Chapter 19- Blood
What is the role of the nitric oxide (NO) carried by hemoglobin?
NO relaxes blood vessels and decreases blood pressure
Agglutination, which occurs during transfusion reactions, is caused by binding between
RBC membrane antigens and plasma antibodies
Once released from the bone marrow into the circulation, the average life span of a red blood cell is about
4 months
The average blood volume for an adult is about A) 45 liters B) 450 ml C) 5 gallons D) 5 liters
5 liters
What percentage of body weight is blood? A) 91% B) 55% C) 8% D) 45%
8%
During platelet plug formation, platelets release these substances, which cause more platelets to adhere to the plug. A) prostacyclin and NO B) erythropoietin and bilirubin C) heparin and plasmin D) ADP and thromboxanes
ADP and thromboxanes
Which statement concerning blood viscosity is correct? A) The viscosity of blood is 4.5 to 5.5 higher than the viscosity of water. B) Blood viscosity is due to the presence of the plasma proteins and erythrocytes. C) The higher the blood viscosity the harder the heart has to work to move blood through the vessels. D) Anemia increases blood viscosity.
Anemia increases blood viscosity.
The antibodies that circulate in the plasma are made by A) the liver, which makes all of the plasma proteins B) the kidney, which monitors plasma composition C) B lymphocytes, which are part of the immune system D) the spleen, which uses them to tag red blood cells for destruction
B lymphocytes, which are part of the immune system
Which of the following is true for an individual's with type A blood? A) The person can donate blood to type O B) The individuals plasma contains anti-A antibodies C) The individual can donate blood to type AB D) The individual must be Rh+
The individual can donate blood to type AB
Which of the following is true for an individual with anti-A antibodies in the plasma? A) The individual is blood type A B) The individual is blood type B C) The individual is blood type AB D) The individual can be either blood type B or AB
The individual is blood type B
Which statement about hemostasis is NOT correct? a) Positive feedback rapidly increases the amount of activated clotting factors. b) The intrinsic mechanism occurs in response to tissue damage. c) During clotting, blood cells and platelets are trapped in a mesh of protein fibers. d) The extrinsic mechanism is initiated by tissue factor (thromboplastin), released by damaged tissues.
The intrinsic mechanism occurs in response to tissue damage.
What kind of risk exists when a woman who is Rh+ carries an Rh- fetus?
There is never a risk to the fetus in any pregnancy
Which of these statements is correct? A) Thrombin catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. B) Ca++ is not required for coagulation. C) Tissue factor is always required for activation of factor X. D) The extrinsic mechanism causes coagulation when there is no tissue damage.
Thrombin catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
Which statement is correct? a) Thrombopoiesis occurs mainly in the lungs. b) Thrombopoietin is a hormone that stimulates platelet production. c) Platelets have a large nucleus containing many sets of chromosomes. d) Megakaryocytes divide by mitosis to produce platelets.
Thrombopoietin is a hormone that stimulates platelet production.
What happens when fibrinogen is converted to fibrin? A) a transfusion reaction B) iron is stored in the liver C) a clot is formed D) a platelet plug is formed
a clot is formed
Hemophilia is caused by A) hypersecretion of erythropoietin B) a deficiency of any clotting factor C) overproduction of platelets D) abnormal hemoglobin
a deficiency of any clotting factor
A dietary deficiency of iron could cause A) reduced ability of the blood to coagulate B) a low platelet count C) insufficient white blood cell production D) a low red blood cell count
a low red blood cell count
In which situation does the person described first have a higher blood volume? A) a person with 30% body fat or a person with 10% body fat if they are the same size B) a person weighing 200 lb. or a person weighing 100 lb., if both have the same % body fat C) a dehydrated person or a person with normal body water content, assuming they have the same weight and % body fat D) a female or a male, assuming same body weight and percent body fat
a person weighing 200 lb. or a person weighing 100 lb., if both have the same % body fat
Which describes anemia? A) a deficiency of white blood cells B) a high level of hemoglobin C) a reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood D) an excessive number of red blood cells
a reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
After preliminary testing, a man who had had a stroke was given tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) at the hospital. The reason for this treatment is that tPA
activates an enzyme that dissolves clots
In which choice are the major groups of plasma proteins listed in order from highest to lowest percent? A) fibrinogen, globulins, albumins B) globulins, fibrinogen, albumins C) albumins, globulins, fibrinogen D) albumins, fibrinogen, globulins
