found in saltwater, although some freshwater species live in streams, in muddy bottoms of ponds, and in damp patches of moss and leaves a) some amoeba are parasites that live inside an animal host 2. Members of this phylum have tests EXAMPLES: 1. any ameoba 2. Radiolarians 3. Foraminiferans

What are cellular slime molds? What is their life cycle?

ARE FOUND IN THE PHYLUM ACRASIOMYCOTA 1. These fungus like protists creep over rich, moist soil and engulf bacteria 2. THEY SPEND MOST OF THEIR TIME AS SINGLE AMOEBA LIKE CELLS AND HAVE NO FLAGELLA a) feeding stage for them b) as long as the conditions are good they will stay as single cells LIFE CYCLE: 1. When food is plentiful two single haploid amoeba like cells united to form a zygote a) this is sexual reproduction b) the zygote develops into a giant cell and undergoes meiosis followed by several divisions by mitosis c) eventually, the giant cell ruptures, releasing new haploid amoebas 2. When food is scarce, the single amoeba like cells reproduce asexually a) by binary fission b) GIVE OFF A CHEMICAL CALLED ACRASIN 3. The Acrasin causes a chemical signal to the single cells and causes the amoeba like cells to form a slug like colony that functions as a single organisms a) they can function together and move like a multi-cellular organism until it finds better conditions 4. The colony migrates for a while then forms a FRUITING BODY which produces spores which germinate and form amoeba like cells a) start the life cycle again

How are algae grouped into phyla

BASED ON PIGMENT: 1. chlorophyla 2. rhodophyla 3. phaeophyta 4. chrysophyta 5. bacillariophyta 6. pyrraphyta 7. Euglenophyta

What is the phylum Zoomastigina? What are examples of organisms that are in this phylum?

CALLED ZOOFLAGELLATES BECAUSE THEY USE FLAGELLA TO MOVE a) ANIMAL LIKE PROTOZOANS THAT USE FLAGELLA FOR MOVEMENT b) -tiginia means whip 1. Some zooflagellates are free living, but many are parasites 2. At least three species of zooflagellates from genus Trypanosoma cause infectious diseases in humans are are often fatal because of limited treatment options a) one species found in central and south America causes Chagas' disease, sometimes called American sleeping sickness b) the second species causes East African sleeping sickness c) the third species causes west African sleeping sickness EXAMPLES: 1. trypanosoma 2. gerardolombia a) a zooflagellate that lies in mammals and leave the body through feces. If you drink water in a stream, you could get this disease and have gastro-intestinal distress

How do ciliates reproduce?

CILIATES REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY BINARY FISSION a) one organism divides into 2 identical organisms b) there is no variety 1. During this process, the macronucleus elongates and splits rather than undergoing mitotic division

How are algae classified?

CLASSIFIED INTO SEEN PHYLA BASED ON: 1. TYPE OF PIGMENTS a) all the algae have chlorophyll a in addition, they may contain secondary (accessory) pigments which help gather other wavelengths of lights and transfer it to chlorophylla a b) many algae also have secondary pigments that allow them to absorb light energy in deep water c) as water depth increases, much of the sunlight's energy is absorbed by the water d) these secondary pigments allow algae to absorb light energy from wavelengths that are not absorbed by water e) because these secondary pigments reflect light at different wavelengths, algae are found in a variety of colors 2. FORM OF FOOD STORAGE 3. CELL WALL COMPOSITION

What are contractile vacuoles? What is its function on the paramecium and where is it found?

COLLECT THE EXCESS WATER FROM THE CYTOPLASM AND EXPEL IT FROM THE CELL 1. Because freshwater paramecia live in a hypotonic environment, water constantly enters the cell by osmosis a) a hypotonic solution is one in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell 2. The expelled water might contain waste products, which is another way that paramecia can excrete waste 3. Paramecia often have two or three contractile vacuoles that help to maintain homeostasis in the cell 4. Prevents the paramecia from exploding and MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS 5. Amoeba and amplicomplexa also have this

What is the trichocysts? What is its function on the paramecium and where is it found?

ELONGATED, CYLINDIRAL STRUCTURE THAT CAN DISCHARGE A SPINE LIKE STRUCTURE THAT MAY FUNCTION IN DEFENSE, AS AN ANCHORING DEVICE, OR TO CAPTURE PREY 1. Embedded in the ectoplasm 2. The function of trichocysts is not completely understood, but they might be used for: a) used for defense b) as a reaction to injury c) an an anchoring device d) to capture prey

What are water molds and downy mildew?

