Chapter 19 Section 3

What happened to coal or iron mines? How did it happen?

Almost overnight, small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities.

What existed among frustrated British workers?

Although labor unions*, or workers' organizations, were illegal at this time, secret unions did exist among frustrated British workers.

What did the women in the middle class do?

Women of the middle class did not leave the home to work but instead focused their energy on raising their children.

How do workers find comfort?

Workers Find Comfort in Religion

What do workers stage?

Workers Stage Futile Protests

Miners were paid more, but what was the down side to the job?

Although miners were paid more, working conditions in the mines were even worse than in the factories.

What were the positive effects from the industrial revolution?

As demand for mass-produced goods grew, new factories opened, which in turn created more jobs. Wages rose so that workers had enough left after paying rent and buying food to buy a newspaper or visit a music hall. As the cost of railroad travel fell, people could visit family in other towns. Horizons widened and opportunities increased

What happened to the people as the standards of living increased?

As standards of living increased, people at all levels of society would benefit from industrialization.

Why did parents accept the idea of child labor?

Because children had helped with work on the farm, parents accepted the idea of child labor.

Because the laws were generally not enforced, what did Britain have to do to make sure factories and mines obeyed the laws?

Because the laws were generally not enforced, British lawmakers formed teams of inspectors to ensure that factories and mines obeyed the laws in the 1830s and 1840s.

What led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities?

Changes in farming, soaring population growth, and an ever-increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities.

What child labor reform laws was passed in the early 1800's?

Child labor reform laws called "factory acts" were passed in the early 1800s.

What kind of jobs to children have?

Children Have Dangerous Jobs

How were the conditions for the children that worked in the mines?

Conditions were even worse for children who worked in the mines.

What were some social problems created by the Industrial Revolution? Were there positive effects?

Despite the social problems created by the Industrial Revolution―low pay, dismal living conditions―the Industrial Age did have some positive effects.

Why would employers hire women instead of men?

Employers often preferred to hire women workers because they thought women could adapt more easily to machines and were easier to manage.

Working-class men gained what right? which led to what?

Eventually working-class men gained the right to vote, which gave them political power.

What did exhausted workers suffer from?

Exhausted workers suffered accidents from machines that had no safety devices.

Who else did factories and mines hire?

Factories and mines also hired many boys and girls.

What do factory workers face?

Factory Workers Face Harsh Conditions

How did factory work created a double burden for women?

Factory work created a double burden for women. Their new jobs took them out of their homes for 12 hours or more a day. They then returned to their tenements, which might consist of one damp room with a single bed. They had to feed and clothe their families, clean, and cope with such problems as sickness and injury.

What did the industrial revolution bring to the workers?

For the millions of workers who crowded into the new factories, however, the industrial age brought poverty and harsh living conditions.

What group lost their jobs and why?

Groups of textile workers known as the Luddites (lud yts) resisted the labor-saving machines that were costing them their jobs.

What did Wesley encourage his followers to improve?

He encouraged his followers to improve themselves by adopting sober, moral ways.

When could workers take breaks?

Workers could only take breaks when the factory owners gave permission.

How were women paid compared to men?

In addition, employers generally paid women half what they paid men.

In rural villages, people worked hard, but their work varied according to what?

In rural villages, people worked hard, but their work varied according to the season.

What did people do that worked in textile mills?

In textile mills, workers constantly breathed air filled with lint, which damaged their lungs.

In factories of industrial towns, what did workers face?

In the grim factories of industrial towns, workers faced a rigid schedule set by the factory whistle.

In time reformers pressed for what?

In time, however, reformers pressed for laws to improve working conditions.

In time what happened to Europe and the Americas in the early industrial age?

In time, reforms would curb many of the worst abuses of the early industrial age in Europe and the Americas.

In time factory and mine workers developed what?

In time, though, factory and mine workers developed their own sense of community despite the terrible working conditions.

What did John Wesley find?

John Wesley had founded the Methodist movement in the mid-1700s.

Who won the right to bargain with employers for better wages, hours, and working conditions?

Labor unions won the right to bargain with employers for better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Who was life also hard for? what were they part of?

Life was also hard for poor rural workers who were part of the putting-out system, but at least they worked at their own pace.

How did the families that worked in the mines and factories feel?

Many felt lost and bewildered.

What religion did the working-class find comfort in?

Many working-class people found comfort in a religious movement called Methodism.

What did Methodist meetings feature?

Methodist meetings featured hymns and sermons promising forgiveness of sin and a better life to come.

Methodist preachers took this message of what into what?

Methodist preachers took this message of salvation into the slums.

What did Methodists help anger workers do?

Methodists helped channel workers' anger away from revolution and toward reform.

How did middle-class families live?

Middle-class families lived in well-furnished, spacious homes on paved streets and had a ready supply of water.

What did miners face?

Miners Face Worse Conditions

What other laws were passed for women and children?

More laws were then passed to shorten the workday for women and require that child workers must be educated.

Tenements

Multistory building divided into crowded apartments.

What emerges?

New Social Classes Emerge

What did the children in the mines do?

Nimble-fingered and quick-moving, they changed spools in the hot and humid textile mills where sometimes they could not see because of all the dust. They also crawled under machinery to repair broken threads in the mills.

How did the middle class feel towards the poor?

Only a few had sympathy for the poor.

What grew up around the factories? which was once what?

Other cities grew up around the factories that entrepreneurs built in once-quiet market towns.

Where do people move to?

People Move to New Industrial Cities

What did people debate about the industrial revolution?

