Chapter 19: The Menstrual Cycle

5. What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle? A. Follicular and proliferative B. Proliferative and secretory C. Follicular and luteal D. Proliferative and luteal

C. Follicular and luteal

12. What causes menses to start? A. Drop in estrogen and progesterone B. Increase in estrogen C. Decrease in progesterone D. Increase in follicle-stimulating hormone

A. Drop in estrogen and progesterone

8. What causes the endometrium to become thicker in the first phase of the menstrual cycle? A. Increased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone B. Increased progesterone levels C. Increased estrogen levels D. Increased levels of luteinizing hormone

C. Increased estrogen levels

3. What is the primary role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone? A. Stimulates release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland. B. Regulates release of hormones by the hypothalamus. C. Restricts the release of hormones from the thalamus. D. Allows for communication between the hypothalamus and the thalamus.

A. Stimulates release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland.

7. What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no implantation? A. Luteinizing hormone levels drop resulting in regression of the corpus luteum. B. Luteinizing hormone levels increase causing a decrease in the progesterone levels causing reabsorption of the corpus luteum. C. Progesterone levels drop and result in resorption of the corpus luteum. D. The corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans due to a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels.

D. The corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans due to a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels.

1. What is the definition of primary amenorrhea? A. Menarche has not occurred by age 16 in a female patient. B. No menstrual cycle in a pregnant patient. C. At least 12 months without a menstrual cycle in a postmenarchal patient. D. Termination of menstrual cycle prior to menopause.

A. Menarche has not occurred by age 16 in a female patient.

10. What days of the menstrual cycle correlate with the menstrual phase? A. 1 to 5 B. 1 to 14 C. 15 to 21 D. 22 to 28

A. 1 to 5

18. What is the most likely explanation for abnormal uterine bleeding with an endometrial measurement of <5 mm in a postmenopausal patient? A. Endometrial hyperplasia B. Endometrial cancer C. Submucosal fibroids D. Endometrial atrophy

A. Endometrial hyperplasia

14. What is the typical cause of dysfunctional uterine bleeding? A. Hormonal imbalances resulting in endometrial changes B. Idiopathic C. Uterine fibroids D. Cervical polyps

A. Hormonal imbalances resulting in endometrial changes

19. If a patient has menstrual cycles that are 17 days apart, what would you describe this as? A. Polymenorrhea B. Oligomenorrhea C. Amenorrhea D. Hypomenorrhea

A. Polymenorrhea

16. A patient presents with monthly symptoms of menstruation but does not have any bleeding. What is the term used to describe this condition? A. Amenorrhea B. Cryptomenorrhea C. Hypomenorrhea D. Dysmenorrhea

B. Cryptomenorrhea

15. A patient presents with abnormal uterine bleeding. What is the most common cause? A. Hormone imbalances B. Fibroid tumors invading the endometrial cavity C. Endometrial cancer D. Hypothyroidism

B. Fibroid tumors invading the endometrial cavity

20. Which of the following causes of abnormal uterine bleeding is most likely to result in hypomenorrhea? A. Endometrial polyps B. Hypothyroidism C. Adenomyosis D. Uterine fibroids

B. Hypothyroidism

6. What happens to the dominant follicle during the luteal phase? A. It continues to grow until progesterone levels drop, then it regresses. B. It becomes the corpus luteum, produces progesterone, preparing the endometrium for implantation. C. It becomes the corpus albicans in preparation for the next cycle. D. It becomes the corpus luteum, produces estrogen which prepares the endometrium for implantation.

B. It becomes the corpus luteum, produces progesterone, preparing the endometrium for implantation.

2. What is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea? A. Congenital obstruction B. Pregnancy C. Imperforate hymen D. Endocrine disorder

B. Pregnancy

9. During which phase of the menstrual cycle is the endometrium at its thickest? A. Menstrual phase B. Secretory phase C. Proliferative phase D. Luteal phase

B. Secretory phase

11. What is the sonographic appearance of the proliferative endometrium? A. Thin echogenic line <5 mm B. Three-line sign (echogenic basal layer - hypoechoic functional layer - echogenic canal - hypoechoic functional layer - echogenic basal layer) C. Thick echogenic endometrium >15 mm D. Hypoechoic thin echogenic line 3 to 7 mm

B. Three-line sign (echogenic basal layer - hypoechoic functional layer - echogenic canal - hypoechoic functional layer - echogenic basal layer)

17. What does the term metrorrhagia refer to? A. Absence of menstrual periods B. Painful and difficult menstruation C. Irregular cycles greater than 35 days apart D. Irregular menstrual bleeding between periods

D. Irregular menstrual bleeding between periods

4. What is responsible for the development of follicles on the ovaries? A. Releases progesterone that induces secretory activity of endometrium. B. Releases estrogen that causes thickening of the endometrium. C. Release of luteinizing hormone by the anterior pituitary gland. D. Release of follicle-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland.

D. Release of follicle-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland.

13. What signals the corpus luteum to continue to produce progesterone when a fertilized egg is approaching the endometrium? A. Gonadotropins released by the sperm cause the corpus luteum to continue to produce progesterone. B. The motion of the cilia in the fallopian tube causes the release of hCG which keeps the corpus luteum producing progesterone. C. The trophoblast cells produce estrogen which maintains the function of the corpus luteum. D. The syncytiotrophoblast cells produce hCG which keeps the corpus luteum producing progesterone.

D. The syncytiotrophoblast cells produce hCG which keeps the corpus luteum producing progesterone.