FOUND IN PHYLUM OOMYCOTA 1. there are more than 500 species of water molds and downy mildews 2. Most members of this group of fungus like protists live in WATER OF DAMP PLACES 3. Some absorb their nutrients from the surrounding water or soil, which others obtain their nutrients from other organisms 4. Water molds are like fungi because they envelop their food sources with a mass of threads CALLED HYPHAE, which secretes digestive enzymes that break down the tissue and absorb the nutrients through their cell walls a) this characteristic made biologists originally think that they were fungi 5. Water molds differ from fungi in the composition of their cells and their production of flagellated reproductive cells 6. One member of the phylum, the downy mildew Phytophthora infestans infects potato plants and destroys potatoes a) this organism devastated the potato crop in Ireland in the 19th century causing the Great Irish Famine. b) during this time, a large number of people emigrated from Ireland to the United States to escape the terrible famine c) because the potato was the country's primary food source, about one million people died of starvation or famine related diseases in Ireland

What are acellular slime molds? What is their life cycle

FOUND IN THE PHYLUM MYXOMYCOTA AND ARE ALSO KNOWN AS PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS a) cause they make plasmodium 1. They are considered acellular because THEY GO THROUGH A PHASE IN THEIR LIFE CYCLE WHERE THE NUCLEUS DIVIDES BUT CYTOPLASM DOESN'T a) no internal cell walls form, resulting in a mass of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei b) there multi nuclei in a glob of cytoplasm called a plasmodium b) they only go to one cell when the conditions change and become unfavorable LIFE CYCLE: 1. Beings its life as a spore a) usually when conditions are harsh, such as during a drought 2. In the presence of water, the spore produces a small mass of cytoplasm, or an amoeboid cell, or a cell with a flagella a) BOTH ARE GAMETES AND ARE HAPLOID b) the cell is propelled by the flagella until it comes in contact with a favorable surface c) then the flagella permanently retract and the cell produces pseudopods that allow it to move like an amoeba 3. Two gametes unite, and the fertilized cells undergo repeatd mitosis without cytokinesis, forming PLASMODIUM WHICH IS THE FEEDING STAGE a) divisions of the nuclei, but not the cyctoplasm b) during the feeding stage, it creeps over the surface of decaying leaves or wood like an amoeba and can grow as large as 30 cm in diameter 4. When conditions become unfavorable (food or moisture becomes limited) the slime mold develops spore producing structures called FRUITING BODIES a) the fruiting bodies produce spores through meiosis and dispersed in the wind b) once the spores are in the presence of the water, the cycle repeats itself c) flowering bodies also make it fungus like

What are protozoans?

HETEROTROPHIC, UNICELLULAR, ANIMAL LIKE PROTIST 1. Usually ingest bacteria, algae, or other protozoans 2. REQUIREMENTS: a) ingest food, heterotrophs b) no cell walls 3. Some are parasites

What type of organisms is found in pylum Phaeophyta? Give examples.

KNOWN AS BROWN ALGAE 1. CONTAIN THE ACESSORY PIGMENT FUCOXANTHIN which gives them their brown color 2. most of the 1500 species of brown algae live along rocky coasts in cool areas of the world 3. Some of the largest multicellular plantlike algae EXAMPLES: 1. sargassum a) sargassum exists as a mat that floats on the oceans surface 2. Giant kelp a) the body of a kelp is called the thallus b) the blades on a kelp are the flattened portions of the body, the stripe is the stalk like part, the hold fast is the root like structure, and the bladder is the bulging portion of the alga c) the bladder is filled with air and keeps the alga floating near the surface of the water where light is available for photosynthesis

