CHapter 2 A&P part 2

Which of the following is the symbol for an amino group? -PO3 -AMO -NH2 -COOH -OH

-NH2

Every amino acid has a central carbon atom to which all of the followings are attached except a variable side group labeled as R. a carboxyl group. an amino group. a hydrogen atom. a phosphate group.

a phosphate group.

Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites. reactant amino neutral carboxyl active

active

The purines found in DNA are ________ and ________. adenine; guanine adenine; cytosine thymine; cytosine cytosine; guanine thymine; guanine

adenine; guanine

Molecules that store and process genetic information are steroids. carbohydrates. proteins. lipids. nucleic acids.

nucleic acids.

What is the individual subunit of nucleic acid called? ribonucleic acid purine nucleotide pyrimidine deoxyribonucleic acid

nucleotide

What is the most important function of carbohydrates? they are the building blocks of proteins to form and maintain the cell membrane they act as enzymes they are the primary energy source to provide the basic structure for all steroid hormones to be derived

they are the primary energy source

The pyrimidine bases found in DNA are ________ and ________. thymine; guanine cytosine; guanine adenine; cytosine adenine; guanine thymine; cytosine

thymine; cytosine

Which one of the following must be broken down to fatty acids and glycerol for use as an energy source? lecithin lauric acid prostaglandins triglycerides cholesterol

triglycerides

Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is 6.0. 1.0. 12.0. 4.5. 2.3.

12.0

What is a functional group? A functional group is the final energy source in organic catabolism. A functional group is the specific grouping of atoms on a molecule to which enzymes can bind. A functional group is the complex created when an enzymes binds its substrate to complete a reaction. A functional group is the result of dissociation of organic molecules. A functional group is a grouping of atoms that confer specific chemical properties to the rest of the molecule to which it is attached.

A functional group is a grouping of atoms that confer specific chemical properties to the rest of the molecule to which it is attached.

Which has the greater concentration of hydrogen ions, a substance with a pH of 5 or a substance with a pH of 4? A pH of 4 is greater. Neither; pH has nothing to do with hydrogen ion concentration. A pH of 5 is greater. They are both equal; 4 and 5 are relative values. pH 9, if you mixed the solutions.

A pH of 4 is greater

What kind of bond forms during the dehydration synthesis of two amino acids, and which functional groups are involved? (Module 2.17B) A glycosidic bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the other amino acid. An ionic bond forms between the amino ion of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid of the other amino acid. A hydrogen bond forms between the hydrogen atom of one amino acid and the oxygen atom of the other amino acid. A peptide bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the other amino acid. A lipophilic bond forms between the hydrophobic tail of one amino acid and the hydrophilic head of the other amino acid.

A peptide bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the other amino acid.

What are the products of ATP hydrolysis? (Module 2.19D) ribose, adenine, a phosphate group, and energy AMP, two phosphate groups, and energy 3 phosphate groups and energy ADP, a phosphate group, and energy an adenosine, a phosphate group, and energy

ADP, a phosphate group, and energy

AMP + P → : DNA. ADP. ATP. 2ADP. adenine.

ADP.

Compare AMP with ADP. (Module 2.19B) AMP has one fatty acid and ADP has two fatty acids. AMP has one sugar molecule and ADP has two sugar molecules. AMP has one potassium ion and ADP has two potassium ions. AMP has one binding site and ADP has two binding sites. AMP has one phosphate group and ADP has two phosphate groups.

AMP has one phosphate group and ADP has two phosphate groups.

Adding a phosphate group to adenosine forms ADP. 2ATP. ATP. AMP. ribose.

AMP.

Describe ATP. (Module 2.19A) ATP consists of an adenine molecule with three potassium ions attached. ATP consists of an adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups attached. ATP consists of an adenosine with three potassium ions attached. ATP consists of an adenine molecule with three phosphate groups attached. ATP consists of an adenosine, a thymine, and a pyrimidine molecule linked together.

ATP consists of an adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups attached.

