Chapter 1:The Air We Breathe; (Eigth Edition) Chemistry in Context

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

-"SILENT KILLER" -no color, taste, smell -when inhaled it passes through the bloodstream and interferes with the hemoglobin to carry Oxygen.

Ozone (O3)

-Shary odor -Ozone can reduce your lung function even at low concentrations -symptoms include: chest pain, lung congestion -O3 is bad on the surface of the Earth, however, O3 plays an essential role in screening out UVradation at high altitudes

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

-brown color -can combine with moist tissue in your lungs to produce an acid -In our atmosphere NO2 (nITROGEN DIOXIDE) is formed from NO (Nitrogen monoxide). NO is another pollutant that is a colorless gas

Particulate Matter (PM) PM 10 PPM 2.5

-complex mixture of tiny solid particles & microscopic liquid droplets. -classified by size than composition because the size determines health consequences

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

-sharp, unpleasant odor -when inhaled it dissolves in the moist tissue of your lungs to form an acid. -SO2 in the air comes from the burning of coal (1952 London Smog)

Molecule

2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds in a spatial arrangement

What's the difference between a chemical equation and a chemical reaction?

A chemical equation is a written representation using chemical formulas whereas chemical reactions are the process.

Mixture

A physical combination of two or more pure substances present in variable amounts.

PM 2.5

IS A SUBSET OF pm10 & includes particles with an average diameter less than 2.5 micrometers

Law of conservation of matter and mass

In a chemical reaction, matter and mass are conserved. The mass of the reactants = the mass of the products formed.

"Mother Eats Peanut Butter"

Meth --> 1 Carbon atom Eth --> 2 Carbon atoms Prop --> 3 Carbon atoms But -->4 Carbon atoms

Ambient Air

air surrounding us

Exposure

amount of the substance encountered

hydrocarbons

compounds made up of only of the element hydrogen and carbon

Elements

contain only 1 type of atom

Noble Gas

do not chemically react

What are the vertical columns of the periodic table called?

groups

PM 10

includes particles with a average diameter of 10 micrometers or less

Toxicity

intrinsic health hazard of a substance

Troposphere

lower region of the atmosphere in which we live that lies directly above the surface of the Earth

Compound

made up of 2 or more different elements in a fixed, characteristic chemical combination

Diatomic Molecules

molecule consisting of 2 atoms Ex: N2, O2

Parts per Billion (ppb)

ppb = amount of x/total amount x 1,000,000,000

Parts per Million

ppm = amount of x/total amount x 1,000,000 What 393 ppm means: Out of a sample of 1 million atoms or molecules, 393 of them are N.

Halogen

reactive nonmetals in Group 7A of the periodic tBLE

Nanotechnology

refers to the creation of materials at the atomic and molecular (nanometer scale): 1 nanometer (nm) = 1 x 10^-9 m

Chemical equation

representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas better known as "the thing with an arrow in it" reactant(s) ----> product(s) reactants are always written on the left. Products are always written on the right The arrow can be read as "is converted to".

Atom

smallest unit of an element that can exists as a stable, independent entity

Green Chemistry

the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.

Risk Assessment

the process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome

Respiration

the process of metabolizing the foods we eat to produce carbon dioxide and water and to release the energy that powers other chemical reactions in our body. Respiration provides the energy to power chemical reactions in our bodies.

Chemical Reaction

the process of substances described as reactants are transformed into different substances called products.

Fine Particles

tinier and more deadlier particles in comparison to particulate matter (PM)

Sustainability

"meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations meeting their own needs"