Chapter 2

What term is used to describe the intrinsic health hazard of a substance

Toxicity

What term is used to describe a situation where a resource is no particular groups responsibility but if it is destroyed or overused this has consequences for a large number of people

Tragedy of commons

Pollution Prevention Act

Focused on prevention of formation of hazardous substances

NH3

Ammonia

A(n) ____ pollutant is produced from chemical reactions involving one or more other pollutants.

Secondary

Sulfur dioxide

Sharp, unpleasant odor; produced by burning coal

Output of carbon ___ is used to measure the efficiency of an automobile. This gas is measured in order to determine the degree of ___ combustion

Monoxide, incomplete

Prop

3 carbons

But

4 carbons

Penta

5

Hexa

6

Hepta

7

Mono

1

What is ambient air

The air surrounding us

Calculate the volume of air in liters that you might inhale (and exhale) in 1.0 hour. Assume that each breath has a volume of 0.31 liters, and that you are breathing 11 times a minute

0.31*11= 3.41 3.41*60= 204.6 204.6*1= 204.6 204.6 L

micro

1x10^-6

Which of the following options correctly describe the characteristics and behavior of argon which is a component of air

Argon is typical component of air Argon makes up less than 1% of air

Is the chemical equation depicted in the illustration balanced? Why?

Yes the chemical equation is balanced. There are the same number and type of atoms on each side of the chemical equation.

Meth

1 carbon atom

Which of the following options correctly describe the troposphere

75% of our air is found within the troposphere The troposphere is the region of the atmosphere in which humans live An inversion layer in the troposphere occurs when cooler air is trapped below warm air

Which of the following options describe the correct format used when writing the chemical formula of a substance? Select all that apply.

A chemical formula is a symbolic way to represent the composition of a substance The number of atoms of a particular element is indicated by a subscript

Which of the following options correctly describe aerosols?

Aerosols can contribute to pollution SO3 can combine with water to create sulfuric acid aerosols Aerosols are liquid and solid particles that remain suspended in the air

Orange

Air has become unhealthy for some groups

Green or yellow

Air quality is good to moderate

Balance the unbalanced equation given and match each substance to the correct coefficient as indicated. Al(s)+O2(g)=Al2O3(s)

Al= 4 O2= 3 Al2O3= 2

Which of the following options correctly describe air pollutants?

All air pollutants are hazardous at levels well below 1 ppm. Particulate matter is an example of an air pollutant

A molecule is an independent structure composed of two or more ____ chemically bonded together.

Atoms

When naming a compound of two nonmetals, the number of ____ of each element is indicated by a Greek numerical prefix. The first element in the name is numbered only when more than ___ atom(s) of that element is/are present.

Atoms; one

US Clean Air Act

Established air quality standards; focused on limiting exposure to hazardous substances

True or false: In order to balance the reaction of hydrogen gas (H2) with oxygen gas (O2) to form liquid H2O a student adds a subscript of 2 to the oxygen in H2O. This is an acceptable method of balancing the above reaction.

False

Pure substance

Form of matter with a definite composition

(g)

Gas

The set of principles used to design environmentally friendly chemical products and/or processes is called ___ chemistry

Green

What products may be formed when a hydrocarbon undergoes combustion

Heat, CO2, CO

Sunny days

Higher O3 Levels

Which of the following statements correctly describe the information gained from a balanced chemical equation?

Identities of substances involved Relative quantities of substances involved Often the physical states of reactants and products

Which of the following options correctly describe N2

Nitrogen is colorless & odorless Nitrogen is the most abundant substance in air

Which of the following pollutants are generally produced by the majority of cars

Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, VOCs

Place the gases that make up air in order of decreasing percent composition, starting with the most abundant gas at the top of the list.

Nitrogen, oxygen, argon

Equal volumes of molecular gases always contain the same ___ of gas molecules at the same temp and pressue

Number

Ozone decomposes into oxygen and atomic oxygen. Which of the following statements correctly describe the balanced equation for this reaction?

O2 is a product of the reaction. There are 3 atoms of oxygen on the left side of the reaction and 3 atoms of oxygen on the product side of the equation.