An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can change the shape of large complex molecules, rendering them nonfunctional. disrupt tissue functions. block ion movements. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Describe the functional groups that are considered acidic or basic. A phosphate group acts as a base because it can accept hydrogen ions, and a hydroxyl group acts as an acid because it releases a hydrogen ion. Phosphate groups can act as an acid or a base depending on the pH of the surrounding solution. An amino group acts as a base because it can accept hydrogen ions, and a carboxyl group acts as an acid because it releases a hydrogen ion. A phosphate group acts as an acid because it can accept hydrogen ions, and a hydroxyl group acts as a base because it releases a hydrogen ion. An amino group acts as a base because it releases a hydrogen ion, and a carboxyl group acts as an acid because it can accept hydrogen ions.

An amino group acts as a base because it can accept hydrogen ions, and a carboxyl group acts as an acid because it releases a hydrogen ion.

Where do cells obtain the energy needed for their vital functions? (Module 2.19C) Energy comes from breaking high energy bonds in a compound. Energy comes from the type of sugar molecule bound to the structure. Energy depends on the number of rings in their structure. Energy comes from the type of nitrogenous base in the structure. Energy comes from the number of enzymes that are present in the cell.

Energy comes from breaking high energy bonds in a compound.

Why is cholesterol necessary in the body? (Module 2.16B) It is a building block for proteins. It makes up the genetic material. It is a component of plasma membranes and is important for cell growth and division. It is an important enzyme. It is important for energy production.

It is a component of plasma membranes and is important for cell growth and division.

Which of the following is correct regarding fructose? It is the most important metabolic fuel in the body. It is obtained only from food. It is an isomer of glucose. It is a polysaccharide . It is a disaccharide.

It is an isomer of glucose.

What is an important characteristic of amino acid uracil? It is an essential part of quaternary proteins. It is found only in DNA. It is found both in DNA and RNA. It is found only in RNA. It is not found in DNA or RNA.

It is found only in RNA.

When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution barely changes. Based on these observations, all of the following are true concerning the compound Na2HPO4 except Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure. Na2HPO4 is a salt formed from reacting a strong base with a weak acid. Na2HPO4 is able to accept extra hydrogen ions from the HCl. Na2HPO4 acts as a buffer. Na2HPO4 is able to donate hydrogen ions to the OH- from NaOH.

Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure.

An important buffer in body fluids is NaHCO3. HCl. NaCl. NaOH. H2O.

NaHCO3.

_______ are short-chain fatty acids in which five of the carbon atoms are joined in a ring. Cholesterol Prostaglandins Glycolipids Estrogen Testosterone

Prostaglandins

________ are large lipid molecules with distinctive carbon-ring frameworks. Glycolipids Micelles Phospholipids Steroids Eicosanoids

Steroids

Describe the orientations of phospholipids and glycolipids when they form a micelle. (Module 2.16C) The hydrophilic tails are inside, and the hydrophobic heads form the surface of the micelle. The hydrophilic heads are inside, and the hydrophobic tails form the surface of the micelle. The hydrophobic heads are inside, and the hydrophilic tails form the surface of the micelle. The phospholipids are on the inside, and the glycolipids form the surface of the micelle. The hydrophobic tails are inside, and the hydrophilic heads form the surface of the micelle.

The hydrophobic tails are inside, and the hydrophilic heads form the surface of the micelle.

In the hydrolysis of a triglyceride, what are the reactants and the products? The reactants are a glucose monomer and three water molecules; the products are a glycogen molecule and three fatty acids. The reactants are a triglyceride and three water molecules; the products are a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. The reactants are a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids; the products are a triglyceride and three water molecules. The reactants are a glycogen molecule and three water molecules; the products are a glucose monomer and three fatty acids. The reactants are a glycine molecule and three water molecules; the products are a glyceride molecule and three fatty acids.

The reactants are a triglyceride and three water molecules; the products are a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.

Relate an enzyme's structure to its reaction specificity. (Module 2.18B) The reaction specificity relates to how much energy is created when the enzyme-substrate complex forms. The reaction specificity relates to the unique shape of the active site to which only a complementary shape can bind. The reaction specificity relates to the number of enzymes with the same structure. The reaction specificity relates to how many active sites are present on the enzyme. The reaction specificity relates to the size of the enzyme.

The reaction specificity relates to the unique shape of the active site to which only a complementary shape can bind.