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
Based on the results of a differential WBC count shown in the table, this person has basophils 1% eosinophils 10% neutrophils 56% lymphocytes 25% monocytes 8% A) mononucleosis B) leukopenia C) allergies or a parasitic worm infection D) an acute bacterial infection
allergies or a parasitic worm infection
Low blood osmolarity A) causes the blood to absorb excess tissue fluid as it passes through the capillaries B) could lead to increased blood volume and increased blood pressure C) allows too much fluid to remain in the tissues and leads to edema D) could be caused by increased plasma protein or sodium levels
allows too much fluid to remain in the tissues and leads to edema
In a red blood cell, carbon dioxide is attached to the
amino acids of the Globin
A person with a vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency would probably also have A) anemia B) polycythemia C) leukemia D) leukocytosis
anemia
Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn) occurs when
anti-Rh antibodies from the maternal circulation cross the placenta and agglutinate the fetal red blood cells
Which leukocyte is NOT correctly matched with its description? a) eosinophil - bilobed nucleus, deep red granules b) lymphocyte - smallest leukocytes, round nucleus, thin rim of cytoplasm c) neutrophil - lobed nucleus with two to five segments, light purple granules d) basophil - typical kidney-shaped nucleus, largest white blood cell
basophil - typical kidney-shaped nucleus, largest white blood cell
Blood cells all develop from a common stem cell in bone marrow, but early in development they split into separate lineages. Which three of these cells develop from the myeloblast lineage? A) basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil B) lymphocyte, monocyte, erythrocyte C) thrombocyte, erythrocyte, lymphocyte D) monocyte, erythrocyte, neutrophil
basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil
Which type of leukocyte is correctly matched with its function? a) basophils - release histamine in areas of damaged tissue b) neutrophils - leave the blood vessels and become macrophages c) lymphocytes - phagocytize bacteria d) neutrophils - defend against parasitic worm infections
basophils - release histamine in areas of damaged tissue
As red blood cells get older, they A) are less likely to become damaged B) become more fragile C) are less likely to rupture D) are less likely to be phagocytized in the spleen or liver
become more fragile
Which of these conditions would most likely cause an increase in the number of reticulocytes in the blood? A) blood loss B) bacterial infection C) dehydration D) hemophilia
blood loss
What would you suspect to find if someone has high blood erythropoietin levels? A) blood oxygen deficiency B) high blood oxygen levels C) a high red blood cell count D) a high hemoglobin level
blood oxygen deficiency
In adults, red blood cells are made in one place, spend most of their lifespan in another, and most are finally destroyed in yet another place. Which choice lists these locations in chronological order? a) bone marrow; blood vessels; spleen b) bone marrow; spleen; blood vessels c) spleen; blood vessels; spleen d) blood vessels; spleen; bone marrow
bone marrow; blood vessels; spleen
Removal of this substance from blood would prevent clotting.
calcium
Which process attracts leukocytes to damaged tissue?
chemotaxis
Vascular spasm A) closes off small blood vessels when they are damaged, mainly in response to chemicals released from the damaged cells B) occurs in blood vessels when the pressure is too high C)occurs when blood oxygen levels are low D)occurs when a blood vessel dilates in response to pain
closes off small blood vessels when they are damaged, mainly in response to chemicals released
Platelet plug formation is initiated when platelets come into contact with
collagen fibers in the connective tissue beneath the endothelium
All of these describe normal erythrocytes EXCEPT a) biconcave disk b) contain no nucleus c) contain mitochondria d) contain hemoglobin
contain mitochondria
One molecule of hemoglobin
contains two alpha globin proteins and two beta globin proteins.
The benefit of the biconcave shape of red blood cells is that it A) decreases the distance between the cell membrane and hemoglobin molecules, facilitating oxygen uptake B) allows the cells to hold more hemoglobin C) gives more room for the nucleus and organelles D) keeps them from leaking out through the walls of capillaries
decreases the distance between the cell membrane and hemoglobin molecules, facilitating oxygen uptake
Type O is considered to be universal A) donor because it has neither anti-A antibodies nor anti-B antibodies circulating in the plasma B) donor because it has neither antigen A nor antigen B on its RBCs C) recipient because it has neither anti-A antibodies nor anti-B antibodies circulating in the plasma D) recipient because it has neither antigen A nor antigen B on its RBCs
donor because it has neither antigen A nor antigen B on its RBCs
Which of these blood components do NOT have nuclei?
