Chapter 19 Quiz

Which of the following is recommended by the Standard Precautions guidelines? 1. Glove use, hand washing, AND a face shield 2.Glove use AND hand washing 3.A face shield AND antibiotics 4.Hand washing AND a face shield 5.Antibiotic use AND glove use

Glove use, hand washing, AND a face shield

Large respiratory droplets typically travel no farther from point of release than: 1. one meter 2. three meters 3. five meters 4. twelve inches 5. twenty meters

One meter

The portal of entry typically has little effect on the course of a disease. True or False

False

Prevention of patient-to-personnel transmission of disease depends on limiting contact with: 1. Patients 2. Administrators 3. Physicians 4. Body fluids 5. Personnel

Body fluids

All of the following are commonly associated with nosocomial disease EXCEPT: 1.Staphylococcus aureus. 2.Pseudomonas species. 3.Enterococcus species. 4.Clostridium difficile. 5.Clostridium botulinum.

Clostridium botulinum.

The doctor responsible for introducing the idea of hand washing before attending patients was: 1.Klein. 2.Koch. 3.Semmelweis. 4.Pasteur. 5.Galen.

Semmelweis.

A fly may serve as a mechanical vector. True or false.

True

A placebo is a mock drug, true or false?

True

Diseases with long incubation periods are more likely to spread extensively, true or false?

True

Important sources of contamination in crowded locations are: 1.restrooms. 2.kitchen surfaces. 3.droplets of blood. 4. droplets of saliva or mucus. 5.All of the answer choices are correct.

droplets of saliva or mucus.

Vertical transmission involves: 1.pasteurization. 2. droplet transmission. 3.fomites. 4.pregnant woman to fetus. 5.insect to human.

pregnant woman to fetus.

Generally, the smaller the infective dose, the lower the chance of disease, true or false?

False

Diseases constantly present in a population are called: 1. Chronic 2. Endemic 3. Prodromic 4. Epidemic 5. Latent

Endemic

In a double-blind test the treating physician knows who is getting the actual treatment, true or false?

False

Which of the following is not a mechanical vector? 1.Human 2. Flea 3. Fly 4. Fomite 5. Fomite and human

Fomite

The single most important measure to prevent the spread of disease is: 1. Antibiotics 2. Hand washing 3. Canning 4. Home cooking 5. Pasteurization

Hand washing

The first identified case in an outbreak is called the: 1.traceable case. 2.primary case. 3.starter case. 4.index case. 5. initiator case.

Index case

The publication of the CDC that reports new cases of reportable infectious diseases is titled: 1.Federal Report of Infectious Disease (FRID). 2.National Morbidity Weekly (NMW). 3.Monthly Death and Disease Report (MDDR). 4. State Health News Letter (SHNL). 5. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).

The immunity of some black Africans to malaria is probably due to their: 1.age. 2.genetic background. 3. general health. 4. cultural practices. 5. All of the answer choices are correct.

genetic background.

Which of the following pathogens/diseases would be the easiest to eradicate? 1.A pathogen that mostly infects animals but also sometimes causes disease in humans. 2.A pathogen that only infects humans and rarely causes signs and symptoms. 3.A disease that is asymptomatic and is carried by a large number of people in a population. 4.A pathogen that only infects humans and causes obvious signs and symptoms. 5.A pathogen that causes disease in both animals and humans.

A pathogen that only infects humans and causes obvious signs and symptoms.

The number of cases of a specific disease per one hundred people exposed is called the: 1. Obesity rate 2. Mortality rate 3. Attack index 4. Attack rate 5. Index rate

Attack rate

The number of people in a defined population who die during a given period is called the: 1. Mortality rate 2. Case rate 3. Attack rate 4. Incidence rate 5. Morbidity rate

Mortality rate

Transmission-Based Precautions: 1. are guidelines from WHO for dealing with emerging infectious diseases 2.is an online informative course all health workers must take on an annual basis. 3. are guidelines to use with patients infected with a highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogen. 4.are instructions on the care of all patients given to nurses at their place of employment. 5.are guidelines given to patients before they enter the hospital to educate them on HAIs.

are guidelines to use with patients infected with a highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogen.

Apparently healthy people who may transmit a pathogen they harbor are called: 1.arthropods. 2.carriers. 3.vehicles. 4.vectors. 5.fomites.

carriers.

The natural habitat of a pathogen is referred to as its: 1.reservoir. 2.place. 3.infectious site. 4.home. 5.primary inhabitance.

reservoir.