What type of organisms is found in pylum chlorophyla? Give examples

KNOWN AS GREEN ALGAE 1. Same pigments, cell wall structure and food storage as green plants a) contain chlorophylla a and b which gives both plants and green algae their green color b) may be related to green plants- they could share a common ancestor or green algae could be the common ancestor c) both store their food as carbohydrates 2. HAVE COLONIAL, MULTICELLULAR, AND UNICELLULAR 3. Contains more than 7,000 species 4. Most species of green algae are found in freshwater, but about ten percent are marine species a) green algae also are found on damp ground, tree trunks, and in snow b) green algae even are found in the fur of some animals such as the sloth 5. CONTAINS BOTH CHLOROPHYLL a AND CHLOROPHYLL b EXAMPLES: 1. Sea lettuce 2. lobata 3. desmids a) they are characterized by their symmetrically divided cells and the cells have two identical sides that are connected by a bridge 4. Spirogyra a) a multicellular green alga characterized by its long, thin, filaments and its name comes from the spiral pattern of the chloroplast 5. Volox: a) is has a colonial growth pattern b) the single cells of volvox colony are held together by a gelatinlike secretion called cytoplasmic strands c) each cell has flagella that beat in unison to move the colony d) Volvox colonies might include smaller colonies called DAUGHTER COLONIES, FORM BALLS INSIDE THE LARGER COLONY e) when the daughter cells have matured, they digest the parental cell and become free-swimming 6. Chlamydomonas 7. Ulva

What is phyla ciliophora? Give examples of organisms that are in this phyla

PHYLUM CILIOPHORA ALSO KNOWN AS CILIATES MOVE USING SHORT, HAIR-LIKE PROJECTIONS CALLED CILIA/CILIUM a) cilia help them to move back and forth 1. Some unicellular organisms use cilia to propel themselves through water and to move food particles into the cell a) some ciliates have cilia covering their entire plasma membrane, while others have groups of cilia covering parts of their membrane b) Ciliates like Stentor have cilia located on the anterior end and used to help propel food into the cell c) the ciliate Trichodina pediculus has two visible sets of cilia. the outer ring is used for movement, and the inner ring is used for feeding 2. There are move than 7,000 species of ciliates a) they are abudant in most aquatic environments (ocean waters, lakes, and rivers0 b) they also are found in mud, and it is estimates that as many as 20 million ciliates an inhabit one square meter in some mud flats 3. UNDERGO CONJUGATION 4. HAVE PELLICLES EXAMPLES: 1. Stentor 2. Trichodina pediculus 3. Paramecium

What type of organisms is found in pylum euglenoids? Give examples

MEMBERS OF THE PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA ARE UNICELLULAR PLANTLIKE PROTISTS CALLED EUGLENOIDS 1. Most euglenoids are found in shallow freshwater, although some live in saltwater 2. Euglenoids are challenging to classify because they have characteristics of both plants and animals a) most euglenoids contain chloroplasts and photosynthesized, which is characteristic of plants, yet they lack a cell wall b) euglenoids also can be heterotrophs c) when light is not available for photosynthesis, some can absorb dissolved nutrients from their environments d) others can ingest other organisms such as smaller euglenoids, which is a characteristic of animals e) there are even a few species of euglenoids that are animal parasites STRUCTURE: 3. Instead of a cell wall, a flexible tough outer membrane called a PELLICLE, surrounds to cell membrane, which is similar to a paramecium's structure a) the pellicle allows euglenoids to crawl through mud when the water level is too low to swim 4. The flagella that are used to propel the euglenoid toward food or light 5. the EYESPOT is a light sensitive receptor that helps orient the euglenoid toward light for photosynthesis 6. The contractile vacuole serves the same purpose in the euglenoid as it does in a paramecium a) it expels excess water from the cell to maintain homeostasis inside the cell

What is the pellicle? What is its function on the paramecium and where is it found?

MEMBRANE LAYER THAT ENCLOSES A PARAMECIUM AND SOME OTHER PROTISTS 1. made out of protein 2. outside the cell membrane 3. maintains the shape of the protozoan

Microsporidia (microsporidium)

MICROSCOPIC PROTOZOAN PARASITE THAT INFECTS INSECTS AND OTHER ORGANISMS, CAUSING DISEASE 1. some species of microsporidia can be used as insecticides 2. New technology might allow these microsporidia to be used to control insects that destroy crops

What is the oral groove? What is its function on the paramecium and where is it found?