erythrocytes
Which hormone stimulates red blood cell formation? A) thrombin B) transferrin C) bilirubin D) erythropoietin
erythropoietin
Joe had to have both of his kidneys removed and is now kept alive only by dialysis machines that remove waste molecules from his blood and adjust electrolyte levels. Because Joe has no remaining kidney tissue, he may also need
erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production
Aplastic anemia is caused by A) a defective gene for hemoglobin B) inability to absorb vitamin B12 C) exposure to toxic chemicals or radiation D) iron deficiency
exposure to toxic chemicals or radiation
Several proteins are involved in the absorption, transport and storage of iron. Each protein is correctly matched with its function EXCEPT a) apoferritin - a storage protein in the liver b) ferritin - an iron-containing protein found in the erythrocytes c) gastroferritin - binds to iron in the stomach and transports it to the small intestine d) transferrin - transports iron through the blood
ferritin - an iron-containing protein found in the erythrocytes
Antibodies to blood type A or B antigens are
formed when antigen A is absent from the red blood cell membranes
Blood types are determined
genetically by glycoproteins and glycolipids on the RBC membrane
In which choice is the plasma protein correctly matched with one of its functions? a) albumin - antibodies involved in immune response b.)fibrinogen - attacks and destroys pathogens c) globulins - transport minerals, lipids, hormones and vitamins d) globulins - colloid osmotic pressure
globulins - transport minerals, lipids, hormones and vitamins
Based on lab results that show a person has a total white blood cell count of 7,000 WBC / mm3 blood, you would conclude that this person A) has hemophilia B) exhibits leukopenia C) has leukocytosis D) has a normal white blood cell count
has a normal white blood cell count
Blood test results for an adult male are returned and the total red blood cell count is 2,500,000 cells per mm3. This person A) has a normal total red blood cell count B) has an abnormally low total red blood cell count C) has an abnormally high total red blood cell count D) shows that he has been exercising more than usual or has spent some time at high altitudes
has an abnormally low total red blood cell count
A person with type O+ blood would
have Rh but not A or B antigens on his RBCs
If someone has no megakaryocytes, he/she will
have a reduced ability to prevent blood loss
The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by the red blood cells is the A) specific gravity B) differential cell count C) hematocrit D) viscosity
hematocrit
Damaged red blood cells are phagocytized by macrophages in the spleen or liver and their components are recycled, EXCEPT for the A) iron atom from the heme group, which is excreted in bile B) globin peptide chains, which are sent to the kidneys for excretion C) globin peptide chains, which are converted into bilirubin D) heme group (minus the iron atom), which is converted into a green pigment called biliverdin
heme group (minus the iron atom), which is converted into a green pigment called biliverdin
Each body function on the left is correctly matched with the corresponding function of the blood on the right EXCEPT a) respiration - transports oxygen and carbon dioxide B) immune defense - platelet factors initiate clotting C) acid-base balance - buffers acids and bases D) thermoregulation - allows heat to escape from the body at the skin
immune defense - platelet factors initiate clotting
Erythropoietin is produced by
kidneys
An abnormally high number of normal white blood cells is called A) leukemia B) leukocytosis C) leukopenia D) leukopoiesis
leukocytosis
Which condition would stimulate erythropoietin secretion? A) high red blood cell count B) low blood oxygen level C) high hemoglobin levels D) increased blood flow through kidneys
low blood oxygen level
Which cell is NOT classified as a granulocyte? a) basophil b) eosinophil c) lymphocyte d) neutrophil
lymphocyte
Blood disorder characterized by the rupture of red blood cells on infection by protozoa is A) septicemia B) malaria C) infectious mononucleosis D) AIDS
malaria
The production of prostacyclin by endothelial cells
means that blood clots do not normally form in healthy blood vessels
A person's blood type is determined by
mixing the blood with different antibodies to see which ones cause the red blood cells to agglutinate
In which choice are the leukocytes correctly arranged in order from most common to least common? a) monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophil b) lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils c) neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils d) neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
A blood transfusion reaction will
occur when plasma antibodies contact red blood cells carrying the antigen with which they react
If you have some blood from which the formed elements have been removed, how can you tell if it is plasma or serum? a) plasma contains hemoglobin; serum does not B) serum is yellow; plasma has no color C) serum contains antibodies; plasma does not D) plasma contains clotting proteins; serum does not
plasma contains clotting proteins; serum does not