Since the 1800s, people have debated whether the Industrial Revolution was a blessing or a curse.

What did Luddites do to the factories and machines?

Some of them smashed textile machines with sledgehammers and burned factories.

What did some of the children do that worked in the mines?

Some sat all day in the dark, opening and closing air vents. Others hauled coal carts in the extreme heat.

Who were some of the bourgeoisie?

Some were merchants who invested their growing profits in factories. Others were inventors or skilled artisans who developed new technologies. Some rose from "rags to riches," a pattern that the age greatly admired.

What did their frustration led to?

Sometimes their frustration led to violence.

What happened to the town of Manchester?

The British market town of Manchester numbered 17,000 people in the 1750s. Within a few years, it exploded into a center of the textile industry. Its population soared to 40,000 by 1780 and 70,000 by 1801.

What did the industrial revolution bring to most entrepreneurs?

The Industrial Revolution brought great riches to most of the entrepreneurs who helped set it in motion.

What did the Industrial Revolution bring?

The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization*, or the movement of people to cities.

What did the industrial revolution create?

The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class along with the working class.

What middle class did the industrial revolution create?

The Industrial Revolution created this new middle class, or bourgeoisie, whose members came from a variety of backgrounds

What did the industrial revolution increase the demand for? Which increased the need for what?

The Industrial Revolution increased the demand for iron and coal, which in turn increased the need for miners.

What did the early industrial age bring?

The early industrial age brought terrible hardships.

What occurred in England from 1811 to 1813?

The first instances of industrial riots occurred in England from 1811 to 1813.

What was the heart of the new industrial city?

The heart of the new industrial city was the factory.

Who were the early factory workers?

The majority of early factory workers were women rather than men.

How did the middle class act?

The new middle class took pride in their hard work and their determination to "get ahead."

What were the wages of children used for?

The wages the children earned were needed to keep their families from starving.

What was the middle class lifestyle?

Their lifestyle was much more comfortable than that of the industrial working class.

Were there a lot people that followed Luddites?

There was widespread support among the working class for these Luddite groups.

What were in the new factories? What did it impose?

There, the technology of the machine age and the rapid pace of industrialization imposed a harsh new way of life on workers.

Methodist, in the slums, tried to do what?

There, they tried to rekindle hope among the working poor.

How old were the children that worked in the mines?

These children often started working at age seven or eight, a few as young as five.

Why were the "factory acts" laws passed?

These laws were passed to reduce a child's workday to twelve hours and also to remove children under the age of eight or nine from the cotton mills.

How were the tenements?

These tenements had no running water, only community pumps. There was no sewage or sanitation system, so wastes and garbage rotted in the streets. Sewage was also dumped into rivers, which created an overwhelming stench and contaminated drinking water. This led to the spread of diseases such as cholera.

People that worked in the mines and factories faced what?

They faced tough working conditions in uncomfortable environments.

What might people lose if they suffer from a accident from a machine?

They might lose a finger, a limb, or even their lives.

Where did the working class live?

They packed into tiny rooms in tenements*, or multistory buildings divided into apartments.

What did the Methodist set up?

They set up Sunday schools where followers not only studied the Bible but also learned to read and write.

What did the Luddites wear and when did they operate?

They usually wore masks and operated at night.

What did frustrated British workers wish?

They wished to initiate worker reforms, such as increases in pay, but had no political power to effect change.

What did the middle class wear and how did they eat?

They wore fancy clothing and ate well.

How were their working conditions?

They worked in darkness, and the coal dust destroyed their lungs. There were always the dangers of explosions, flooding, and collapsing tunnels.

What was the contrast with the wealth and the working class?

This contrasted with the wealthy, who had maidservants to look after their children, and the working class, whose children were a part of the workforce.

The growth of Manchester change what 2 resources? This growth of industry and rapid population growth dramatically changed the location and distribution of two resources―labor and people

This growth of industry and rapid population growth dramatically changed the location and distribution of two resources―labor and people

What was the Methodism movement influenced by?

This movement was influenced by the Industrial Revolution as people moved to cities and lost connections with their old churches.

What did those in the middle class do?

Those in the middle class owned and operated the new factories, mines, and railroads, among other industries.

Who benefited the most from the industrial revolution?

Those who benefited most from the Industrial Revolution were the entrepreneurs who set it in motion

What happened to workers who were sick or became injured in the textile mills?

Those workers who became sick or injured lost their jobs.

Before the standards of living increased how would people suffer?

Until then, working people would suffer with dangerous working conditions; unsafe, unsanitary, and overcrowded housing; and unrelenting poverty

How did visitors describe "cloud of coal vapor"?

Visitors described the "cloud of coal vapor" that polluted the air, the pounding noise of steam engines, and the filthy stench of its river.

What did Wesley stress?

Wesley stressed the need for a personal sense of faith.

What did the families that moved to the new industrial cities become?

When farm families moved to the new industrial cities, they became workers in mines or factories.

How did the working class live?

While the wealthy and the middle class lived in pleasant neighborhoods, vast numbers of poor struggled to survive in foul-smelling slums.

What did the women and children do in the mines?

Women and children carted heavy loads of coal, sometimes on all fours in low passages. They also climbed ladders carrying heavy baskets of coal several times a day

How long were people working for?

Working hours were long, with shifts lasting from 12 to 16 hours, six or seven days a week.

Working in a factory differed from what?

Working in a factory system differed greatly from working on a farm.

Urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to cities

Labor Unions

workers' organization