A picnic was attended by 1,000 people. Potato salad was served at the event. The next day, 140 people reported vomiting and diarrhea. What was the attack rate of this food-borne illness? 1. 140% 2. 10% 3. 1.4% 4. 14% 5. More information is needed

14%

Select the sequence that indicates the steps that occur in the chain of infection. 1. Transmission. 2. Susceptible host. 3. Reservoir of infectious agent. 4. Portal of exit. 5. Portal of entry. --- 1. 5,3,1,2,4 2. 1,2,3,4,5 3. 2,3,5,4,1 4. 3,2,1,5,4 5. 3,4,1,5,2

3,4,1,5,2

[RN backstory] Which of the following is a possible origin of the organisms that cause healthcare-associated infections? 1. Healthcare environment 2. The patient's normal microbiota 3. Other patients 4. Medical personnel 5. All of the answers are correct

All of the answers are correct

Please identify the CORRECT statement regarding basic epidemiology concepts: 1.Incidence—the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at any time or for a specific period. 2.Contagious disease—an infectious disease that can not be transmitted from one host to another. 3:Morbidity rate—the proportion of people diagnosed with a specific disease who die from that disease. 4.Prevalence—the number of new cases of a disease in a population at risk during a specified time period. 5.Attack rate—the number of susceptible people developing illness in a population exposed to an infectious agent.

Contagious disease—an infectious disease that can not be transmitted from one host to another.

Which pathogen is INCORRECTLY matched with a portal of exit? 1.Influenza virus—respiratory droplets. 2.E. coli—urine. 3.Neisseria gonorrhoeae—urethral and vaginal secretions. 4.Vibrio cholerae—feces. 5.Mycobacterium tuberculosis—droplets of saliva and mucus.

E. coli—urine.

Please select the FALSE statement. 1.Emerging infectious diseases are those that are novel or have recently increased in incidence. 2.The natural habitat of a pathogen is called the reservoir of infection. 3.A common source epidemic occurs when all of the cases result from exposure to a single source of the infectious agent. 4.Herd immunity can never be overcome by a pathogen. 5.A case-control study occurs when all of the cases result from exposure to a single source of the infectious agent.

Herd immunity can never be overcome by a pathogen.

A cluster of cases in a specific population occurring in a brief period of time is called a(n): 1. Outbreak 2. Pandemic 3. Endemic 4. Mortality 5. Attack break

Outbreak

An epidemic that spreads worldwide is called a(n): 1. Plague 2. Syndemic 3. Pandemic 4. Endemic 5. Epidemical

Pandemic

Which of the following is considered a zoonotic disease? 1. Typhoid 2. Plague 3. Influenza 4. Common cold 5. Measles

Plague

Droplet nuclei typically travel no farther from point of release than: 1. one meter 2. five meters 3. three meters 4. twelve inches 5. They are suspended indefinitely

The are suspended indefinitely

The World Health Organization (WHO) is part of the: 1.North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2.Food and Drug Administration. 3.Department of Human Resources. 4.Department of Health and Human Services. 5.United Nations.

United Nations.

If the number of people who become ill during an epidemic rises and falls rapidly, this is called a(n): 1. propagated epidemic. 2. index epidemic. 3.common source epidemic. 4.contagious epidemic. 5. promulgated epidemic.

common source epidemic.

Schistosomiasis has increased in areas where: 1.swamps have been drained. 2.dams have been built. 3.people fish for sport. 4.crayfish are eaten. 5.snails have become a delicacy.

dams have been built.

Inanimate objects capable of transferring infectious disease agents are: 1.vectors. 2.arthropods. 3. fomites. 4.vehicles. 5.reservoirs.

fomites.

When an infectious disease cannot spread in a population because it lacks a significant number of susceptible hosts, the phenomenon is referred to as: 1.active immunity. 2. protected population. 3.passive immunity. 4. protective immunity. 5. herd immunity.

herd immunity.

The period of time between exposure to an agent and the onset of disease signs and symptoms is called the: 1.carrier phase. 2. lag phase. 3.decline phase. 4.prodromal phase. 5.incubation period.

incubation period.

The amount of infecting agent received by susceptible individuals is called the: 1. exposure. 2. infective exposure. 3.infectious number. 4.infecting level. 5. infectious dose.

infectious dose.

So far, the only disease that has been globally eradicated is: 1.polio. 2.diphtheria. 3. smallpox. 4.measles.

smallpox.