For a person whose hematocrit is 45%, A) white blood cell volume would be 45% of total blood volume B) red blood cell volume would be 55% of total blood volume C) plasma volume would be 45% of total blood volume D) plasma volume would be 55% of total blood volume
plasma volume would be 55% of total blood volume
For a person whose hematocrit is 45%, in which choice below are the components of blood correctly ranked in order of decreasing percent of total volume? A) white blood cells, plasma, red blood cells B) red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma C) plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells D) plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells
Which substance is NOT correctly matched to its function? a) antithrombin - inactivates thrombin B) prostacyclin - prevents platelet adhesion C) heparin - interferes with the formation of prothrombin activator D) plasminogen - initiates extrinsic mechanism
plasminogen - initiates extrinsic mechanism
In which choice are the formed elements arranged in order of increasing size? a) red blood cell, neutrophil, platelet b) platelet, red blood cell, neutrophil c) neutrophil, platelet, red blood cell d) platelet, neutrophil, red blood cell
platelet, red blood cell, neutrophil
Repair of damaged blood vessel walls is stimulated by
platelet-derived growth factor
Which blood component is NOT correctly matched with its function? a) erythrocytes - transport oxygen b) leukocytes - protect against disease c) platelets - phagocytize bacteria d) plasma proteins - maintain blood osmotic pressure; involved in clotting
platelets - phagocytize bacteria
An overdose of erythropoietin would cause
polycythemia
Which of these blood components is NOT involved in clotting? A) platelets B) fibrinogen C) calcium D) potassium
potassium
Other than water, the most common component of plasma is A) chloride B) urea C) protein D) sodium
protein
In which choice are the proteins listed in the order in which they are activated? a) prothrombin activator, thrombin, fibrin b) fibrin, thrombin, prothrombin activator c) thrombin, fibrin, prothrombin activator d) thrombin, prothrombin activator, fibrin
prothrombin activator, thrombin, fibrin
A person who is Rh negative might form anti-Rh antibodies if she
receives a transfusion of Rh positive blood
Which problem could NOT be caused by a deficiency of plasma proteins? A) edema B) reduced ability to transport oxygen C) reduced ability to clot D) reduced ability to transport molecules such as lipids
reduced ability to transport oxygen
Immature erythrocytes that contain a network of endoplasmic reticulum and normally make up about 1 - 3% of circulating blood are called
reticulocytes
Which of these diseases involves a problem with the red blood cells?
sickle-cell anemia
A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that blocks blood flow in a vessel
supplying part of a lung
Without the RBC enzyme carbonic anhydrase
the blood would not be able to convert carbon dioxide into bicarbonate
Which is NOT correct about RBC recycling?
the entire heme molecule is eliminated by the liver
The lower the total amount of iron stored in the body, A) the higher the rate of red blood cell formation. B) the higher the absorption of ingested iron in the intestine. C) the lower the level of transferrin in the blood. D) the higher the level of ferritin in the liver.
the higher the absorption of ingested iron in the intestine.
The term "hematopoiesis" refers to
the process of blood cell formation
Red blood cells do not use any of the oxygen that they carry, because
they lack miochondria to use oxygen for aerobic respiration
A blood clot that forms in an undamaged vessel is called a(n) _______, and if it breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream it is called a(n) __________.
thrombus; embolus
Which molecule is a potent stimulator of coagulation?
tissue factor or thromboplastin
Each of these prevents unwanted coagulation EXCEPT A) tissue thromboplastin B) antithrombin C) heparin D) prostacyclin
tissue thromboplastin
Which choice represents an abnormal value?
total WBC count - 1500 / mL
The carrier protein that transports absorbed iron through the blood is
transferrin
Blood helps to maintain homeostasis by A) transporting materials between the tissue fluid and the external environment B) ridding the body of wastes C) breaking down nutrients D) coordinating metabolic reactions
transporting materials between the tissue fluid and the external environment
A patient lacks fat absorbing mechanism in the intestines. This person is most likely going to suffer severe bleeding problems because
vitamin K will not be absorbed and this will lead to deficiency of clotting factors
The buffy coat, a layer that appears when blood is centrifuged for determining the hematocrit, is made of A) plasma only B) plasma proteins only C) plasma proteins and red blood cells D) white blood cells and platelets
white blood cells and platelets
Blood colloid osmotic pressure A) is the component of total blood osmotic pressure due to the presence of proteins in the plasma B) would increase if blood sodium levels increase C) would increase if the number of RBCs increases D) would increase in a person who has liver damage
would increase if blood sodium levels increase