Chapter 19: Endocrine System

Melatonin

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells that increases blood glucose concentration

infundibulum

A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

(Aldosterone/Cortisol/Estrogen) regulates sodium and potassium levels.

Aldosterone

thymus

An immune organ that is both lymphatic and endocrine; protects the body from disease and secretes the hormone thymosin. It stimulates red bone marrow to produce T cells

Pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

calc/o

Calcium

type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes in which the body produces insulin, but not enough, or there is insulin resistance. The patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival.

(Epinephrine/Cortisol) prepares the body for flight-or-fight.

Epinephrine

(Epinephrine/Estrogen/T3) is secreted by the adrenal cortex.

Estrogen

This female hormone stimulates the monthly development of the egg in the follicle

FSH

There are 3 Gonadotropic hormones:

FSH, LH (females) and Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in males.

Estrogen

Female sex hormone

adrenaline

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine.

Aldosterone

Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium and potassium levels

This male hormone regulates testosterone secretions

ICSH

This female hormone triggers ovulation

LH

(Aldosterone/Parathormone/Cortisol) regulates blood calcium.

Parathormone

(Parathormone/Aldosterone/T3) is secreted by the thyroid gland.

T3

(T4/Parathormone/Cortisol) regulates the metabolic rate.

T4

thyroid

The gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate

(Thyroxine/Triiodothyronine/Thymosin) stimulates red bone marrow to produce T cells.

Thymosin

Homeostasis

a balanced, yet sometimes varied state. Note: the function of the endocrine system is to regulate hormonal BALANCE. It secretes more hormones when needed & fewer when there's an excess. In this way, a balance is maintained.

diabetes mellitus

a disease in which the body is unable to use sugar to produce energy

acromegaly

abnormal enlargement of the extremities in adults AFTER bones have stopped growing

Aldosterone is secreted by the (adrenal cortex/parathyroid/adrenal medulla) gland.

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla secretes

adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

The adrenocorticotropic hormone is secreted by the (adrenal gland/posterior pituitary gland/anterior pituitary gland).

anterior pituitary gland

The thyroid-stimulating hormone is secreted by the (thyroid gland/anterior pituitary gland/posterior pituitary gland).

anterior pituitary gland

hypersecretion

autoimmune condition that cause abnormal increased secretion from the endocrine glands; often caused by the growth of a tumor on the gland

hyposecretion

autoimmune condition that cause inadequate hormonal secretion from the endocrine glands. This can indicate congenital absence of the gland, tumors large enough to take over the gland, and infections.

somat/o

body, mouth

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to form glucose

Glycolysis

breakdown of sugars

myxedema

caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion in adulthood causing a slowing of the metabolic rate, weight gain, and slow movement

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

chemical secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete larger amounts of hormones

ketones

chemical substances that the body produces when it does not have enough insulin in the blood

gonadotropic hormones

chemicals secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the gonads (ovaries and testicles) to secrete their own hormones.

hormone

chemicals that regulate organ function and keep the body in a balanced, normal state no matter what is happening outside it

Hypoparathyroidism

condition in which the parathyroid glands are hypoactive and as a result the level of parathyroid hormones (PTH) is too low; leads to tetany

Cretinism

condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed

Hypopituitarism

condition of diminished hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland

diabetes insipidus

deficiency in release of ADH; results in extreme thirsts and excessive urine

type 1 diabetes mellitus

diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin--the patient is dependent on insulin for survival

ketoacidosis

disorder arising when the body does not have enough glucose, causing it to break down fats and proteins for fuel resulting in the build up of toxic wastes

Hypercalcemia

excessive calcium in the blood

Hyperkalemia

excessive potassium in the blood

Hyperthyroidism

excessive secretion of thyroid hormones in the blood

hyperglycemia

excessive sugar in the blood

polydipsia

excessive thirst

polyuria

excessive urination

pineal

gland that secretes melatonin

Name the hormone that changes glycogen to glucose.

glucagon

Which is a hormone? Glucose, glycogen, or glucagon?

glucagon

FSH and LH are (thyroid-stimulating hormones/adrenocorticotropic hormones/gonadotropic hormones).

gonadotropic hormones

gonad/o

gonads (ovaries, testicles)

Islets of Langerhans

groups of pancreatic cells secreting insulin and glucagon.

Somatotropic hormone (STH)

growth hormone; chemical secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the growth in all body cells

antidiuretic

hormone from posterior pituitary preventing excessive loss of water

Insulin

hormone secreted by the beta cells in the pancreas; controls blood glucose

Parathormone

hormone that controls imbalances levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood and tissue fluid

Androgen

hormone that promotes masculine characteristics; example is testosterone

prolactin hormone (PRL)

hormone that stimulates breast growth and milk secretion

Thymosin

hormone that stimulates red bone marrow to produce T cells

Leteinizing hormone (LH)

hormone that triggers ovulation

neurohormones

hormones produced by neurons in the hypothalamus; it is stored in the posterior pituitary

The (hypothalamus/pituitary gland) produces oxytocin.

hypothalamus

ADH is produced by the (hypothalamus/posterior pituitary gland/anterior pituitary gland) and stored in the (hypothalamus/posterior pituitary gland/anterior pituitary gland).

hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland

adrenalitis

inflammation of the adrenal glands

Name the hormone that changes glucose to glycogen.

insulin

Which hormones are secreted by the pancreas?

insulin and glucagon

Hyponatremia

low sodium in the blood

Pituitary

master endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain located under the hypothalamus; produces hormones such as TSH, FSH/LH, GH, & PRL, stimulates other organs to produce hormones

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

melatonin

The adrenal medulla secretes (aldosterone/sex hormones/norepinephrine/cortisol).

norepinephrine

euthyroid

normal thyroid function

Gonadotropic hormones stimulate the (thyroid gland/adrenal cortex/ovaries/adrenal medulla).

ovaries

parathyroid/o

parathyroid

endocrinologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine system and hormonal secretions

pituitar/o

pituitary

The central endocrine glands are

pituitary gland and hypothalamus

kal/o

potassium (an electrolyte)

glucogenesis

production of glucose

The hormone responsible for milk production is (antidiuretic hormone/prolactin/oxytocin/gonadotropic hormone).

prolactin

Name one function of the pancreatic hormones.

regulates blood sugar levels

Cortisol

regulates immune system and plays a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

Name one function of the pineal gland.

regulates sleep and waking patterns; it is also connected to moods

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

secreted by the thyroid gland; increases metabolism in cells

parathyroid hormone

secretes PTH; embedded in the thyroid gland; regulates calcium and phosphorous

adrenal cortex

secretes aldosterone, cortisol, and sex hormones; location on top of the kidneys

natr/o

sodium (an electrolyte)

Growth Hormone (GH)

stimulates growth in all body cells

isthmus

structure that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland

Noradrenaline

synonym for norepinephrine; secreted from the adrenal medulla

hyperpituitarism

the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism

The peripheral endocrine glands are

thyroid, parathyroid adrenals, pineal, thymus, and pancreas

panhypopituitarism

total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity

endocrine

types of glands that secrete hormones within the body

Hypothalamus

works together with the pituitary gland. Located deep in the central brain lying below the thalamus. It is made up of neurons and produces the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. It is part of the endocrine system as well as the nervous system