Which of the following options correctly describe the characteristics & role of oxygen

O2 is absorbed into our blood via the lungs O2 is a necessary reactant in burning & rusting Oxygen atoms are the most abundant atoms by mass in the human body

Ventilation systems

O3, NO2, SO2, CO

Which of the following are toxic gaseous pollutants that may be found in air?

O3, SO2, CO

O3

Ozone

Which of the following options correctly describe ozone exposure and its effects?

Ozone reduces lung function Ozone reacts with the rubber on car tires

Rank the pollutants from the most to the least toxic, based on the values given in the accompanying table. Be careful; note that these numbers are the concentration levels deemed unsafe. Start with the most toxic pollutant at the top of the list.

PM2.5, O3, CO

Oxygen (O2)

Pure substance

Basements

Radon

Which noble gas is the second leading cause of lung cancer after cigarette smoke

Radon

Combustion is an example of a type of chemical ___, where reactants are transformed into products

Reaction

Which of the following statements correctly describes the sources & environmental effects of SO2 (sulfur dioxide)

SO2 can react with water to produce acid rain SO2 can lead to the formation of aerosols

Which of the following are examples of mixtures?

Soil, tap water

A chemical equation is a statement using chemical ___ that expresses both the identities and the relative ___ of the reactants and products involved in a chemical or physical charge

Symbols; quantity

Which of the following are examples of shifting baselines?

The Internet is accepted as a normal way of life People in technological cultures no longer remember life without electric lighting

Nitrogen dioxide

Characteristic brown color; emitted from car engines

The correct formula for the compound dichlorine pentoxide is Cl_O_. Enter your answer in the correct format

Cl2O5

Particulate matter

Classified by size rather than composition

Carbon Monoxide

Colorless, tasteless, & odorless, the silent killer

Which of the following options correctly describe the symbols used to write a balanced equation?

The symbol (g) indicates a substance in the gas phase. A pure liquid is indicated by the symbol (l)

Place the layers of Earths atmosphere in the correct order, starting with the layer that is closest to Earth at the top of the list

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

True or false: After the completion of a chemical reaction the number of substances many change bu the total mass of matter present remains constant.

True

Paints & Varnishes

VOCs

A species that passes easily from the liquid to the vapor phase is called a(n) ___ substance

Volatile

Which of the following options correctly describe the formation and control of pollutants produced by cars?

Volatile organic compounds are connected to the formation of nitrogen dioxide. Catalytic converters have reduced the CO emissions from cars

H20

Water

A species capable of causing cancer is called a ___ compound

carcinogenic

Particulate matter with the designation PM10 includes particles with an average diameter of 10 ___or less

um

CH4

Methane

Which of the following statements correctly defines a molecule?

A molecule is independent structure consisting of two or more atoms chemically bonded together

ppm

1 part/1x10^6 parts

Eth

2 carbons

Different forms of the same element (such as O2 & O3) are called

Allotropes

Element

Contains only one type of atom

(s)

Solid

ppb

1 part/1x10^9 parts

Di

2

Nail polish remover containing acetone was spilled in a room 7.8 m × 3.6 m × 2.5 m. Measurements indicated that 5,600 mg of acetone evaporated. Calculate the acetone concentration in micrograms per cubic meter.

7.8 m×3.6 m×2.5 m=70 m3 5600*(1000ug/1mg)*(1/70m3)= 8.0*10^4 ug/m3

Express this concentration in terms of ppm: 0.0075%

75ppm

Compound

Consists of two or more elements, chemically bound

True or false: if an AQI value is reported at 93 this indicates that the sum of the pollutants present gives an AQI value of 93.

False

Rainy, windy weather

Lower O3 levels

Air

Mixture

A molecule that always contains carbon and may contain hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen is called a(n) ___ compound

Organic

Compounds that are made up of only hydrogen and carbon are called

Organic

Which of the following actions are permitted in balancing a chemical equation?

Adding coefficients to formulas of reactants and products. Multiplying all coefficients by a common factor.