In order to prevent spread of microorganisms from the microbiology laboratory, the room air should be: 1.under negative pressure AND filtered. 2. under negative pressure, chilled, AND filtered. 3.under positive pressure, chilled, AND filtered. 4.under positive pressure AND filtered. 5.under neutral pressure, chilled, AND filtered.

under negative pressure AND filtered.

Approximately what percentage of hospitalized patients may develop a nosocomial infection? 1. 70% 2. 20% 3. 15% 4. 5% 5. 0%

5%

If the number of people who become ill during an epidemic rises gradually, this is called a(n): 1.common source epidemic. 2.confluent epidemic. 3.index epidemic. 4.propagated epidemic. 5.promulgated epidemic.

propagated epidemic.

Women died after childbirth of: 1. puerperal fever. 2.S. aureus intoxication. 3. toxic shock syndrome. 4.Klein's disease. 5.shock.

puerperal fever.

All of the following is/are reservoirs of infection in a hospital setting EXCEPT: 1. patient's normal microbiota. 2.other patients. 3. visitors. 4.medical personnel. 5.sterile surgical equipment.

sterile surgical equipment.

Because of the natural evolution of microorganisms, it is necessary to use techniques that allow distinguishing them at the level of: 1. family 2.species. 3. domain 4. genus 5. strain

strain

Gonorrhea is a disease that may be: 1. syndemic. 2.pandemic. 3.asymptomatic. 4. zoonotic. 5. All of the answer choices are correct.

asymptomatic.

The type of epidemiological study that determines the characteristics of the persons involved and the time and place of the outbreak is called a(n): 1.descriptive study. 2.inspection study. 3.cohortive study. 4.retrospective study. 5.cohesive study.

descriptive study.

An experimental study in which neither the doctor nor the patient knows who is getting the actual treatment is called a ________ study. 1.double-blind 2.double-sided 3.double-barrier 4.test-sided 5. single-sided

double-blind

A dramatic increase in the incidence of a specific disease in a given population is referred to as a(n): 1. epidemic. 2.mortality. 3.pandemic. 4. outburst. 5. endemic.

epidemic.

Diseases that primarily exist in animals, but may be transmitted to humans are called: 1.symbiotic. 2. commensal. 3.zoonotic. 4. parasitic. 5.epidemic.

zoonotic.

Explain how the incubation period can influence the spread of an infectious agent.

Depending on the microbe and the illness, an asymptomatic carrier in the incubation period might be shedding infectious microbes to his/her surroundings. In such a case, a longer incubation period would lead to a greater spread of the disease as the carrier comes into contact with more individuals while he/she is generally appearing to be healthy.

Which of the statements about transmission of pathogens is TRUE? 1.Droplet nuclei are large drops of pathogen-containing fluid discharged by talking; they fall to the ground within a meter of the person. 2. Sexual intercourse is an example of indirect contact. 3.Horizontal transmission refers to spread of a pathogen from mother to fetus. 4.Droplet transmission is a particularly important source of contamination in densely populated buildings such as schools. 5.Vertical transmission of a pathogen is from the environment to a person.

Droplet transmission is a particularly important source of contamination in densely populated buildings such as schools.

A gradual rise in numbers during an epidemic indicates a common source epidemic, true or false?

False

Cross-sectional surveys are very useful in establishing cause of disease, true or false?

False

Which of the following is not a vector? 1. Fomite 2. Fly 3. Human 4. Flea 5. Fomite AND human

Fomite

The amount of infecting agent received by susceptible individuals is called the: 1. Infecting level 2. Infective exposure 3. Infectious dose 4. Infectious number 5. Exposure

Infectious dose

In 1918-1919, an influenza virus infected about 500 million people worldwide, killing at least 50 million of them. This disease is best described as a(n) ________. 1. Epidemic 2. Outbreak 3. Endemic disease 4. Pandemic 5. Sporadic outbreak

Pandemic

WHO has targeted for elimation of: 1. Polio 2. Dracunculiasis 3. Polio, dracunculiasis, AND measles. 4. Plague 5. Measles

Polio, dracunculiasis, AND measles.

Explain the most likely reason why smallpox was successfully eradicated but rabies probably never will be.

Smallpox was only found in humans; rabies is found in numerous animal reservoirs. We cannot reasonably eliminate rabies in all of the animal reservoirs that exist.

The reservoir of infection for botulism and tetanus is: 1. Soil 2. Animals 3. Water 4. Soil AND water 5. Humans

Soil

The guidelines designed for prevention of nosocomial disease during care of all patients is called: 1.Universal Disposables. 2.Asepsis Preference. 3.Hand Hygiene Precautions. 4.Standard Precautions. 5.Disinfection Manifesto.