Describe the structure and role of prostaglandins. (Module 2.16A) They are a type of leukotrienes released by cells to coordinate local cellular activities and produce pain sensations. They have a carbon-ring structure and are used for producing many steroid hormones. They are a type of eicosanoid released by cells to coordinate local cellular activities and produce pain sensations. They are a type of steroid used to maintain the plasma membrane and for cell growth and division. They have a carbohydrate attached to a diglyceride and are used to maintain the plasma membrane.

They are a type of eicosanoid released by cells to coordinate local cellular activities and produce pain sensations.

What do cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids have in common? (Module 2.16D) They all have carbohydrate groups attached. They are all linear structures. They are all soluble in water. They all form ring structures. They are all structural lipids that form membranes of cells.

They are all structural lipids that form membranes of cells.

Explain how the complementary strands of DNA are held together. (Module 2.20B) They are held by complementary base pairing; adenine to cytosine and thymine to guanine. They are held by ionic bonds. They are held by complementary base pairing; adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine. They are held by complementary base pairing; adenine to guanine and thymine to cytosine. They are held by complementary base pairing; adenine to adenine, thymine to thymine, guanine to guanine, and cytosine to cytosine.

They are held by complementary base pairing; adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine.

Which of the following is correct regarding enzymes? They bind to the active site of substrates. They slow down cellular reactions. They are released during cellular injury. They are made of lipids. They are organic catalysts and are made of proteins.

They are organic catalysts and are made of proteins.

When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis, two new monosaccharides are formed. a polysaccharide is formed. a starch is formed. a disaccharide is formed. All of the answers are correct.

a disaccharide is formed.

Adenosine is formed by combining: adenine, ribose, and a phosphate group. ribose and a phosphate group. adenine and phosphate group. adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups. adenine and ribose.

adenine and ribose.

What product is formed from the addition of a phosphate group to ADP? ribose deoxyribonucleic acid adenosine diphosphate adenosine triphosphate adenine

adenosine triphosphate

The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is adenosine monophosphate. DNA. adenosine diphosphate. RNA. adenosine triphosphate.

adenosine triphosphate.

Carbohydrate molecules are the body's most readily available source of energy. are composed of C, H, O, and N atoms. form the regulatory molecules known as enzymes. contain the genetic information found in cells. are the building blocks of cellular membranes.

are the body's most readily available source of energy.

A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of molecules they are part of. amino acids in a globular protein. elements that form at high pH. atoms that function in the body. elements that occur in a salt.

atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of molecules they are part of.

A(n) ________ removes hydrogen ions, and a(n) ________ releases hydrogen ions. element; compound acid; base compound; element molecule; acid base; acid

base; acid

In the body, inorganic compounds can make up lipids. can make up proteins. are all very large. can serve as buffers. are structural components of cells.

can serve as buffers.

The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a carbohydrate. lipid. protein. nucleic acid. cholesterol.

carbohydrate

All amino acid molecules contain: carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and phosphate. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate and sulfate.

carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen.

All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the ________ group. carboxyl phosphate amino nitroxyl hydroxyl

carboxyl

Which of the following is a structural component of cell membranes? lauric acid glycogen cholesterol prostaglandins diglycerides

cholesterol

The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, a phosphate ion, and a second phosphate ion. ribose sugar. a hydrogen ion. adenine. energy.

energy.

The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is glucose. sucrose. caffeine. vitamins. protein.

glucose

A polysaccharide that is formed in muscle cells to store glucose is fructose. lactose. cellulose. sucrose. glycogen.

glycogen

A carbohydrate is attached to a diglyceride in which type of lipid? steroids prostaglandins leukotrienes glycolipids phospholipids

glycolipids

List the elements that make up organic compounds. (Module 2.13A) hydrogen and carbon, and generally oxygen as well sodium, chloride, and potassium hydrogen, oxygen, sodium, chloride hydrogen, nitrogen, and sodium hydrogen and oxygen only

hydrogen and carbon, and generally oxygen as well

Which of the following functional groups of organic compounds link molecules through dehydration synthesis? phosphate group carboxyl group hydroxyl group amino group none of the above

hydroxyl

All of the following are correct regarding RNA except the nitrogenous base is made of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. it contains a double helix. it contains ribose sugar. it makes protein as directed by DNA. molecular shape varies with hydrogen bonding along the length of the strand.

it contains a double helix.