Red, purple or maroon

Air is unhealthy for everyone to breathe

The smallest unit of an element that can exist as a stable independent entity is a(n)

Atom

For low concentrations, it is more convenient to use units of parts per ___, instead of percent. This unit is of a concentration 10,000 times smaller than 1%

Million

"Sick building syndrome" may result from

Air filters that are not maintained, buildings with poor ventilation

Tobacco smoke

Formaldehyde, benzene

Ozone

Sharp odor; a pollutant in the immediate atmosphere but essential at high altitudes

To burn 1 molecule of C3H8 to form CO2 and H2O (complete combustion), how many molecules of O2 are required?

C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O So five molecules of O2 are required.

The air exhaled from the lungs of a smoker has a concentration of 25 ppm CO. Express the concentration as a percent

0.0025%

How many carbon atoms does this hydrocarbon contain: decane

10

Megacities contain ___ people or more

10 million

A sample of cigarette smoke contains 2.12% carbon monoxide. The U.S. national ambient air quality standard for CO in a 1−hr period is 35 ppm. How many times greater than this standard is the CO concentration in cigarette smoke?

2.12%*(1pph/1%)= 2.12pph 2.12pph = (1,000,000ppm/100pph)= 21,200ppm The NAAQS for CO in a 1−hour period is 35 ppm. 2.12pph*(1/1%)*(1,000,000ppm/100pph)*(1/35ppm)=606

Provide the proper coefficients (including 1's) required to balance this reaction: H2+O2 -> H2O

2H2 + 1O2 = 2H2O

What is a catalyst?

A substance that increases the speed of a reaction

Identify the coefficients required to balance the chemical equation C4H10(g)+O2(g)= CO2(g)+H2O(g) correctly.

C4H10= 2 O2= 13 CO2= 8 H2O= 10

Which of the following options correctly describe particulate matter

Dust is an example of particulate matter Particulate matter can originate from fires, car engines or coal burning plants Some particulate matter can pass into the bloodstream and cause heart disease

The risks presented by pollutants are a function of toxicity and ____, the amount of a substance encountered

Exposure

A chemical ____ represents the elementary composition of any pure substance

Formula

Hydrocarbons are primarily used as

Fuel

In a combustion reaction, a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Note that the oxygen found in the reactants ends up in both products. In order to balance the chemical equation in the most efficient manner it is best to balance the oxygen atoms ___

Last

(l)

Liquid

Consider the list of gases shown below. Select those you would expect to find coming directly from a vehicle's tailpipe. N2 CO O3 NO CO2 SO2

N2, CO, O3, CO2, SO2

Which compound reacts with ozone, reducing the ozone concentrations along congested highways

NO

Provide the correct name for the following molecular compound: NO

Nitric oxide

Rank these substances in order of their abundance in the air you breathe from least abundance to most abundance

O3, CO2, Ar, O2, N2 He, CO2, Ar, O2, N2

Which of the following pollutants have strong enough lifetimes that their concentration indoors is much lower than outdoors

O3, NO2, SO2

In the process of ____, the foods that we eat are metabolized to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy

Respiration

The process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome is called ___ assessment

Risk

Give the correct chemical formula for sulfur tetraflouride. Do not use any special formatting.

SF4

Which of the following options correctly describe the factors that affect air quality

The number of people living in a region affects air quality. Weather patterns have an affect on air quality

Mixture

a physical combination of two or more substances

Complete combustion

CO2 & H2O

Incomplete combustion

CO2, H2O & CO

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ____ containing compounds that pass easily into the ____ phase

Carbon; vapor

What ailment is the primary hazard associated with exposure to particulate matter

Cardiovascular disease

Atmospheric nitrogen reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide. Which of the following is the correct balanced equation for this process?

N2(g)+O2(g)=2NO(g)

If a compound is composed of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms in a respective one-to-three ratio, what is the correct chemical formula for this compound?

NH3

Place the chemical steps involved in ozone production in the correct order. Place the first step of the process at the top of the list and the last step at the bottom of the list.

Nitrogen dioxide is exposed to sunlight. Nitrogen monoxide and an oxygen atom are produced An oxygen atom reacts with an oxygen molecule Ozone is produced