MOUTH OF THE PARAMECIUM 1. cilia cover the wall of the oral groove to help guide food, primarily bacteria, into the gullet

What is the phylum Apicomplexa? What are examples of organisms in this phylum

ONCE KNOWN AS SPOROZOANS BECAUSE THEY PRODUCE SPORES AT SOME POINT IN THEIR LIFE CYCLE a) they are animal-like protists that HAVE NO MEANS OF LOCOMOTION 1. Sporozoans lack contractile vacuoles and methods for locomotion a) respiration and excretion occur by diffusion through the plasma membrane 2. ALL SPOROZOANS ARE PARASITIC a) parasites get their nutritional requirements from a host organisms b) sporozoans infect vertebrates and invertebrates by living as internal parasites c) organelles at one end of the organisms are specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues, allowing them to get their nutrients from their host 3. Sporozoans cause a variety of illnesses in humans, some of which are fatal a) the sporozoans responsible for the greatest number of human deaths are found in the genus Plasmodium 4. EXAMPLES: a) plasmodium (causes malaria)

What are the phyla of protozoans? How do scientists classify protozoans into phyla?

ONE OF THE METHODS THAT BIOLGOISTS USE TO FURTHER CLASSIFY PROTOZOANS INTO DIFFERENT PHYLA IS THEIR METHOD OF MOVEMENT a) how they move PHYLA AND HOW THEY MOVE: 1. Sarcodina- use pseudopods 2. Ciliophora- use cilia 3. Apicomplexa- doe not move , no means of locomotion 4. Zoomastigina- use flagella

What are algae?

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS THAT MAKE ITS OWN FOOD THROUGH PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1. Some are microscopic a) the unicellular algae Micromonas are about 10⁻⁶m in diameter 2. Other forms of algae are multicellular and are quite large 3. DIFFER FROM PLANTS BECAUSE THEY LACK TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION; NO TRUE ROOTS, STEMS, OR LEAVES a) multicellular organisms, but their cells are all alike b) they are like plants, but just not as complex because plants have different cells for different tissues REQUIREMENTS: 1. considered plantlike because they make their own food through photosynthesis a) some consume other organisms or are parasites when light is unavailable for photosynthesis 2. They are autotrophic protists that have chloroplasts and produce their own carbohydrates through photosynthesis a) the members contain photosynthetic pigments which enable organisms to produce their own food using energy from the Sun in photosynthesis

How are protists classified?

PROTISTS ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THEIR METHOD OF OBTAINING NUTRITION 1. There are divided into three groups using this method: a) animal-like protists/protozoan b) plantlike protists/algae c) fungus like protists

What is the cilia? What is its function on the paramecium and where is it found?

SHORT, HAIRLIKE PROJECTION THAT FUNCTIONS IN CELL MOVEMENT AND FEEDING 1. The cilia on the paramecium are USED FOR MOVEMENT AND FEEDING 2. Completely cover the organisms, including the oral groove

What is Plasmodium?

SPOROZOAN PARASITES THAT CAUSE MALARIA IN HUMANS AND ARE TRANSMITTED TO HUMANS BY FEMALE ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES a) the sporozoans responsible for the greatest number of human deaths are found in the genus Plasmodium b) PART OF THE PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA 1. SYMPTOMS FOR MALARIA: a) fever b) chills c) other flulike symptoms 2. Malaria's greatest impact is in tropical and subtropical regions where factors such as high temperature, humidity, and rainfall favor the growth of mosquitoes and sporozoans, and preventative measures are too costly

What does the life cycle of sporozoans include?

THE LIFE CYCLE OF SPOROZOANS HAS BOTH SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL STAGES 1. often two or more hosts are required for an organism to complete a life cycle

What type of organisms is found in pylum chrysophyta? Give an example

THE YELLOW-GREEN AND GOLDEN BROWN ALGAE a) called chrysophytes 1. contain yellow and brown CAROTENOLDS which give them their golden brown color 2. some species can absorb dissolved organic compounds through cell walls or ingest food particles and prokaryotes in addition to carrying out photosynthesis 3. Multicellular body form a) most members of this phylum are unicellular, but some species form colonies 4. Can be both heterotrophs and carry out photosynthesis a) all chrysophytes are photosynthetic, but some species also can absorb dissolved organic compounds through their cell walls or ingest food particles and prokaryotes 5. get food in and break it down 6. PLANT LIKE PROTISTS WITH UNIQUE CELL WALLS 7. The cells of chrysophytes usually contain two flagella attached at one end of the cell 8. They reproduce both asexually and sexually, although sexual reproduction is rare 9. Chrysophytes are components of both freshwater and marine plankton

colony

group of cells or organisms that join together, forming a close association

What are flagella?

long, whip-like projections that protrude from the cell and are used for movement