Which of the following lipids are produced in response to cellular injury or disease? sex steroids phospholipids glycolipids leukotrienes cholesterol

leukotrienes

Which of the following is a chemical messenger coordinating local cellular activities? leukotrienes vholesterol diglycerides lecithin lauric acid

leukrotrienes

Predict the reactants and the type of chemical reaction involved when muscle cells make and store glycogen. (Module 2.14D) many starch monomers; hydrolysis many glucose monomers; hydrolysis glucose and fructose; dehydration synthesis glucose and fructose; hydrolysis many glucose monomers; dehydration synthesis

many glucose monomers; dehydration synthesis

All of the following are correct regarding DNA except the nitrogenous base is made of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. molecular shape varies with hydrogen bonding along the length of the strand. it contains deoxyribose sugar. it stores genetic information. it contains a double helix.

molecular shape varies with hydrogen bonding along the length of the strand.

List the three structural classes of carbohydrates, and give an example of each. monosaccharides (starch), disaccharides (glucose), and polysaccharides (sucrose) monosaccharides (sucrose), disaccharides (starch), and polysaccharides (glucose) monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose), and polysaccharides (starch) monosaccharides (sucrose), disaccharides (glucose), and polysaccharides (starch) monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (starch), and polysaccharides (sucrose)

monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose), and polysaccharides (starch)

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as organic molecules. bases. salts. inorganic molecules. acids.

organic molecules

The ________ of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in moles per liter. dissociation electronegativity electropositivity pH electrical current

pH

Of the list below, which has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions? pH 2 pH 14 pH 1 pH 10 pH 7

pH 14

Which pH is closest to normal blood pH? pH 7 pH 2 pH 3 pH 4 pH 8

pH 7

A sequence of amino acids bonded together in a linear chain is called a tertiary structure. secondary structure. quaternary structure. tripeptide. primary structure.

primary structure.

Adenine and guanine are pyrimidines represented by T and C. nucleotides represented by A and G. pyrimidines represented by A and G. purines represented by A and G. purines represented by T and C.

purines represented by A and G.

Which of the structural representations of glucose shown below is more common in the body? saturated form ring form unsaturated form linear form ionic form

ring form

The maximum rate of an enzyme reaction occurs at hydrolysis. synthesis. saturation limit. reversible. dehydration.

saturation limit.

All of the following are correct regarding protein denaturation except secondary structure becomes nonfunctional. quaternary structure becomes nonfunctional. death may occur at very high temperature. tertiary structure becomes nonfunctional. with increase in temperature, enzyme function deteriorates.

secondary structure becomes nonfunctional.

A shortage of cholesterol in the body could interfere with the formation of sex hormones. nucleic acids. cytoplasm. glycogen. proteins.

sex hormones.

Which of the following are large polysaccharides and major dietary source of energy? maltose fructose sucrose lactose starch

starch

Which of the following is a structural component of digestive secretions in bile? glycolipids steroids eicosanoids fatty acids glycerides

steroids

Which of the following is a structural component of hormones? steroids prostaglandins monoglycerides lauric acid phospholipids

steroids

When placed in water, an inorganic compound dissociates 99 percent, forming hydrogen ions and anions. This compound would be a weak acid. salt. strong acid. strong base. weak base.

strong acid

What are the reactants in an enzymatic reaction called? (Module 2.18A) products substrates energy ATP inhibitors

substrates

Which of the following is a result of convoluted coiling and folding that grants protein its final three-dimensional shape? primary structure pentagonal quaternary structure tertiary structure secondary structure

tertiary structure

The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that: DNA contains pyrimidines but not purines. DNA contains purines but not pyrimidines. RNA contains purines but not pyrimidines. RNA contains pyrimidines but not purines. the backbone of RNA contains ribose.

the backbone of RNA contains ribose.

A high-energy bond in ATP is present between the first and second, and the second and third phosphate groups. the first and second phosphate group. adenine and ribose. the second and third phosphate group. adenine and a phosphate group.

the first and second, and the second and third phosphate groups.

Describe lipids in terms of their elemental composition and solubility in water. (Module 2.15A) water-soluble organic compounds made up of hydrogen and oxygen water-soluble organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen water-insoluble inorganic compounds made up of hydrogen and oxygen water-insoluble organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen water-soluble inorganic compounds made up of hydrogen and oxygen

water-insoluble organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen