Chapter 2

an inert ingredient does not produce any measurable physical changes. What type of treatment pill contains inert substances and does not produce any measurable physical changes?

placebo

which of the following will assist consumers in identifying sources of credible nutrition information?

reading peer-reviewed journals

a ____ is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome

variable

Who are the subjects in a case-control study?

-person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation -person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation

observational epidemiological research includes

-cohort studies -case-control studies

A true nutrition expert _____

-has extensive college coursework in nutrition -is usually a registered dietitian -has experience in the application of scientific methodology

which of the following are examples of peer-reviewed medical and nutrition journals?

-journal of the american medical association -journal of the american college of nutrition -new england journal of medicine

organize the basic steps of experimental epidemiological research in order from start to finish

1. make observations 2. develop a hypothesis 3. design the study and perform tests 4. analyze data and draw conclusions 5. share results with peers

researchers from cornell university have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is the best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published?

a research from the university of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study

observational epidemiological studies _____ establish causation

cannot

in a ______ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time.

cohort

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in ______ with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship

correlation

diets that lacks proper nutrition can lead the development of nutrient ___ diseases.

deficiency

a physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to

diet

Dr.Black is conducting a scientific study in which codes are used to identify a subject's group membership and this information is not revealed until the end of the study. Dr.Black is conducting a

double blind study

the study of the occurrence, distribution and causes of disease patterns among various populations is known as

epidemiology

consumer are often unaware that the FDA regulates dietary supplements as

food

Intervention studies and observational studies can be two types of ____ research

human

When a population's intake of fruit consumption increases and the same population's percentage of people with hypertension decreases, this is an example of a(n) ______ correlation

inverse

People who take certain herbal products or use other unconventional medical therapies to prevent or treat diseases are often convinced the products and treatments are effective, despite the general lack of scientific evidence to support their beliefs. Such personal finding may be examples of the

placebo effect

The framingham heart study is a well-known ____ study

prospective

control groups should be assembled

randomly

Nutrition researchers rely on the ____ method, which involves making observations, asking questions, and developing hypotheses.

scientific

the use of dietary supplements ___ be shared with your doctor

should

in vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because

there are physiological differences between humans and other animals

True or False: since tissue removed from a live organism may not function the same way outside of the body, the results of in vitro studies in nutrition research must be interpreted cautiously.

true

studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health

true

experimental epidemiological studies utilize

-a control group -a treatment group

generally, a sham medicine or treatment used to mimic the treatments given to the participants in an experiment is called a(n)

placebo

which of the following are true statements about medicinal herbs?

-they can have negative interactions with other herbs -they can interact negatively with medications -they should be treated as drugs

A college-trained health-care professional who has extensive knowledge of food and nutrition is called a

-registered dietitian (RDN) -registered dietitian (RD)

What is the term used to describe a study that looks forward in time?

Prospective