Standard Precautions.

Human population growth and expansion contribute to emergence of diseases, true or false?

True

The very young and elderly are more susceptible to infectious disease, true or false?

True

nonsocomial infections are those acquired at a hospital, true or false?

True

Which of the following is NOT a political/societal reason for a decrease in rates of childhood immunizations? 1.Lack of awareness of the seriousness of diseases such as pertussis. 2.Distrust of the healthcare body administering the vaccinations. 3.A lack of a proper "cold chain" for stable transport of vaccines into tropical areas. 4.Distrust of the government funding the vaccination process. 5.Distrust of the scientific community advocating for administration of vaccines.

A lack of a proper "cold chain" for stable transport of vaccines into tropical areas.

Why is it important to include a placebo in a scientific study to assess the effectiveness of a drug? 1.A placebo-treated group will determine if the changes observed in the drug-treated illness group are due to a psychological effect rather than a physiologic/pharmacologic one. 2.A placebo-treated group will determine if the changes observed in the illness in this non-treated group are due to a physiologic/pharmacologic effect rather than a psychological one. 3.It's actually unethical to include a placebo and it is usually not done. If you have a drug that you know to be effective, it's unethical to withhold that treatment from an ill patient. 4.It isn't scientifically important to include a placebo. A placebo simply helps investigators satisfy the legal requirements of the Food and Drug Administration in their testing process. 5.Both groups of people are actually given the drug and a placebo. This is a way to ensure patient compliance, without which the study would not yield any useable information.

A placebo-treated group will determine if the changes observed in the drug-treated illness group are due to a psychological effect rather than a physiologic/pharmacologic one.

Which of the following best defines an endemic disease? 1.It is a disease that occurs naturally in animals but may spread to people. 2.It is a disease that is transmitted by an arthropod vector. 3.It is a disease that is always present at some level in a population. 4.It is a disease that has a much higher incidence than usual. 5.It is a disease that used to be common but is eradicated through vaccination programs.

It is a disease that is always present at some level in a population.

[RN backstory] Which of the following would be indirect transmission of a pathogen in a healthcare facility? 1.Inadequately sterilized instruments used in invasive procedures. 2.Medical devices such as urinary catheters. 3.Medical devices such as urinary catheters AND inadequately sterilized instruments used in invasive procedures. 4.Inadequately sterilized instruments used in invasive procedures AND healthcare personnel who do not wash their hands properly. 5.Healthcare personnel who do not wash their hands adequately AND intravenous (IV) catheters colonized with normal skin microbiota.

Medical devices such as urinary catheters AND inadequately sterilized instruments used in invasive procedures.

The threat of bioterrorism: 1.has prompted the WHO to prepare a readiness plan, may include rarely seen infectious agents, AND is due largely to the ease of spread and severity of diseases. 2.is due largely to the ease of spread and severity of diseases AND may include rarely seen infectious agents. 3.is exaggerated in light of the efficiency of our healthcare system AND has prompted WHO to prepare a readiness plan. 4.is due largely to the ease of spread and severity of diseases AND has prompted WHO to prepare a readiness plan. 5. has prompted the CDC to prepare a readiness plan AND is due largely to the ease of spread and severity of diseases.

is due largely to the ease of spread and severity of diseases AND may include rarely seen infectious agents.

A fly that walks on feces and picks up E. coli O157:H7 then lands on food and transfers the microorganisms, is considered a: 1.fomite. 2.cross-contaminator. 3.mechanical vector. 4.mechanical OR biological vector. 5.biological vector.

mechanical vector.

An infection acquired during hospitalization is referred to as a(n) ________ infection. 1. nosocomial 2. herd initiated 3.medication-stimulated 4. therapeutic 5.antibiotic-induced

nosocomial

Nosocomial (or healthcare-associated) infections are infections that: 1.that are novel or have recently increased in incidence, such as Ebola virus disease and Zika virus disease. 2.follow the natural evolution of microbes that allows them to gain new characteristics such as the ability to produce a protective capsule. 3.are caused by organisms that never cause disease in healthy people, but only in sick or immunocompromised people, such as those in the hospital. 4.people acquire while receiving treatment in a healthcare setting such as a hospital, therapy center, urgent care facility, or long-term care residence. 5.result as populations increase, and people move into areas where they are more likely to come into contact with reservoirs of disease.

people acquire while receiving treatment in a healthcare setting such as a hospital, therapy center, urgent care facility, or long-term care residence.