Chapter 19 the respiratory system

CO2 transport

. Blood flowing through capillaries gains CO2 because the tissues have a high Pco2 B. The CO2 is transported to the lungs in one of three forms: 1. As CO2 dissolved in plasma 2. As part of a compound with hemoglobin 3. As part of a bicarbonate ion

. The cilia become _____ active 2. Mucous _____ 3. Swallowing, gagging, and coughing reflexes slowing 4. Macrophages in the lungs _______efficiency 5. An increased susceptibility to respiratory _____ 6. A "barrel chest" _______ 7. Bronchial walls thin and ______ 8. Dead space _____

. The cilia become less active 2. Mucous thickening 3. Swallowing, gagging, and coughing reflexes slowing 4. Macrophages in the lungs lose efficiency 5. An increased susceptibility to respiratory infections 6. A "barrel chest" may develop 7. Bronchial walls thin and collapse 8. Dead space increasing

Air movements other than breathing are called _________B.

Air movements other than breathing are called nonrespiratory movements

o2 transport

Almost all oxygen carried in the blood is bound to the protein hemoglobin in the form of oxyhemoglobin B. Chemical bonds between O2 and hemoglobin are relatively unstable C. Oxyhemoglobin releases O2 into the body cells D. About 75% of the O2 remains bound to hemoglobin in the venous blood ensuring safe CO2 levels and thereby pH

Alveolar pores allow ____ to pass from _______to another

Alveolar pores allow air to pass from one alveolus to another

provides surface area for gas exchange

Alveoli

gas transport

Blood transports O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the body cells B. As the gases enter the blood, they dissolve in the plasma or chemically combine with other atoms or molecules

spirometry

Different degrees of effort in breathing move different volumes of air in and out of the lungs. This measurement of volumes is called spirometry

the respiratory system eliminates ___ for what ?

Eliminates CO2 at the appropriate rate to maintain the internal environment's pH

Forced expiration is due to contraction ________

Forced expiration is due to contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

Respiratory areas

Groups of neurons in the brainstem comprise the respiratory areas that control breathing B. Impulses travel on cranial nerves and spinal nerves, causing inspiration and expiration C. Respiratory areas also adjust the rate and depth of breathing

region on medial surface of each lung through which bronchus and large blood vessels enter

Hilum

diffusion through respiratory membrane

Molecules diffuse from regions where they are in higher concentration toward regions where they are in lower concentration B. It is important to know the concentration gradient C. In respiration, think in terms of gas partial pressures D. Gases diffuse from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure E. The respiratory membrane is normally thin and gas exchange is rapid 1. Increased diffusion is favored with more surface area, shorter distance, greater solubility of gases and a steeper partial pressure gradient 2. Decreased diffusion occurs from decreased surface area

_____is a rhythmic, involuntary act that continues when a person is unconscious _____________can be controlled as well voluntarily this is all _______

Normal breathing respiratory muscles Control of breathing

pleura-serous membrane lining pleural cavity

Parietal pleura

Factors Affecting Breathing

Partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) 2. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2) 3. Degree of stretch of lung tissue 4. Emotional state 5. Level of physical activity

nerve impulses regulate rate of breathing  Dorsal respiratory group

Pneumonic area

which are the respiratory areas?

Respiratory center of the medulla 2. Respiratory group of the pons

The successive divisions of the branches from the trachea to the alveoli are:

Right and left primary bronchi 2. Secondary or lobar bronchi 3. Tertiary or segmental bronchi 4. Intralobular bronchioles 5. Terminal bronchioles 6. Respiratory bronchioles 7. Alveolar ducts 8. Alveolar sacs 9. Alveoli

The forces responsible for normal resting expiration come from ____- of lung tissues and from surface tension _____

The forces responsible for normal resting expiration come from elastic recoil of lung tissues and from surface tension in the alveoli

Alveolar ventilation

The volume of new atmospheric air moved into the respiratory passages each minute is minute ventilation B. It equals the tidal volume multiplied by the breathing rate C. Much of the new air remains in the physiologic dead space D. The tidal volume minus the physiologic dead space then multiplied by breathing rate is the alveolar ventilation rate E. This is the volume of air that reaches the alveoli F. This impacts the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli

Three paired cartilages of larynx

Three paired cartilages Arytenoid Corniculate Cuneiform

Three single cartilages of the larynx

Three single cartilages: Thyroid Cricoid Epiglottic - part of flap like epiglottis

orgas of the respiratory system

Upper respiratory tract a. The nose b. Nasal cavity c. Sinuses d. Pharynx 2. Lower respiratory tract a. Larynx b. Trachea c. Bronchial tree d. Lungs

pleura-serous membrane on lung surface

Visceral pleura

inspiration

atmospheric presure moves air into the lungs at sea level atm pressure is 760 mm of mercury (mmHg) Intra-alveolar pressure decreases to about 758mm Hg as the thoracic cavity enlarges due to diaphragm downward movement caused by impulses carried by the phrenic nerves B. Atmospheric pressure then forces air into the airways

consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs

brochial trees

respiratory membrane

consist of the walls of the alveolus and the capillary. The bulk of the wall of an alveolus consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium (type I cells) C. Both of these layers make up the respiratory membrane through which gas exchange takes place

_____from receptors to respiratory center prevent overinflation of lungs

inhibitory impulses

The actions responsible for these air movements are

inspiration (inhalation), and expiration (exhalation

larynx

is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx B. It is composed of a framework of muscles and cartilages bound by elastic tissue

breathin or ventilation

is the movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli o Air movement of inspiration and expiration o Changes in the size of thoracic cavity due to changes in pressure

is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx B. It is composed of a framework of muscles and cartilages bound by elastic tissue

larynx

Larynx b. Trachea c. Bronchial tree d. Lungs

lower respiratory tract

are soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity

lungs

which receptors are involve in breathing?

mechanoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors

is the hollow space behind the nose and between the hard palate and cribiform plates Separated by the nasal septum Lined with mucous membrane (with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium) Air is warmed, moistened, and filtered

nasal cavity

They clear air passages, as in coughing and sneezing, or express emotions, as in laughing and crying

nonrespiratory movements

is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cell.

respiration

Dorsal respiratory group  Ventral respiratory group  Diaphragm and inspiratory muscles

rhytmicity area

alveolar wall is composed of ______

simple squamous epithelium

are air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull

sinuses

_____are the sites of the vital process of gas exchange between the air and the blood

the alveoli

is posterior to the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larynx

the pharynx

is similar to that of the trachea, but the C-shaped cartilaginous rings are replaced with cartilaginous plates where the bronchus enters the lung B. These respiratory tubes become thinner and thinner, and the cell layers thin and change until the alveoli is reached

the respiratory tubes bronchus

has three lobes ________

the rigth lung

is a flexible cylindrical tube about 2.5 centimeters in diameter and 12.5 centimeters in length B. As it extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity, it splits into the right and left primary bronchi

trachea

Performed to allow air to bypass an obstruction within the larynx

tracheostomy

The nose b. Nasal cavity c. Sinuses d. Pharynx

upper respiratory tract

EVENTS OF RESPIRATION

ventilation external and internal respiration cellular respiration tranasport

why we breath?

we need to produc eATP and we do it aerobically.respiration occurs at macroscopic livel and gas exchange at molecular level